Senegalia rugata - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 08:49, 14 May 2022
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	[[File:Shikakai (Senegalia rugata) seed pods.jpg\|thumb\|Shikakai (Senegalia rugata) seed pods]]		[[File:Shikakai (Senegalia rugata) seed pods.jpg\|thumb\|Shikakai (Senegalia rugata) seed pods]]
	'''''Senegalia rugata''''', commonly known in India as '''''Shikakai'''''~~{{which lang\|date=August 2021}}~~, is a spiny climbing shrub native to China and tropical Asia, common in the warm plains of [[central India\|central and south India]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?sciname=Acacia+concinna \|title=Acacia concinna - ILDIS LegumeWeb \|publisher=www.ildis.org \|access-date=2008-03-13}}</ref><ref name="powo"/>		'''''Senegalia rugata''''', commonly known in India by the [[Tamil language\|Tamil]]-derived name '''''Shikakai''''', is a spiny climbing shrub native to China and tropical Asia, common in the warm plains of [[central India\|central and south India]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?sciname=Acacia+concinna \|title=Acacia concinna - ILDIS LegumeWeb \|publisher=www.ildis.org \|access-date=2008-03-13}}</ref><ref name="powo"/>
	It is renowned as a raw material for shampoo, ~~while~~ the leaves and young shoots are often eaten. Archaeobotanical evidence shows its use for hair care in the pre-Harrapan levels of [[Banawali]], some 4500{{ndash}}4300 years ago.		It is renowned as a raw material for shampoo, and the leaves and young shoots are often eaten. Archaeobotanical evidence shows its use for hair care in the pre-Harrapan levels of [[Banawali]], some 4500{{ndash}}4300 years ago.

	==Description==		==Description==
	A woody climber, or shrub, or small tree up to {{convert\|5\|m}} tall, with numerous spines.<ref name="maslin3">{{cite journal \|last1=Maslin \|first1=Bruce R. \|last2=Ho \|first2=Boon Chuan \|last3=Sun \|first3=Hang \|last4=Bai \|first4=Lin \|title=Revision of Senegalia in China, and notes on introduced species of Acacia, Acaciella, Senegalia and Vachellia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) \|journal=Plant Diversity \|date=2019 \|volume=41 \|issue=6, December \|pages=353–480 \|doi=10.1016/j.pld.2019.09.001 \|pmid=31891020 \|pmc=6923495 \|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose \|url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Senegalia+rugata \|website=Flora of Australia \|publisher=Dept. Environment & Energy, Australian Government \|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>		A woody climber, shrub, or small tree up to {{convert\|5\|m}} tall, with numerous spines.<ref name="maslin3">{{cite journal \|last1=Maslin \|first1=Bruce R. \|last2=Ho \|first2=Boon Chuan \|last3=Sun \|first3=Hang \|last4=Bai \|first4=Lin \|title=Revision of Senegalia in China, and notes on introduced species of Acacia, Acaciella, Senegalia and Vachellia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) \|journal=Plant Diversity \|date=2019 \|volume=41 \|issue=6, December \|pages=353–480 \|doi=10.1016/j.pld.2019.09.001 \|pmid=31891020 \|pmc=6923495 \|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose \|url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Senegalia+rugata \|website=Flora of Australia \|publisher=Dept. Environment & Energy, Australian Government \|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>
	Leaves are bipinnate. Cream to pale-yellow flowers, though buds are red to purplish-red and when the flowers are open they appear cream. The seed pods are distinctive, ~~when fresh~~ they are smooth, thick and fleshy however when they dry they become wrinkled, blackish and very hard.<ref name="maslin2">{{cite journal \|last1=Maslin \|first1=B.R. \|title=Synoptic overview of Acacia sensu lato (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in East and Southeast Asia \|journal=Gardens' Bulletin Singapore \|date=2015 \|volume=67 \|issue=1 \|pages=231–250 \|doi=10.3850/S2382581215000186 \|url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/sbg/research/publications/gardens-bulletin-singapore/-/media/sbg/gardens-bulletin/gbs_67_01_y2015_v67_01/4-4-67-1-231-y2015-v67p1-gbs-pg231.pdf \|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>		Leaves are bipinnate. Cream to pale-yellow flowers, though buds are red to purplish-red and when the flowers are open they appear cream. The seed pods are distinctive. When fresh, they are smooth, thick, and fleshy; however, when they dry, they become wrinkled, blackish, and very hard.<ref name="maslin2">{{cite journal \|last1=Maslin \|first1=B.R. \|title=Synoptic overview of Acacia sensu lato (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in East and Southeast Asia \|journal=Gardens' Bulletin Singapore \|date=2015 \|volume=67 \|issue=1 \|pages=231–250 \|doi=10.3850/S2382581215000186 \|url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/sbg/research/publications/gardens-bulletin-singapore/-/media/sbg/gardens-bulletin/gbs_67_01_y2015_v67_01/4-4-67-1-231-y2015-v67p1-gbs-pg231.pdf \|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>

	==Distribution==		==Distribution==
	The species is native to Asia, including [[China\|Zhōngguó/China]].<ref name="powo"/><ref name="maslin"/><ref name="maslin2"/><ref name="maslin3"/> Countries and regions to which it is native include: [[Papua New Guinea~~\|Papua Niugini~~]] ([[Eastern New Guinea]]); Indonesia ([[Western New Guinea\|West Papua]], [[Kai Islands]], [[Sulawesi]], [[Lesser Sunda Islands\|Nusa Tenggara]], [[Maluku Islands\|Maluku]], [[Java\|Jawa]], [[Sumatra\|Sumatera]]); Philippines; Malaysia ([[Peninsular Malaysia]]); Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; Zhōngguó/China ([[Guangdong]], [[Yunnan]]); Laos; Myanmar; India ([[Andaman Islands]], [[Assam]], Bangladesh, Nepal, East Himalaya. It has been [[introduced species\|introduced]]/[[Naturalization (biology)\|naturalized]] to the following countries/regions: [[New Caledonia\|Nouvelle Caledonie]]; Australia (Queensland); Japan (Okinawa); [[Réunion]]; [[Madagascar]]; Seychelles; [[Brazil]] (southeast); Jamaica		The species is native to Asia, including [[China\|Zhōngguó/China]].<ref name="powo"/><ref name="maslin"/><ref name="maslin2"/><ref name="maslin3"/> Countries and regions to which it is native include: [[Papua New Guinea]] ([[Eastern New Guinea]]); Indonesia ([[Western New Guinea\|West Papua]], [[Kai Islands]], [[Sulawesi]], [[Lesser Sunda Islands\|Nusa Tenggara]], [[Maluku Islands\|Maluku]], [[Java\|Jawa]], [[Sumatra\|Sumatera]]); Philippines; Malaysia ([[Peninsular Malaysia]]); Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; Zhōngguó/China ([[Guangdong]], [[Yunnan]]); Laos; Myanmar; India ([[Andaman Islands]], [[Assam]], Bangladesh, Nepal, East Himalaya. It has been [[introduced species\|introduced]]/[[Naturalization (biology)\|naturalized]] to the following countries/regions: [[New Caledonia\|Nouvelle Caledonie]]; Australia (Queensland); Japan (Okinawa); [[Réunion]]; [[Madagascar]]; Seychelles; [[Brazil]] (southeast); Jamaica

			The species is invasive in countries around the world, including [[New Caledonia]].<ref>{{Cite book\|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-08/010052239.pdf\|title=Les Espèces Exotiques Envahissantes de Nouvelle Calédonie\|last=Hequet\|first=Vanessa\|year=2009\|pages=17\|language=fr}}</ref>

	==Habitat and ecology==		==Habitat and ecology==
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	==Uses==		==Uses==

	===Shikakai, hair care===		===Shikakai in hair care===
	''Senegalia rugata'' has been used traditionally for hair care in the [[Indian Subcontinent]] since ancient times. It is one of the [[Ayurvedic]] [[medicinal plant]]s. It is traditionally used as a [[shampoo]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Shikakai.html\|title=Acacia concinna - Shikakai\|website=www.flowersofindia.net\|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref> and it is also added in synthetic Ayurvedic shampoos. It is widely known as ''~~Shikakai~~''.(~~in language tamil~~) In order to prepare it, the fruit pods, leaves and bark of the plant are dried, ground into a powder, then made into a paste. While this traditional shampoo does not produce the normal amount of [[foam\|lather]] that a sulfate-containing shampoo would, it is considered a good cleanser. It is mild, having a naturally low [[pH]], and does not strip hair of natural [[oil]]s. An infusion of the leaves has been used in anti-[[dandruff]] preparations.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.beautystylr.com/shikakai-benefits-for-hair-and-how-to-use\|title=Shikakai for Hair: 16 Benefits and 11 Ways to Use it\|date=2017-04-29\|website=beautystylr.com\|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>		''Senegalia rugata'' has been used traditionally for hair care in the [[Indian Subcontinent]] since ancient times. It is one of the [[Ayurvedic]] [[medicinal plant]]s. It is traditionally used as a [[shampoo]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Shikakai.html\|title=Acacia concinna - Shikakai\|website=www.flowersofindia.net\|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref> and it is also added in synthetic Ayurvedic shampoos. It is widely known as ''shikakai'', from Tamil சிகைக்காய் ''cikaikkāy'' (''cikai'' 'hair'+''kāy'' 'fruit'). In order to prepare it, the fruit pods, leaves and bark of the plant are dried, ground into a powder, then made into a paste. While this traditional shampoo does not produce the normal amount of [[foam\|lather]] that a sulfate-containing shampoo would, it is considered a good cleanser. It is mild, having a naturally low [[pH]], and does not strip hair of natural [[oil]]s. An infusion of the leaves has been used in anti-[[dandruff]] preparations.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.beautystylr.com/shikakai-benefits-for-hair-and-how-to-use\|title=Shikakai for Hair: 16 Benefits and 11 Ways to Use it\|date=2017-04-29\|website=beautystylr.com\|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>

	''Senagalia rugata'' extracts are used in natural shampoos or hair powders and the tree is now grown commercially in India and Far East Asia.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/forestry/forestry_nursery_acacia_concinna.html\|title=Forestry :: Nursery Technologies\|website=agritech.tnau.ac.in\|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref> The plant parts used for the dry powder or the extract are the bark, leaves or pods. The bark contains high levels of [[saponin]]s, which are foaming agents found in several other plant species used as shampoos or soaps. Saponin-containing plants have a long history of use as mild cleaning agents. Saponins from the plant's pods have been traditionally used as a [[detergent]], and in [[Bengal]] for poisoning fish; they are documented to be potent marine toxins.		''Senagalia rugata'' extracts are used in natural shampoos or hair powders and the tree is now grown commercially in India and Far East Asia.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/forestry/forestry_nursery_acacia_concinna.html\|title=Forestry :: Nursery Technologies\|website=agritech.tnau.ac.in\|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref> The plant parts used for the dry powder or the extract are the bark, leaves or pods. The bark contains high levels of [[saponin]]s, which are foaming agents found in several other plant species used as shampoos or soaps. Saponin-containing plants have a long history of use as mild cleaning agents. Saponins from the plant's pods have been traditionally used as a [[detergent]], and in [[Bengal]] for poisoning fish; they are documented to be potent marine toxins.
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	==Chemical constituents==		==Chemical constituents==
	[[Alkaloids]] are found in the tree's fruit.<ref>[http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/uito/2005/00000024/A00300s3/art00004;jsessionid=1mthntz7qx0er.alice?format=print&token=00421c32c8731039dfe86b64276a687b76504c48766a252c3a6e2f4240346f35ce www.ingentaconnect.com] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071002005859/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/uito/2005/00000024/A00300s3/art00004%3Bjsessionid%3D1mthntz7qx0er.alice?format=print&token=00421c32c8731039dfe86b64276a687b76504c48766a252c3a6e2f4240346f35ce \|date=October 2, 2007 }}</ref>		[[Alkaloids]] are found in the tree's fruit.<ref>[http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/uito/2005/00000024/A00300s3/art00004;jsessionid=1mthntz7qx0er.alice?format=print&token=00421c32c8731039dfe86b64276a687b76504c48766a252c3a6e2f4240346f35ce www.ingentaconnect.com] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071002005859/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/uito/2005/00000024/A00300s3/art00004%3Bjsessionid%3D1mthntz7qx0er.alice?format=print&token=00421c32c8731039dfe86b64276a687b76504c48766a252c3a6e2f4240346f35ce \|date=October 2, 2007 }}</ref>
	The species is invasive in countries around the world, including [[New Caledonia]].<ref>{{Cite book\|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-08/010052239.pdf\|title=Les Espèces Exotiques Envahissantes de Nouvelle Calédonie\|last=Hequet\|first=Vanessa\|year=2009\|pages=17\|language=fr}}</ref>
	In commercial extracts, when the plant is [[hydrolysis\|hydrolyzed]] it yields [[lupeol]], [[spinasterol]], [[acacic acid]], [[lactone]], and the natural sugars [[glucose]], [[arabinose]] and [[rhamnose]]. It also contains [[hexacosanol]], [[spinasterone]], [[oxalic acid]], [[tartaric acid]], [[citric acid]], [[succinic acid]], [[ascorbic acid]], and the [[alkaloid]]s [[calyctomine]] and [[nicotine]].		In commercial extracts, when the plant is [[hydrolysis\|hydrolyzed]] it yields [[lupeol]], [[spinasterol]], [[acacic acid]], [[lactone]], and the natural sugars [[glucose]], [[arabinose]] and [[rhamnose]]. It also contains [[hexacosanol]], [[spinasterone]], [[oxalic acid]], [[tartaric acid]], [[citric acid]], [[succinic acid]], [[ascorbic acid]], and the [[alkaloid]]s [[calyctomine]] and [[nicotine]].

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	==References==		==References==
	~~<References/>~~		{{Reflist}}

	==External links==		==External links==

imported>Salil Kumar Mukherjee: Picture addition #WPWP

2021-08-31T09:07:52Z

Picture addition #WPWP

New page

{{short description|Species of plant in the Fabaceae family}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Acacia concinna Blanco2.374.png
|genus = Senegalia
|species = rugata
|authority = {{small|([[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]) [[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britton]] & [[Joseph Nelson Rose|Rose]]}}
|synonyms =
*''Acacia abstergens'' {{small|([[William Roxburgh|Roxb.]] ex [[Curt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel|Spreng.]]) [[Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel|Steud.]]}}
*''Acacia concinna'' {{small|([[Carl Ludwig von Willdenow|Willd.]]) [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]]}}
*''Acacia gamblei'' {{small|[[Kunwar Naresh Bahadur|Bahadur]] & [[R.C. Gaur|R.C.Gaur]]}}
*''Acacia habbasioides'' {{small|[[Wenceslas Bojer|Bojer]]}}
*''Acacia hooperiana'' {{small|[[Alexander Zippelius|Zipp.]] ex [[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]}}
*''Acacia philippinarum'' {{small|[[George Bentham|Benth.]]}}
*''Acacia poilanei'' {{small|[[François Gagnepain|Gagnep.]]}}
*''Acacia polycephala'' {{small|DC.}}
*''Acacia quisumbingii'' {{small|[[Elmer Drew Merrill|Merr.]]}}
*''Acacia rugata'' {{small|(Lam.) Buch.-Ham. ex [[Joachim Otto Voigt|Voigt]]}}
*''Acacia rugata'' {{small|[[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Buch.-Ham.]] ex Benth.}}
*''Acacia sinuata'' {{small|([[João de Loureiro|Lour.]]) Merr.}}
*''Arthrosprion stipulatum'' {{small|[[Justus Carl Hasskarl|Hassk.]]}}
*''Mimosa abstergens'' {{small|Roxb. ex Spreng.}}
*''Mimosa concinna'' {{small|Willd.}}
*''Mimosa rugata'' {{small|Lam.}}
*''Mimosa saponaria'' {{small|Roxb. ex [[Robert Wight|Wight]] & [[George Arnott Walker-Arnott|Arn.]]}}
*''Mimosa sinuata'' {{small|Lour.}}
*''Mimosa tenuifolia'' {{small|[[Francisco Manuel Blanco|Blanco]]}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="powo">{{cite web |title=Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:518300-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>
}}

[[File:Shikakai (Senegalia rugata) seed pods.jpg|thumb|Shikakai (Senegalia rugata) seed pods]]
'''''Senegalia rugata''''', commonly known in India as '''''Shikakai'''''{{which lang|date=August 2021}}, is a spiny climbing shrub native to China and tropical Asia, common in the warm plains of [[central India|central and south India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?sciname=Acacia+concinna |title=Acacia concinna - ILDIS LegumeWeb |publisher=www.ildis.org |access-date=2008-03-13}}</ref><ref name="powo"/>
It is renowned as a raw material for shampoo, while the leaves and young shoots are often eaten. Archaeobotanical evidence shows its use for hair care in the pre-Harrapan levels of [[Banawali]], some 4500{{ndash}}4300 years ago.

==Description==
A woody climber, or shrub, or small tree up to {{convert|5|m}} tall, with numerous spines.<ref name="maslin3">{{cite journal |last1=Maslin |first1=Bruce R. |last2=Ho |first2=Boon Chuan |last3=Sun |first3=Hang |last4=Bai |first4=Lin |title=Revision of Senegalia in China, and notes on introduced species of Acacia, Acaciella, Senegalia and Vachellia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) |journal=Plant Diversity |date=2019 |volume=41 |issue=6, December |pages=353–480 |doi=10.1016/j.pld.2019.09.001 |pmid=31891020 |pmc=6923495 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Senegalia+rugata |website=Flora of Australia |publisher=Dept. Environment & Energy, Australian Government |access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>
Leaves are bipinnate. Cream to pale-yellow flowers, though buds are red to purplish-red and when the flowers are open they appear cream. The seed pods are distinctive, when fresh they are smooth, thick and fleshy however when they dry they become wrinkled, blackish and very hard.<ref name="maslin2">{{cite journal |last1=Maslin |first1=B.R. |title=Synoptic overview of Acacia sensu lato (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in East and Southeast Asia |journal=Gardens' Bulletin Singapore |date=2015 |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=231–250 |doi=10.3850/S2382581215000186 |url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/sbg/research/publications/gardens-bulletin-singapore/-/media/sbg/gardens-bulletin/gbs_67_01_y2015_v67_01/4-4-67-1-231-y2015-v67p1-gbs-pg231.pdf |access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>

==Distribution==
The species is native to Asia, including [[China|Zhōngguó/China]].<ref name="powo"/><ref name="maslin"/><ref name="maslin2"/><ref name="maslin3"/> Countries and regions to which it is native include: [[Papua New Guinea|Papua Niugini]] ([[Eastern New Guinea]]); Indonesia ([[Western New Guinea|West Papua]], [[Kai Islands]], [[Sulawesi]], [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Nusa Tenggara]], [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], [[Java|Jawa]], [[Sumatra|Sumatera]]); Philippines; Malaysia ([[Peninsular Malaysia]]); Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; Zhōngguó/China ([[Guangdong]], [[Yunnan]]); Laos; Myanmar; India ([[Andaman Islands]], [[Assam]], Bangladesh, Nepal, East Himalaya. It has been [[introduced species|introduced]]/[[Naturalization (biology)|naturalized]] to the following countries/regions: [[New Caledonia|Nouvelle Caledonie]]; Australia (Queensland); Japan (Okinawa); [[Réunion]]; [[Madagascar]]; Seychelles; [[Brazil]] (southeast); Jamaica

==Habitat and ecology==
In the Philippines the plant occurs in low and medium elevation thickets.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pelser |first1=Pieter B. |title=Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines: Fabaceae = Leguminosae Subfamily Mimosoideae: Senegalia Raf. |url=https://www.philippineplants.org/Families/FabaceaeMimosoideae.html |website=Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines |publisher=philippineplants.org |access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref>
The species grows both in the forest and within villages in [[Chiang Mai Province]], Thailand.<ref name="sutjaritjai">{{cite journal |last1=Sutjaritjai |first1=Natcha |last2=Wangpakapattanawong |first2=Prasit |last3=Balslev |first3=Henrik |last4=Inta |first4=Angkhana |title=Traditional Uses of Leguminosae among the Karen in Thailand |journal=Plants |date=2019 |volume=8 |issue=12 |page=600 |doi=10.3390/plants8120600 |pmid=31847100 |pmc=6963713 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/8/12/600/pdf |access-date=27 February 2021|doi-access=free }}</ref>
''S. rugata'' grows in forest or thickets in Zhōngguó/China, most commonly near watercourses in valleys, at an altitude of between {{convert|880|and|1500|m}}.<ref name="maslin3"/>

The tree is food for the [[larva]]e of the [[butterfly]] ''[[Pantoporia hordonia]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/limenitidinae/pantoporia/index.html#hordonia |title=Pantoporia |publisher=www.funet.fi |access-date=2008-03-13 }}</ref>

== Archaeobotany ==
Pre-Harappan level of [[Banawali]] (2750{{ndash}}2500 BC), [[Haryana]] have revealed traces of a mixture of Shikakai with [[Sapindus|soap nuts]] and Amla ([[Phyllanthus emblica|Indian Gooseberry]]), exhibiting ancient roots of South Asian [[hygiene]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bisht|date=1993|title=Paleobotanical and pollen analytical investigations|url=http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%201993-94%20A%20Review.pdf|journal=Indian Archaeology a Review 1993-1994|pages=143–144}}</ref>

==Vernacular names==
*[[Khmer language|Khmer]]: {{Transl|km|ba:y dâmnaëb}} ('sticky rice', an allusion to its clingy thorns), {{Transl|km|bânla sâöt}} ('viscous spines'), {{Transl|km|sâmpöy}}, {{Transl|km|sândaèk kâmpöënh}} (evoking 'wild bean')<ref name="dyphon">{{cite book |last1=Pauline Dy Phon |title=Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisees au Cambodge |date=2000 |publisher=Imprimerie Olympic |location=Phnom Penh |page=406|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InD2RAAACAAJ|author1-link=Pauline Dy Phon }}</ref>
*Thai: {{Lang|th|ส้มขน}} {{Transl|th|som khon}} or {{Lang|th|ส้มป่อย}} {{Transl|th|som poi}}<ref name="maslin3"/><ref name="sitthithaworn">{{cite journal |last1=Sitthithaworn |first1=Worapan |last2=Weerasathien |first2=Lalita |last3=Onsawang |first3=Chamaiporn |title=The Use of Medicinal Plants for Gynecologic Ailments by Thai Traditional Folk Healers in Nakhonnayok Province |journal=Thai Pharmaceutical and Health Science Journal |date=2019 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=111–121 |url=https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-21537/latest.pdf |access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref>
*[[Karen language|Karen]] ([[Pang Hin Fon]] district): {{Transl|kar|phu che sa}}<ref name="sutjaritjai" /> or {{Lang|kar|pa chi}} <ref name="punchay">{{cite journal|last1=Punchay|first1=Kittiyut|last2=with four others|date=2020|title=Traditional knowledge of wild food plants of Thai Karen and Lawa (Thailand)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339510790|journal=Genet Resour Crop Evol|volume=67|issue=5|pages=1277–1299|doi=10.1007/s10722-020-00910-x|access-date=28 February 2021|s2cid=211479636}}</ref> (Chiang Mai Province, Thailand)
*[[Lawa language]], Pang Hin Fon district, Chiang Mai, Thailand: ''kad ka ha''{{Which lang|reason=can't add language template, unsure which form of Lawa|date=August 2021}}{{cn|date=August 2021}}
*{{Lang-zh|c=紫荚金合欢|p=zǐ jiá jīn hé huān|l=purple-pod senegalia}}<ref name="maslin3"/>
*Australian English: ''soap pod wattle''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Csurhes |first1=Steve |title=Twentieth Australasian Weeds Conference |date=2016 |pages=255–7 |chapter=Using ‘WeedSearch' to assess the feasibility of eradicating 34 high-risk invasive plant species in Queensland}}</ref>

==Uses==

===Shikakai, hair care===
''Senegalia rugata'' has been used traditionally for hair care in the [[Indian Subcontinent]] since ancient times. It is one of the [[Ayurvedic]] [[medicinal plant]]s. It is traditionally used as a [[shampoo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Shikakai.html|title=Acacia concinna - Shikakai|website=www.flowersofindia.net|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref> and it is also added in synthetic Ayurvedic shampoos. It is widely known as ''Shikakai''.(in language tamil) In order to prepare it, the fruit pods, leaves and bark of the plant are dried, ground into a powder, then made into a paste. While this traditional shampoo does not produce the normal amount of [[foam|lather]] that a sulfate-containing shampoo would, it is considered a good cleanser. It is mild, having a naturally low [[pH]], and does not strip hair of natural [[oil]]s. An infusion of the leaves has been used in anti-[[dandruff]] preparations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.beautystylr.com/shikakai-benefits-for-hair-and-how-to-use|title=Shikakai for Hair: 16 Benefits and 11 Ways to Use it|date=2017-04-29|website=beautystylr.com|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>

''Senagalia rugata'' extracts are used in natural shampoos or hair powders and the tree is now grown commercially in India and Far East Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/forestry/forestry_nursery_acacia_concinna.html|title=Forestry :: Nursery Technologies|website=agritech.tnau.ac.in|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref> The plant parts used for the dry powder or the extract are the bark, leaves or pods. The bark contains high levels of [[saponin]]s, which are foaming agents found in several other plant species used as shampoos or soaps. Saponin-containing plants have a long history of use as mild cleaning agents. Saponins from the plant's pods have been traditionally used as a [[detergent]], and in [[Bengal]] for poisoning fish; they are documented to be potent marine toxins.

===Food, medicine, and other uses===
This species is used in a variety of ways in Cambodia.<ref name="dyphon"/> The young leaves are included in salads. The fruit is used for washing hair and in local medicine. To treat abscesses, eczema and leprosy the fruit can also be used externally or as a laxative when they are taken internally. The pulp of the fruit, without the seeds, is used as a diuretic and emetic, while the seeds are reputed to make delivery in childbirth easier.

Traditional healers of [[Nakhon Nayok Province]], Thailand, use the leaves of this species to treat irregular menstruation.<ref name="sitthithaworn"/>

Amongst the Karen people of Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, the plant is one of the most widely used legumes.<ref name="sutjaritjai"/> They use the fruit in a cold infusion both as soap and shampoo, and as a medicine for food poisoning. The dried fruit is used in holy water for the rituals to pay respect to elderly people and to evict wickedness.

Investigating plant use amongst both Karen and [[Lawa people]] living in Pang Hin Fon district (Chiang Mai), ''S. rugata'' was one of the plants that provided both food and health-products.<ref name="punchay"/> The young shoots and leaves are cooked in a soup, the fruit are eaten raw or cooked, while the bark was chewed and kept as a quid in the mouth to counter-act toothache, and a decoction of the fruit was used as shampoo.

An infusion of the leaves of ''Senagalia rugata'' has also been used for therapy of [[jaundice]] in the traditional Indian medicine.<ref>Tewari D, Mocan A, Parvanov ED, Sah AN, Nabavi SM, Huminiecki L, Ma ZF, Lee YY, Horbańczuk JO, Atanasov AG. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28860989 Ethnopharmacological Approaches for Therapy of Jaundice: Part I]. Front Pharmacol. 2017 Aug 15;8:518. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5559545/ doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00518].</ref>

In Nepal, the plant is one of many that are processed and sold in the medicinal products industry.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Caporale |first1=Filippo |last2=Mateo-Martín |first2=Jimena |last3=Usman |first3=Muhammad Faizan |last4=Smith-Hall |first4=Carsten |title=Plant-Based Sustainable Development—The Expansion and Anatomy of the Medicinal Plant Secondary Processing Sector in Nepal |journal=Sustainability |date=2020 |volume=12 |issue=14 |page=5575 |doi=10.3390/su12145575 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/14/5575/pdf |access-date=28 February 2021|doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2004, an estimated {{convert|2459|kg}} of material was purchased nationwide by the industry at an average price of 80 [[Nepalese rupee]]s. Central wholesalers provided the raw material.

[[File:Acacia concinna.jpg|right|thumb|Flowers]]
The leaves have an acidic taste and are used in [[chutney]]s.

==Chemical constituents==
[[Alkaloids]] are found in the tree's fruit.<ref>[http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/uito/2005/00000024/A00300s3/art00004;jsessionid=1mthntz7qx0er.alice?format=print&token=00421c32c8731039dfe86b64276a687b76504c48766a252c3a6e2f4240346f35ce www.ingentaconnect.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071002005859/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/uito/2005/00000024/A00300s3/art00004%3Bjsessionid%3D1mthntz7qx0er.alice?format=print&token=00421c32c8731039dfe86b64276a687b76504c48766a252c3a6e2f4240346f35ce |date=October 2, 2007 }}</ref>
The species is invasive in countries around the world, including [[New Caledonia]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-08/010052239.pdf|title=Les Espèces Exotiques Envahissantes de Nouvelle Calédonie|last=Hequet|first=Vanessa|year=2009|pages=17|language=fr}}</ref>
In commercial extracts, when the plant is [[hydrolysis|hydrolyzed]] it yields [[lupeol]], [[spinasterol]], [[acacic acid]], [[lactone]], and the natural sugars [[glucose]], [[arabinose]] and [[rhamnose]]. It also contains [[hexacosanol]], [[spinasterone]], [[oxalic acid]], [[tartaric acid]], [[citric acid]], [[succinic acid]], [[ascorbic acid]], and the [[alkaloid]]s [[calyctomine]] and [[nicotine]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Acacia concinna (5595825400).jpg
Acacia concinna (5595830208).jpg
Acacia concinna (5505602571).jpg|Pods
Acacia concinna seeds, by Omar Hoftun.jpg|Seeds
</gallery>

==History==
The two American botanists, [[Nathaniel Lord Britton]] (1859{{ndash}}1934, co-founder of the [[New York Botanical Garden]]), and [[Joseph Nelson Rose]] (1862{{ndash}}1928, of the [[Smithsonian]]), first described the taxa in 1928 in the publication ''North American Flora'' (vol. 23[2]: 120, published by the New York Botanical Garden.<ref>{{cite web |title=Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23(2): 120 (1928). |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/518300-1 |website=International Plant Name Index (IPNI) |publisher=The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>
This taxa was subsumed into the well-known species ''Acacia concinna'', however with advances in DNA analysis and consequent revision of plant phylogeny, the species ''S. rugata'' was recognized as having precedence in 2015 by Maslin and others.<ref name="maslin">{{cite web |last1=Maslin |first1=B.R. |last2=Seigler |first2=D.S. |last3=Ebinger |first3=J. |title=New combinations in Senegalia and Vachellia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) for Southeast Asia and China |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/blumea/2013/00000058/00000001/art00008?crawler=true |access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>
The epitaph ''rugata'' is derived from {{Lang|la|rugatus}} (Latin), meaning 'wrinkled', referring to the state of the pods when dry.<ref name="maslin3"/>

==Further reading==
*Acevedo-Rodríguez & Strong, 2012, Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies
*de Lourdes Rico-Acre, 2007, A checklist and synopsis of American species of Acacia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)
*[[Pauline Dy Phon|Dy Phon, Pauline]], 2000, Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge, chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
*Kumar & Sane, 2003, Legumes of South Asia: A Checklist
*Lepschi & Monro, 2014, Australian Plant Census (APC), http://www.anbg.gov.au/chah/apc/index.html.
*Lock & Ford, 2004, Legumes of Malesia: a Check-List
*MacKee, 1994, Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie, ed. 2
*Maslin, 2012, ''New combinations in Senegalia (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) for Australia''. Nuytsia 22(6): 465–468. https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/science/nuytsia/661.pdf
*Nielsen, 1985, Flora of Thailand 4: 171, fig. 4–11 (listed as Acacia concinna)
*Pandey & Dilwakar, 2008, An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands
*Pedley, 2001, ''Acacia sinuata'', in Maslin, WATTLE Acacias of Australia CD-ROM. (Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra, and Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth).
*Polhill, 1990, Flore des Mascareignes 80
*Wu & Raven, 2010, Flora of China

==References==
<References/>

==External links==
{{commons-inline}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q50870560|from2=Q310208}}

[[Category:Senegalia|rugata]]
[[Category:Flora of Assam]]
[[Category:Flora of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Flora of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Flora of East Himalaya]]
[[Category:Flora of Guangdong]]
[[Category:Flora of Indo-China]]
[[Category:Flora of Malesia]]
[[Category:Flora of Nepal]]
[[Category:Flora of New Guinea]]
[[Category:Flora of the Andaman Islands]]
[[Category:Flora of Yunnan]]
[[Category:Hairdressing]]
[[Category:Hygiene]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1928]]
[[Category:Plants used in Ayurveda]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Joseph Nelson Rose]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Nathaniel Lord Britton]]