Sentinelese language - Revision history

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->Steinbach: See talk page and main text: this presumption rests solely on similarities in material culture. The reader must not be made to think that any linguistic research has been done.

2021-12-27T22:03:43Z

See talk page and main text: this presumption rests solely on similarities in material culture. The reader must not be made to think that any linguistic research has been done.

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	\| familycolor = Andamanese		\| familycolor = Andamanese
	\| family = [[Unclassified language\|Unclassified]] ~~(presumed to be [[Ongan languages\|Ongan]])~~		\| family = [[Unclassified language\|Unclassified]]
	\| iso3 = std		\| iso3 = std
	\| map = Schematic Map of Andamanese Languages & Tribes.png		\| map = Schematic Map of Andamanese Languages & Tribes.png
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	'''Sentinelese''' is the undescribed language of the [[Sentinelese]] people of [[North Sentinel Island]] in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[India]]. Due to the lack of contact between the Sentinelese people and the rest of the world, essentially nothing is known of their language, or its vitality.<ref name="survival" /> The Sentinelese people do not allow outsiders onto the island and are generally hostile towards visitors.<ref> Van Driem, G. (2007). Endangered Languages of South Asia~~. In~~ Handbook of Endangered Languages (pp. 303–341). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</ref> Friendly interactions have been rare.<ref name=poult1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/when-the-sentinelese-shun-bows-and-arrows-to-welcome-outsiders/articleshow/66917810.cms When the Sentinelese shun bows and arrows to welcome outsiders], Economic Times, ~~Dec~~ 2018.</ref>		'''Sentinelese''' is the undescribed language of the [[Sentinelese]] people of [[North Sentinel Island]] in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[India]]. Due to the lack of contact between the Sentinelese people and the rest of the world, essentially nothing is known of their language, or its vitality.<ref name="survival" /> The Sentinelese people do not allow outsiders onto the island and are generally hostile towards visitors.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Van Driem\|first=G.\|year=2007\|chapter=Endangered Languages of South Asia\|title=Handbook of Endangered Languages\|pp=303–341\|location=Berlin\|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter}}</ref> Friendly interactions have been rare.<ref name=poult1>{{cite web\|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/when-the-sentinelese-shun-bows-and-arrows-to-welcome-outsiders/articleshow/66917810.cms\|title=When the Sentinelese shun bows and arrows to welcome outsiders\|work=Economic Times\|date=December 3, 2018}}</ref>

	==Classification==		==Classification==
	It is presumed that the islanders speak a single language and that it is a member of one of the [[Andamanese languages\|Andamanese language families]].<ref name="survival">"The most isolated tribe in the world?~~" found at [~~http://www.survivalinternational.org/campaigns/mostisolated Survival International ~~website]. Accessed~~ 2009-10-07.</ref> Based on what little is known about similarities in culture and technology and their geographical proximity, it is supposed that their language is related to the [[Ongan languages]], such as [[Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)\|Jarawa]], rather than to [[Great Andamanese languages\|Great Andamanese]].<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=std Ethnologue report for Sentinel~~]. Accessed~~ 2009-10-07.</ref> On the documented occasions when [[Onge language\|Onge]]-speaking individuals were taken to [[North Sentinel Island]] in order to attempt communication, they were unable to recognise any of the language spoken by the inhabitants.<ref>Pandya, Vishvajit (2008~~) [~~https://books.google.com/books?id=ocgNvcvYc9gC&pg=PA361 ''In the Forest: Visual and Material Worlds of Andamanese History (1858–2006)~~''].~~ University Press of America. p. 362~~. {{ISBN~~\|0-7618-4153-9}}.</ref> It has been recorded that the Jarawa and Sentinelese languages are mutually unintelligible.<ref name="enumeration2">{{cite report\|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/drop_in_articles/06-Enumeration_of_Primitive_Tribes_in_A&N_Islands.pdf~~#page=3~~\|title=Enumeration of Primitive Tribes in A&N Islands: A Challenge\|quote=The first batch could identify 31 Sentinelese. The second batch could count altogether 39 Sentinelese consisting of male and female adults, children and infants. During both the contacts the enumeration team tried to communicate with them through some Jarawa words and gestures, but, Sentinelese could not understand those verbal words.\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211011020/http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/drop_in_articles/06-Enumeration_of_Primitive_Tribes_in_A%26N_Islands.pdf~~#page=3~~\|archive-date=11 December 2014\|url-status=live}}</ref>		It is presumed that the islanders speak a single language and that it is a member of one of the [[Andamanese languages\|Andamanese language families]].<ref name="survival">{{cite web\|title=The most isolated tribe in the world?\|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/campaigns/mostisolated\|work=Survival International\|access-date=2009-10-07}}</ref> Based on what little is known about similarities in culture and technology and their geographical proximity, it is supposed that their language is related to the [[Ongan languages]], such as [[Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)\|Jarawa]], rather than to [[Great Andamanese languages\|Great Andamanese]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=std\|title=Ethnologue report for Sentinel\|access-date=2009-10-07}}</ref> On the documented occasions when [[Onge language\|Onge]]-speaking individuals were taken to [[North Sentinel Island]] in order to attempt communication, they were unable to recognise any of the language spoken by the inhabitants.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Pandya, Vishvajit\|year=2008\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocgNvcvYc9gC&pg=PA361\|title=In the Forest: Visual and Material Worlds of Andamanese History (1858–2006)\|publisher=University Press of America\|p=362\|isbn=0-7618-4153-9}}</ref> It has been recorded that the Jarawa and Sentinelese languages are mutually unintelligible.<ref name="enumeration2">{{cite report\|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/drop_in_articles/06-Enumeration_of_Primitive_Tribes_in_A&N_Islands.pdf\|title=Enumeration of Primitive Tribes in A&N Islands: A Challenge\|quote=The first batch could identify 31 Sentinelese. The second batch could count altogether 39 Sentinelese consisting of male and female adults, children and infants. During both the contacts the enumeration team tried to communicate with them through some Jarawa words and gestures, but, Sentinelese could not understand those verbal words.\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211011020/http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/drop_in_articles/06-Enumeration_of_Primitive_Tribes_in_A%26N_Islands.pdf\|archive-date=11 December 2014\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	==Status==		==Status==
			Sentinelese is classified as [[Endangered language\|endangered]] due to the small number of speakers, matching the unknown population of the island, which has been estimated at anywhere from 100 to 250;<ref name="Brenzinger">{{cite book\|last=Brenzinger\|first=Matthias\|year=2007\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtcmm6N6LPYC&pg=PA40\|title=Language diversity endangered\|publisher=Walter de Gruyter\|p=40\|isbn=3-11-017049-3}}</ref><ref name="Moseley">{{cite book\|last=Moseley\|first=Christopher\|year=2007\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQt6XWloU10C&pg=PA289\|title=Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages\|publisher=Routledge\|pp=289, 342\|isbn=978-0-7007-1197-0}}</ref> a rough estimate by the [[Government of India]] is 100.<ref name=abbi>{{cite journal\|last=Abbi\|first=Anvita\|year=2006\|title=Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands\|work=LINCOM Studies in Asian Linguistics\|volume=64\|location=München\|publisher=Lincom}}</ref>
	Sentinelese is classified as [[Endangered language\|endangered]] due to the small number of speakers, matching the unknown population of the island, which has been estimated at anywhere from 100 to 250;<ref name="Brenzinger">Brenzinger, Matthias (2007~~) [~~https://books.google.com/books?id=qtcmm6N6LPYC&pg=PA40 ''Language diversity endangered~~''].~~ Walter de Gruyter. p. 40~~. {{ISBN~~\|3-11-017049-3}}.</ref><ref name="Moseley"> Moseley, Christopher (2007~~) [~~https://books.google.com/books?id=dQt6XWloU10C&pg=PA289 ''Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages~~''].~~ Routledge. pp. 289, 342~~. {{ISBN~~\|978-0-7007-1197-0}}.</ref> a rough estimate by the [[Government of India]] is 100.<ref name=abbi>Abbi, Anvita (2006~~) ''~~Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands~~''.~~ LINCOM Studies in Asian Linguistics~~. Vol.~~ 64. München: Lincom </ref>

	==References==		==References==

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2021-09-02T05:08:17Z

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{{Short description|Presumed language of the Sentinelese of North Sentinel Island}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Sentinelese
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[North Sentinel Island]], in the southwest of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| ethnicity = Perhaps 100–250 [[Sentinelese people]] (2007)<ref name="Brenzinger"/><ref name="Moseley"/>
| speakers = Presumably the same (100–250)
| date = NA
| ref =  
| familycolor = Andamanese
| family = [[Unclassified language|Unclassified]] (presumed to be [[Ongan languages|Ongan]])
| iso3 = std
| map = Schematic Map of Andamanese Languages & Tribes.png
| mapcaption = Sentinelese, the small grey island to the southwest, shown in the context of the other [[Andamanese languages]].
| pushpin_map = Bay of Bengal
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the [[Bay of Bengal]]
| pushpin_label_position = left
| coordinates = {{coord|11.55|92.25}}
| glotto = sent1241
| glottorefname = Sentinel
}}

'''Sentinelese''' is the undescribed language of the [[Sentinelese]] people of [[North Sentinel Island]] in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[India]]. Due to the lack of contact between the Sentinelese people and the rest of the world, essentially nothing is known of their language, or its vitality.<ref name="survival" /> The Sentinelese people do not allow outsiders onto the island and are generally hostile towards visitors.<ref> Van Driem, G. (2007). Endangered Languages of South Asia. In Handbook of Endangered Languages (pp. 303–341). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</ref> Friendly interactions have been rare.<ref name=poult1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/when-the-sentinelese-shun-bows-and-arrows-to-welcome-outsiders/articleshow/66917810.cms When the Sentinelese shun bows and arrows to welcome outsiders], Economic Times, Dec 2018.</ref>

==Classification==
It is presumed that the islanders speak a single language and that it is a member of one of the [[Andamanese languages|Andamanese language families]].<ref name="survival">"The most isolated tribe in the world?" found at [http://www.survivalinternational.org/campaigns/mostisolated Survival International website]. Accessed 2009-10-07.</ref> Based on what little is known about similarities in culture and technology and their geographical proximity, it is supposed that their language is related to the [[Ongan languages]], such as [[Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]], rather than to [[Great Andamanese languages|Great Andamanese]].<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=std Ethnologue report for Sentinel]. Accessed 2009-10-07.</ref> On the documented occasions when [[Onge language|Onge]]-speaking individuals were taken to [[North Sentinel Island]] in order to attempt communication, they were unable to recognise any of the language spoken by the inhabitants.<ref>Pandya, Vishvajit (2008) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ocgNvcvYc9gC&pg=PA361 ''In the Forest: Visual and Material Worlds of Andamanese History (1858–2006)'']. University Press of America. p. 362. {{ISBN|0-7618-4153-9}}.</ref> It has been recorded that the Jarawa and Sentinelese languages are mutually unintelligible.<ref name="enumeration2">{{cite report|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/drop_in_articles/06-Enumeration_of_Primitive_Tribes_in_A&N_Islands.pdf#page=3|title=Enumeration of Primitive Tribes in A&N Islands: A Challenge|quote=The first batch could identify 31 Sentinelese. The second batch could count altogether 39 Sentinelese consisting of male and female adults, children and infants. During both the contacts the enumeration team tried to communicate with them through some Jarawa words and gestures, but, Sentinelese could not understand those verbal words.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211011020/http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/drop_in_articles/06-Enumeration_of_Primitive_Tribes_in_A%26N_Islands.pdf#page=3|archive-date=11 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Status==

Sentinelese is classified as [[Endangered language|endangered]] due to the small number of speakers, matching the unknown population of the island, which has been estimated at anywhere from 100 to 250;<ref name="Brenzinger">Brenzinger, Matthias (2007) [https://books.google.com/books?id=qtcmm6N6LPYC&pg=PA40 ''Language diversity endangered'']. Walter de Gruyter. p. 40. {{ISBN|3-11-017049-3}}.</ref><ref name="Moseley"> Moseley, Christopher (2007) [https://books.google.com/books?id=dQt6XWloU10C&pg=PA289 ''Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages'']. Routledge. pp. 289, 342. {{ISBN|978-0-7007-1197-0}}.</ref> a rough estimate by the [[Government of India]] is 100.<ref name=abbi>Abbi, Anvita (2006) ''Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands''. LINCOM Studies in Asian Linguistics. Vol. 64. München: Lincom </ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Andamanese languages}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Sentinelese Language}}
[[Category:Andamanese languages]]
[[Category:Unattested languages of Asia]]
[[Category:Endangered unclassified languages]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:25, 22 March 2026
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	}}		}}

	'''Sentinelese''' is the undescribed language of the [[Sentinelese]] people of [[North Sentinel Island]] in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[India]]. Due to the lack of contact between the Sentinelese people and the rest of the world, essentially nothing is known of their language.~~<~~ref~~>~~{{cite book\|last=Van Driem\|first=G.\|year=2007\|chapter=Endangered Languages of South Asia\|title=Handbook of Endangered Languages\|pages=303–341\|location=Berlin\|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~		'''Sentinelese''' is the undescribed language of the [[Sentinelese]] people of [[North Sentinel Island]] in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[India]]. Due to the lack of contact between the Sentinelese people and the rest of the world, essentially nothing is known of their language.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Van Driem\|first=G.\|year=2007\|chapter=Endangered Languages of South Asia\|title=Handbook of Endangered Languages\|pages=303–341\|location=Berlin\|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter}}</ref>

	==Classification==		==Classification==
	It is presumed that the islanders speak a single language and that it is a member of one of the [[Andamanese languages\|Andamanese language families]].~~<~~ref name="survival"~~>~~{{cite web\|title=The most isolated tribe in the world?\|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/campaigns/mostisolated\|work=Survival International\|access-date=2009-10-07\|archive-date=2019-10-26\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026045615/https://www.survivalinternational.org/campaigns/mostisolated\|url-status=dead}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~ Based on what little is known about similarities in culture and technology and their geographical proximity, it is supposed that their language is related to the [[Ongan languages]], such as [[Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)\|Jarawa]], rather than to [[Great Andamanese languages\|Great Andamanese]].~~<~~ref name=e25/~~>~~ On the documented occasions when [[Onge language\|Onge]]-speaking individuals were taken to [[North Sentinel Island]] to attempt communication, they were unable to recognise any of the language spoken by the inhabitants.~~<~~ref~~>~~{{cite book\|author=Pandya, Vishvajit\|year=2008\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocgNvcvYc9gC&pg=PA361\|title=In the Forest: Visual and Material Worlds of Andamanese History (1858–2006)\|publisher=University Press of America\|page=362\|isbn=978-0-7618-4153-1}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~ It has been recorded that the Jarawa and Sentinelese languages are mutually unintelligible.~~<~~ref name="enumeration2"~~>~~{{cite report\|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/drop_in_articles/06-Enumeration_of_Primitive_Tribes_in_A&N_Islands.pdf\|title=Enumeration of Primitive Tribes in A&N Islands: A Challenge\|quote=The first batch could identify 31 Sentinelese. The second batch could count altogether 39 Sentinelese, consisting of male and female adults, children, and infants. During both the contacts, the enumeration team tried to communicate with them through some Jarawa words and gestures, but, Sentinelese could not understand those verbal words.\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211011020/http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/drop_in_articles/06-Enumeration_of_Primitive_Tribes_in_A%26N_Islands.pdf\|archive-date=11 December 2014\|url-status=live}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~		It is presumed that the islanders speak a single language and that it is a member of one of the [[Andamanese languages\|Andamanese language families]].<ref name="survival">{{cite web\|title=The most isolated tribe in the world?\|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/campaigns/mostisolated\|work=Survival International\|access-date=2009-10-07\|archive-date=2019-10-26\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026045615/https://www.survivalinternational.org/campaigns/mostisolated\|url-status=dead}}</ref> Based on what little is known about similarities in culture and technology and their geographical proximity, it is supposed that their language is related to the [[Ongan languages]], such as [[Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)\|Jarawa]], rather than to [[Great Andamanese languages\|Great Andamanese]].<ref name=e25/> On the documented occasions when [[Onge language\|Onge]]-speaking individuals were taken to [[North Sentinel Island]] to attempt communication, they were unable to recognise any of the language spoken by the inhabitants.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Pandya, Vishvajit\|year=2008\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocgNvcvYc9gC&pg=PA361\|title=In the Forest: Visual and Material Worlds of Andamanese History (1858–2006)\|publisher=University Press of America\|page=362\|isbn=978-0-7618-4153-1}}</ref> It has been recorded that the Jarawa and Sentinelese languages are mutually unintelligible.<ref name="enumeration2">{{cite report\|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/drop_in_articles/06-Enumeration_of_Primitive_Tribes_in_A&N_Islands.pdf\|title=Enumeration of Primitive Tribes in A&N Islands: A Challenge\|quote=The first batch could identify 31 Sentinelese. The second batch could count altogether 39 Sentinelese, consisting of male and female adults, children, and infants. During both the contacts, the enumeration team tried to communicate with them through some Jarawa words and gestures, but, Sentinelese could not understand those verbal words.\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211011020/http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/drop_in_articles/06-Enumeration_of_Primitive_Tribes_in_A%26N_Islands.pdf\|archive-date=11 December 2014\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	==Status==		==Status==
	Sentinelese is classified as an [[endangered language]] due to a highly likely small number of speakers, matching the unknown population of the island, which has been estimated at anywhere from 100 to 250; an estimate by the Indian government is 100.~~<~~ref name="Moseley"~~>~~{{cite book\|last=Moseley\|first=Christopher\|year=2007\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQt6XWloU10C&pg=PA289\|title=Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages\|publisher=Routledge\|pages=289, 342\|isbn=978-0-7007-1197-0}}~~<~~/ref~~><~~ref name=abbi~~>~~{{cite journal\|last=Abbi\|first=Anvita\|year=2006\|title=Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands\|journal=LINCOM Studies in Asian Linguistics\|volume=64\|location=München\|publisher=Lincom}}~~<~~/ref~~><~~ref name="Brenzinger"~~>~~{{cite book\|last=Brenzinger\|first=Matthias\|year=2007\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtcmm6N6LPYC&pg=PA40\|title=Language diversity endangered\|publisher=Walter de Gruyter\|page=40\|isbn=978-3-11-017049-8\|doi=10.1515/9783110197129}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~		Sentinelese is classified as an [[endangered language]] due to a highly likely small number of speakers, matching the unknown population of the island, which has been estimated at anywhere from 100 to 250; an estimate by the Indian government is 100.<ref name="Moseley">{{cite book\|last=Moseley\|first=Christopher\|year=2007\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQt6XWloU10C&pg=PA289\|title=Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages\|publisher=Routledge\|pages=289, 342\|isbn=978-0-7007-1197-0}}</ref><ref name=abbi>{{cite journal\|last=Abbi\|first=Anvita\|year=2006\|title=Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands\|journal=LINCOM Studies in Asian Linguistics\|volume=64\|location=München\|publisher=Lincom}}</ref><ref name="Brenzinger">{{cite book\|last=Brenzinger\|first=Matthias\|year=2007\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtcmm6N6LPYC&pg=PA40\|title=Language diversity endangered\|publisher=Walter de Gruyter\|page=40\|isbn=978-3-11-017049-8\|doi=10.1515/9783110197129}}</ref>

	== Lexicon ==		== Lexicon ==
	No words of the Sentinelese language are known with certainty. However, one [[personal name]] is tentatively attested: {{lang\|std\|Dāūwacho-chégálé-bāī}}, recorded by [[Maurice Vidal Portman\|Maurice Portman]] as belonging to a Sentinelese man who "had, some years before, left the North Sentinel in a canoe and come across, via Rutland Island, to the Cinque Islands and the Little Andaman."~~<~~ref~~>~~{{Cite book \|last=Portman \|first=M. V. \|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24181/page/n265/mode/2up?q=sentinelese \|title=A History Of Our Relations With The Andamanese Vol.2 \|date=1899 \|pages=758, 764}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~ If the man was indeed from the island, and the attestation reflects his original Sentinelese name, it may represent an attestation of Sentinelese.		No words of the Sentinelese language are known with certainty. However, one [[personal name]] is tentatively attested: {{lang\|std\|Dāūwacho-chégálé-bāī}}, recorded by [[Maurice Vidal Portman\|Maurice Portman]] as belonging to a Sentinelese man who "had, some years before, left the North Sentinel in a canoe and come across, via Rutland Island, to the Cinque Islands and the Little Andaman."<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Portman \|first=M. V. \|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24181/page/n265/mode/2up?q=sentinelese \|title=A History Of Our Relations With The Andamanese Vol.2 \|date=1899 \|pages=758, 764}}</ref> If the man was indeed from the island, and the attestation reflects his original Sentinelese name, it may represent an attestation of Sentinelese.

	Further possible lexical information was provided in 2020 by Indian anthropologist Dr. M. Sreenathan, a member of the party who made [[Sentinelese#1991 expedition\|brief contact on the island in the 1990s]]. He describes the Sentinelese shouting {{lang\|std\|liya}} and {{lang\|std\|luwa}} while gathering coconuts from the contact party, which he postulates means 'near' and 'far' respectively, on the basis of comparable words in [[Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)\|Jarawa]]. Other words transcribed by Sreenathan include {{lang\|std\|məəŋə məəŋɖa}}, {{lang\|std\|əc ale}}, {{lang\|std\|ʈ/ɖaŋ}}, {{lang\|std\|ɖaik}}, {{lang\|std\|kayə}}, {{lang\|std\|tu aɖe}}, {{lang\|std\|pila}} and {{lang\|std\|iŋ}}.'~~<~~ref~~>~~{{Cite book \|last=Sreenathan \|first=M \|title=The Languages of Andaman and Nicobar Islands \|last2=Devy \|first2=G N \|year=2020 \|isbn=978-9390122301 \|pages=33–34}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~		Further possible lexical information was provided in 2020 by Indian anthropologist Dr. M. Sreenathan, a member of the party who made [[Sentinelese#1991 expedition\|brief contact on the island in the 1990s]]. He describes the Sentinelese shouting {{lang\|std\|liya}} and {{lang\|std\|luwa}} while gathering coconuts from the contact party, which he postulates means 'near' and 'far' respectively, on the basis of comparable words in [[Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)\|Jarawa]]. Other words transcribed by Sreenathan include {{lang\|std\|məəŋə məəŋɖa}}, {{lang\|std\|əc ale}}, {{lang\|std\|ʈ/ɖaŋ}}, {{lang\|std\|ɖaik}}, {{lang\|std\|kayə}}, {{lang\|std\|tu aɖe}}, {{lang\|std\|pila}} and {{lang\|std\|iŋ}}.'<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sreenathan \|first=M \|title=The Languages of Andaman and Nicobar Islands \|last2=Devy \|first2=G N \|year=2020 \|isbn=978-9390122301 \|pages=33–34}}</ref>

	==References==		==References==
	{{Reflist}}{{Andamanese languages}}		{{Reflist}}{{Andamanese languages}}
	~~<~~!-- ==Further reading==		<!-- ==Further reading==
	Abbi, A. (2013). A Grammar of the Great Andamanese Language: An Ethnolinguistic Study. Brill.~~<~~br~~>~~		Abbi, A. (2013). A Grammar of the Great Andamanese Language: An Ethnolinguistic Study. Brill.<br>
	Annamalai, E., &~~amp;~~ Gnanasundaram, V. (2001). Andamanese: biological challenge for language reversal. MULTILINGUAL MATTERS, 309–322.~~<~~br~~>~~		Annamalai, E., & Gnanasundaram, V. (2001). Andamanese: biological challenge for language reversal. MULTILINGUAL MATTERS, 309–322.<br>
	Asher, R. E. (2008). 1 Language in historical context. Language in South Asia, 31.~~<~~br~~>~~		Asher, R. E. (2008). 1 Language in historical context. Language in South Asia, 31.<br>
	Endicott, P., Gilbert, M. T. P., Stringer, C., Lalueza-Fox, C., Willerslev, E., Hansen, A. J., &~~amp;~~ Cooper, A. (2003). The genetic origins of the Andaman Islanders. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 72(1), 178–184.~~<~~br~~>~~		Endicott, P., Gilbert, M. T. P., Stringer, C., Lalueza-Fox, C., Willerslev, E., Hansen, A. J., & Cooper, A. (2003). The genetic origins of the Andaman Islanders. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 72(1), 178–184.<br>
	Lawson, A. (2010). Last speaker of ancient language of Bo dies in India. BBC News, 4.~~<~~br~~>~~		Lawson, A. (2010). Last speaker of ancient language of Bo dies in India. BBC News, 4.<br>
	Logan, W. S. (2007). Closing Pandora's box: human rights conundrums in cultural heritage protection (pp. 33–52). Springer New York.~~<~~br~~>~~		Logan, W. S. (2007). Closing Pandora's box: human rights conundrums in cultural heritage protection (pp. 33–52). Springer New York.<br>
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