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{{short description|Sanskrit term referring to utterance in the sense of linguistic performance}}
{{Redirect|Shabd |the film|Shabd (film)}}
{{italic title}}
'''''Shabda''''', or '''{{IAST|Śabda}}''', is the [[Sanskrit]] word for "speech sound". In [[Sanskrit grammar]], the term refers to an [[utterance]] in the sense of [[linguistic performance]].

==History==
In classical Indian [[philosophy of language]], the grammarian [[Katyayana]] stated that ''shabda'' ("speech") is eternal (''nitya''), as is ''[[artha]]'' "meaning", and that they share a mutual co-relation. According to [[Patanjali]], the permanent aspect of ''shabda'' is [[sphoṭa|{{IAST|sphoṭa}}]] ("meaning"), while ''dhvani'' ("sound, acoustics") is ephemeral to ''shabda''.

Om, or [[Om|Aum]], a sacred syllable of [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Jainism]], is considered to be the first resonating vibrational sound within an individual being. It also denotes the non-dualistic universe as a whole. In Buddhism, Om corresponds to the [[crown chakra]] and white light.

[[Bhartrihari]], on the other hand, held a ''shabda-[[advaita]]'' position, identifying ''shabda'' as indivisible, and unifying the notions of cognition and linguistic performance, which is ultimately identical to [[Brahman]]. Bhartrhari recognised two entities, both of which may be referred to as ''shabda''. One entity is the underlying cause of the articulated sounds, while the other entity is the functionality that is used to express meaning. Bhartrhari thus rejected the difference posited between the ontological and the linguistic by [[Indian logic|logicians]]. His concept of ''shabda-brahman'' which identified linguistic performance and creation itself ran parallel to the Greek concept of ''[[logos]]''.

Language philosophy in Medieval India was dominated by the dispute of the "naturalists" to the [[Mimamsa]] school, notably defended by [[Kumarila]], who held that ''shabda'' designates the actual phonetic utterance, and the Sphota school, defended by [[Mandana Mishra]], which identifies ''[[sphota]]'' and ''shabda'' as a mystical "indivisible word-whole".

==In religion==

===Hinduism===
{{See also|Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism|Sources of dharma}}

''Śabda'' (शब्द) means relying on word, testimony of past or present reliable experts,<ref name=dpsb>DPS Bhawuk (2011), Spirituality and Indian Psychology (Editor: Anthony Marsella), Springer, {{ISBN|978-1-4419-8109-7}}, page 172</ref><ref name=eliottjag>
*Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0815336112}}, pages 245-248;
*John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791430675}}, page 238</ref> specifically the ''[[shruti]]'', [[Vedas]].<ref>Anantanand Rambachan (), ''Accomplishing the Accomplished: The Vedas as a Source of Valid Knowledge in Sankara'', University of Hawaii Press, p.29</ref> Hiriyanna explains ''Sabda-pramana'' as a concept which means reliable expert testimony. The schools of Hinduism which consider it epistemically valid suggest that a human being needs to know numerous facts, and with the limited time and energy available, he can learn only a fraction of those facts and truths directly.<ref name=mhir>M. Hiriyanna (2000), The Essentials of Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120813304}}, page 43</ref> He must rely on others, his parent, family, friends, teachers, ancestors and kindred members of society to rapidly acquire and share knowledge and thereby enrich each other's lives. This means of gaining proper knowledge is either spoken or written, but through ''Sabda'' (words).<ref name=mhir/> The reliability of the source is important, and legitimate knowledge can only come from the ''Sabda'' of reliable sources.<ref name=eliottjag/><ref name=mhir/> The disagreement between the schools of Hinduism has been on how to establish reliability. Some schools, such as [[Carvaka]], state that this is never possible, and therefore ''Sabda'' is not a proper pramana. Other schools debate means to establish reliability.<ref>P. Billimoria (1988), Śabdapramāṇa: Word and Knowledge, Studies of Classical India Volume 10, Springer, {{ISBN|978-94-010-7810-8}}, pages 1-30</ref>

===Sikhism===
In [[Sikhism]] the term ''Shabad'' has two primary meanings.

The first context of the term is to refer to a hymn or paragraph or sections of the [[Holy Text]] that appears in [[Guru Granth Sahib]], the main holy scripture of the Sikhs. The Guru Granth Sahib is organised by chapters of ''[[ragas]]'', with each chapter containing many ''shabads'' of that ''raga''. The first ''Shabad'' in Guru Granth Sahib is the [[Mool Mantar]]. The script used for the ''Shabad'' is [[Gurmukhi]]. ''Shabad'' is the term also used to refer to hymns within other Sikh scriptures, like [[Deh Siva Var Mohe]]. [[Music_of_Punjab#shabadvani|Shabad Vani]] is devotional singing of hymns from Sikh scriptures.<ref name=punsa1/>

The second use of the term ''Shabad'' in Sikhism is for the holy name of God, [[Waheguru]].<ref name=punsa1>2001, Studies in Sikhism and Comparative Religion - Volume 20 - Page 100-110.</ref>

===Other faiths and philosophies===
Esoterically, ''Shabd'' is the “Sound Current vibrating in all creation. It can be heard by the inner ears.”<ref>''[http://www.ruhanisatsangusa.org/gloss.htm Glossary of Oriental terms and important names of persons and places] ''</ref> Variously referred to as the ''Audible Life Stream'', ''Inner Sound'', ''Sound Current'' or ''Word'' in English,{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} the ''Shabd'' is the [[Esotericism|esoteric]] essence of [[God]] which is available to all human beings, according to the Shabd path teachings of [[Sant Mat]], [[Surat Shabd Yoga]], [[Eckankar]], Vardankar (a split-off from Eckankar),<ref>{{cite book|last1=Giamboi|first1=Heather|title=Thousands of Visits to Heaven and the Heart of God: "The Most Profound, Vividly Detailed Out of Body Discoveries Yet!"|publisher=Direct Path Publishing|isbn=978-0996907309}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Twitchell|first1=Paul|title=The Shariyat-Ki-Huray Book Two|publisher=Direct Path Publishing|isbn=978-0996907378}}</ref> and [[Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness]].

Adherents believe that a ''[[satguru]]'', [[Eck Master]], or VARDAN Master, who is a [[human]] being, has merged with the ''Shabd'' in such a manner that he or she is a living manifestation of it at its highest level (the “Word made flesh”). However, not only can the ''Satguru'' attain this, but all human beings are inherently privileged in this way. Indeed, in [[Sant Mat]] the ''[[wikt:raison d'être|raison d’être]]'' for the human form is to meditate on the Sound Current, and in so doing merge with it until one's own divinity is ultimately realized.

''Naam'' ("Word") has been described through the use of several different terms. [[Sant Baljit Singh]], a contemporary Sant Mat Master, uses the term "Light and Sound Current". He describes it as the connecting link between human beings and God.

==See also==
* [[Contemporary Sant Mat movements]]
* [[Mantra]]
* [[Nada yoga]]
* [[Religious text]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*Patnaik, Tandra, ''Śabda : a study of Bhartrhari’s philosophy of language'', New Delhi : DK Printworld, 1994, {{ISBN|81-246-0028-7}}.
*Singh, Kirpal (1949). A Great Saint, Baba Jaimal Singh. Ruhani Satsang Books, p. 7-9.

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline}}

[[Category:Shabda| ]]
[[Category:Communication theory]]
[[Category:Esoteric schools of thought]]
[[Category:Language and mysticism]]
[[Category:Philosophy of language]]
[[Category:Sant Mat]]
[[Category:Vyakarana]]

Shabda - Revision history

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