Sembiyan Mahadevi - Revision history

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			{{Short description\|Empress of the Chola Empire, r. 949–957}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2017}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2017}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=March 2017}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=March 2017}}{{Infobox royalty
	[[~~File:SembiyanMahadevi.jpg~~\|~~right~~\|~~thumb~~\|Queen Sembiyan ~~Mahadevi as goddess~~ [[~~Parvati~~]], [[India]], ~~state of~~ [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Chola]] ~~period, ca. 998 Bronze; height 92.1 cm (36{{frac~~\|1\|4}} in.), ~~Freer Gallery (Washington D~~.C.)]]		\| name = Sembiyan Mahadevi
			\| title =
			\| image = Queen Sembiyan Mahadevi as the Goddess Parvati.jpg
			\| caption = Sembiyan Mahadevi as Queen with her crown
			\| succession = Queen Consort of the [[Thanjavur]] and Empress Consort of [[Chola Empire]]
			\| reign = 949 CE – 957 CE
			\| predecessor = KoIravi Nili Solamadeviyar
			\| successor = Viranarayaniyar
			\| succession2 = Queen dowager of [[Thanjavur]]
			\| reign2 = 957 CE – till death<br>(After a queen's husband dies, she becomes the widow of the empire)
			\| predecessor2 =
			\| successor2 =
			\| birth_name = Sembiyan Selvi
			\| birth_date =
			\| birth_place = [[Thanjavur]], [[Chola Empire]] <br/> (modern day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
			\| death_date =
			\| death_place = [[Thanjavur]], [[Chola Empire]] <br/> (modern-day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
			\| spouse = [[Gandaraditya\|Gandaraditya Chola]]
			\| issue = [[Uttama Chola]]
			\| religion = [[Hinduism]]
			\| dynasty = [[Chola dynasty\|Chola]] (by marriage)
			}}
			'''Sembiyan Mahadevi''' was [[Queen consort]] and empress of the [[Chola Empire]] from 949 CE – 957 CE as the wife of [[Gandaraditya\|Gandaraditya Chola]]. She is the mother of [[Uttama Chola]].<ref>The Problem of Portraiture in South India, Circa 970–1000 A.D. by Padma Kaimal in Artibus Asiae, Vol. 60, No. 1 (2000), pp. 139–179</ref> She was one of the most powerful empresses of the [[Chola]] empire who over a period of sixty years constructed numerous temples and gave generous gifts to many temples in South [[India]]. She figures as early as, if not before, [[Saka era\|Saka]] 901 during the reign of her son. According to an inscription dated 941, Sembiyan Mahadevi is said to have made an endowment so that a lamp may be kept permanently lit in front of the [[Shiva]] deity (perhaps not long after the crystallization of the [[Chidambaram]] [[Nataraja]] (Natarāja) cult).<ref>A History of India by [[Hermann Kulke]] and Dietmar Rothermund (1998) p.134</ref><ref>A History of India by Hermann Kulke (2004) p.145</ref><ref>Siva in the Forest of Pines: An Essay on Sorcery and Self-Knowledge by Don Handelman and David Shulman (2004) p.88</ref>

	~~Queen~~ '''~~Sembiyan Mahãdevi~~''' ~~(also '''Cempiyan Mãtevi~~'''~~,<ref>The Problem of Portraiture in South India, Circa 970-1000 A.D. by Padma Kaimal in Artibus Asiae, Vol. 60, No. 1~~ (~~2000), pp. 139–179</ref> 10th century CE) was a title borne by various queens~~ of the ~~[[Chola]] empire. She could be the queen mother (~~king~~'s mother~~)~~, grandmother, aunt, etc~~. ~~The most famous of them~~ all ~~is the mother~~ of ~~King Madurantaka Uttama Chola Deva. She~~ was ~~one of~~ the most powerful queens of the [[Chola]] empire who over a period of sixty years constructed numerous temples and gave generous gifts to many temples in South [[India]]. She figures as early as, if not before, [[~~Saka era\|Saka~~]] ~~901 during~~ the ~~reign~~ of her son. According to an inscription dated 941, Sembiyan Mahadevi is said to have made an endowment so that a lamp may be kept permanently lit in front of the [[Shiva]] deity (perhaps not long after the crystallization of the [[Chidambaram]] [[Nataraja]] (Natarāja) cult).<ref>~~A History of India by Hermann Kulke~~ and ~~Dietmar Rothermund (1998) p.134</ref><ref>A History~~ of ~~India by Hermann Kulke (2004) p.145</ref><ref>Siva in the Forest of Pines: An Essay on Sorcery and Self-Knowledge by Don Handelman and David Shulman (2004) p.88~~</ref>		After her husband [[Gandaraditya\|Gandaraditya Chola]]'s death, she immediately lost her title as ''Queen and Empress'' and was later known as the ''Queen dowager of Thanjavur'' (Queen Dowager and mother of the king). She lost all of her power as queen and empress and only wore white which was known as the grief color, setting her self into [[mourning]] for the rest of her life.<ref>Sembiyan Mahadevi losses Queen and Empress title, after death of his majesty maharaja Gandaraditya</ref>

	==The mother of Madhurantaka Uttama Chola==		==The mother of Madhurantaka Uttama Chola==

	She was the queen of Gandaraditya Chola (''Sri-Gandaraditta ~~deva tam-pirattiyar''~~) and is always referred to as the mother of Uttama Chola, ''Uttama Chola ~~devarai tiru~~-vayiru-vaiykka-udaiya ~~pirattiyar~~ Sri Sembiyan Mādeyiar''(the queen who had the fortune to bear Uttama Chola Deva ~~alias~~ the Great Queen of the Sembiyan ~~(Chola))-~~ in the inscriptions ~~in order~~ to differentiate her from the other queens who ~~have borne~~ the title before and after her. ~~From various~~ inscriptions ~~we know~~ that she was the daughter of a Mazhavarayar chieftain. In the beginning, she ~~always refers to~~ herself as the daughter of ~~''Mala-Perumānadigal''~~.<ref name="Early Cholas: mathematics reconstructs the chronology, page 39">''Early Cholas: mathematics reconstructs the chronology, page 39''</ref><ref name="Lalit kalā, Issues 3-4, page 55">''Lalit kalā, Issues 3-4, page 55''</ref>		She was the queen of Gandaraditya Chola (Sri-Gandaraditta Devatam Pirattiyar) and is always referred to as the mother of [[Uttama (Chola dynasty)\|Uttama Chola]], Uttama Chola Devarai Tiru-vayiru-vaiykka-udaiya Pirattiyar Sri Sembiyan Mādeyiar (the queen who had the fortune to bear Uttama Chola Deva), also known as the Great Queen of the Sembiyan. This distinction is made in the inscriptions to differentiate her from the other queens who held the title both before and after her. Various inscriptions indicate that she was the daughter of a Mazhavarayar chieftain. In the beginning, she consistently identifies herself as the daughter of Sri Sembiyan Mādeyiar.<ref name="Early Cholas: mathematics reconstructs the chronology, page 39">''Early Cholas: mathematics reconstructs the chronology, page 39''</ref><ref name="Lalit kalā, Issues 3-4, page 55">''Lalit kalā, Issues 3-4, page 55''</ref>

	==Patron of Art and Architecture==		==Patron of Art and Architecture==

	She was very pious and was an avid temple builder and has built numerous temples some of which are at [[Kutralam]], [[Virudhachalam]], [[Maruthuvakudi\|Aduthurai]], Vakkarai, Anangur, etc.<ref name="Śrīnidhiḥ: perspectives in Indian archaeology, art, and culture : Shri K.R. Srinivasan festschrift, page 229">''Śrīnidhiḥ: perspectives in Indian archaeology, art, and culture : Shri K.R. Srinivasan festschrift, page 229''</ref> She has made some of the most lavish endowments of the [[Chola]] empire.<ref name="Early temples of Tamilnadu: their role in socio-economic life (c. A.D. 550-925), page 84">''Early temples of Tamilnadu: their role in socio-economic life (c. A.D. 550-925), page 84''</ref> Tiru-Ara-neri-Alvar temple was one of the earliest temples built by her. She bestowed several gifts of bronzes and jewellery to the [[Nallur ~~Kandaswamy~~ temple]] in 967-968 CE, including the bronze idol of the goddess of Nallur temple worshipped today, whose style is typical of Sembiyan bronzes.<ref>Dehejia, Vidya. Art of the Imperial Cholas. pp8</ref>		She was very pious and was an avid temple builder and has built numerous temples some of which are at [[Kuthalam\|Kutralam]], [[Virudhachalam]], [[Maruthuvakudi\|Aduthurai]], [[Thiruvakkarai\|Vakkarai]], Anangur, etc.<ref name="Śrīnidhiḥ: perspectives in Indian archaeology, art, and culture : Shri K.R. Srinivasan festschrift, page 229">''Śrīnidhiḥ: perspectives in Indian archaeology, art, and culture : Shri K.R. Srinivasan festschrift, page 229''</ref> She has made some of the most lavish endowments of the [[Chola]] empire.<ref name="Early temples of Tamilnadu: their role in socio-economic life (c. A.D. 550-925), page 84">''Early temples of Tamilnadu: their role in socio-economic life (c. A.D. 550-925), page 84''</ref> Tiru-Ara-neri-Alvar temple was one of the earliest temples built by her. She bestowed several gifts of bronzes and jewellery to the [[Kalyanasundaresar Temple, Nallur\|Kalyanasundaresar temple]] of [[Thirunallur, Thanjavur\|Thirunallur]] or Nallur Agraharam in 967-968 CE, including the bronze idol of the goddess of Nallur temple worshipped today (known as ''[[Uma (goddess)\|Uma]] Paramesvari''), whose style is typical of Sembiyan bronzes.<ref>Dehejia, Vidya. Art of the Imperial Cholas. pp8</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Dehejia \|first=Vidya \|title=The thief who stole my heart: the material life of sacred bronzes from Chola India, 855-1280 \|date=2021 \|publisher=Princeton university press \|isbn=978-0-691-20259-4 \|series=The A.W. Mellon lectures in the fine arts \|location=Princeton, New Jersey \|pages=105-107 \|language=en \|chapter=Portrait of a Queen and Her Patronage of Dancing Shiva \|oclc=1280405433 \|author-link=Vidya Dehejia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=R. \|first=Nagaswamy \|author-link=R. Nagaswamy \|date=1982 \|title=Nallur Bronzes \|journal=[[Lalit Kala Academy\|Lalit Kala]] \|issue=20 \|pages=9-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|title=Indian art & connoisseurship: essays in honour of Douglas Barrett \|date=1995 \|publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] in association with Mapin Publishing \|others= \|isbn=978-81-85822-14-3 \|editor-last=Guy \|editor-first=John \|location=Middledown, NJ New Delhi \|pages=114-116 \|chapter=On dating South Indian bronzes \|oclc=33155266 \|editor-last2=Barrett \|editor-first2=Douglas E. \|editor-last3=}}</ref>

	==Honored==		==Honored==

	From an inscription of Parakesarivarman Uttama Chola, we know that a regular śribali ceremony has been arranged at the UmaMahesvarasvamin temple at Konerirajapuram every month on the day of jyeshta, the natal star of the queen:		From an inscription of Parakesarivarman Uttama Chola, we know that a regular śribali ceremony has been arranged at the [[Uma Maheswarar Temple, Konerirajapuram\|UmaMahesvarasvamin temple]] at [[Konerirajapuram]] every month on the day of jyeshta, the natal star of the queen:

	{{Cquote\|As many as 4,151 kalam of paddy and lands, whose measurements are given in great detail, were provided for, in order to maintain the regular service in the temple, such as..the śribali-ceremony held on the natal star jyeshtha of queen Sembiyan-Madeviyar, feed brahmanas,..<ref name="A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Thanjavur District, page 239">''A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Thanjavur District'', page 239</ref>}}		{{Cquote\|As many as 4,151 kalam of paddy and lands, whose measurements are given in great detail, were provided for, in order to maintain the regular service in the temple, such as..the śribali-ceremony held on the natal star jyeshtha of queen Sembiyan-Madeviyar, feed brahmanas,..<ref name="A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Thanjavur District, page 239">''A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Thanjavur District'', page 239</ref>}}
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	==Visual metaphor==		==Visual metaphor==
	A [[metaphor]] in literature juxtaposes two seemingly unrelated things to highlight certain important aspects of one of them. The same is possible in visual art. With all exaggerated features, Sembiyan Mahadevi bronze is not meant to be taken literally. Sembiyan Mahadevi is a visual [[metaphor]] yet the most elusive from [[neuronal]] and [[aesthetic]] perspective. According to Ramachandran the exaggerated features of Sembiyan Mahadevi are meant to ~~symbolyze~~ specific divine attributes.<ref>A Brief Tour of Human Consciousness: From Impostor Poodles to Purple Numbers by V. S. Ramachandran Pi Press (2005) p.40</ref>		A [[metaphor]] in literature juxtaposes two seemingly unrelated things to highlight certain important aspects of one of them. The same is possible in visual art. With all exaggerated features, Sembiyan Mahadevi bronze is not meant to be taken literally. Sembiyan Mahadevi is a visual metaphor {{Clarify span\|yet the most elusive from [[Neuron\|neuronal]] and [[Aestheticism\|aesthetic]] perspective\|The meaning behind "neuronal" is not understandable; a source is also wished\|date=October 2010}}. According to Ramachandran the exaggerated features of Sembiyan Mahadevi are meant to symbolize specific divine attributes.<ref>A Brief Tour of Human Consciousness: From Impostor Poodles to Purple Numbers by V. S. Ramachandran Pi Press (2005) p.40</ref>

	==Notes==		==Notes==
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	[[Category:Chola dynasty]]		[[Category:Chola dynasty]]
			[[Category:Chola women]]
			[[Category:Chola royalty]]
			[[Category:Indian empresses]]

66.169.23.248: Removed "Her endowments are simply staggering" from paragraph one, sentence five, as it is a sexual innuendo that this editor finds demeaning and unnecessary. Her financial contributions are sufficiently described in the rest of the article.

2021-06-02T21:56:31Z

Removed "Her endowments are simply staggering" from paragraph one, sentence five, as it is a sexual innuendo that this editor finds demeaning and unnecessary. Her financial contributions are sufficiently described in the rest of the article.

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
[[File:SembiyanMahadevi.jpg|right|thumb|Queen Sembiyan Mahadevi as goddess [[Parvati]], [[India]], state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Chola]] period, ca. 998 Bronze; height 92.1 cm (36{{frac|1|4}} in.), Freer Gallery (Washington D.C.)]]

Queen '''Sembiyan Mahãdevi''' (also '''Cempiyan Mãtevi''',<ref>The Problem of Portraiture in South India, Circa 970-1000 A.D. by Padma Kaimal in Artibus Asiae, Vol. 60, No. 1 (2000), pp. 139–179</ref> 10th century CE) was a title borne by various queens of the [[Chola]] empire. She could be the queen mother (king's mother), grandmother, aunt, etc. The most famous of them all is the mother of King Madurantaka Uttama Chola Deva. She was one of the most powerful queens of the [[Chola]] empire who over a period of sixty years constructed numerous temples and gave generous gifts to many temples in South [[India]]. She figures as early as, if not before, [[Saka era|Saka]] 901 during the reign of her son. According to an inscription dated 941, Sembiyan Mahadevi is said to have made an endowment so that a lamp may be kept permanently lit in front of the [[Shiva]] deity (perhaps not long after the crystallization of the [[Chidambaram]] [[Nataraja]] (Natarāja) cult).<ref>A History of India by Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund (1998) p.134</ref><ref>A History of India by Hermann Kulke (2004) p.145</ref><ref>Siva in the Forest of Pines: An Essay on Sorcery and Self-Knowledge by Don Handelman and David Shulman (2004) p.88</ref>

==The mother of Madhurantaka Uttama Chola==

She was the queen of Gandaraditya Chola (''Sri-Gandaraditta deva tam-pirattiyar'') and is always referred to as the mother of Uttama Chola, ''Uttama Chola devarai tiru-vayiru-vaiykka-udaiya pirattiyar Sri Sembiyan Mādeyiar''(the queen who had the fortune to bear Uttama Chola Deva alias the Great Queen of the Sembiyan (Chola))- in the inscriptions in order to differentiate her from the other queens who have borne the title before and after her. From various inscriptions we know that she was the daughter of a Mazhavarayar chieftain. In the beginning, she always refers to herself as the daughter of ''Mala-Perumānadigal''.<ref name="Early Cholas: mathematics reconstructs the chronology, page 39">''Early Cholas: mathematics reconstructs the chronology, page 39''</ref><ref name="Lalit kalā, Issues 3-4, page 55">''Lalit kalā, Issues 3-4, page 55''</ref>

==Patron of Art and Architecture==

She was very pious and was an avid temple builder and has built numerous temples some of which are at [[Kutralam]], [[Virudhachalam]], [[Maruthuvakudi|Aduthurai]], Vakkarai, Anangur, etc.<ref name="Śrīnidhiḥ: perspectives in Indian archaeology, art, and culture : Shri K.R. Srinivasan festschrift, page 229">''Śrīnidhiḥ: perspectives in Indian archaeology, art, and culture : Shri K.R. Srinivasan festschrift, page 229''</ref> She has made some of the most lavish endowments of the [[Chola]] empire.<ref name="Early temples of Tamilnadu: their role in socio-economic life (c. A.D. 550-925), page 84">''Early temples of Tamilnadu: their role in socio-economic life (c. A.D. 550-925), page 84''</ref> Tiru-Ara-neri-Alvar temple was one of the earliest temples built by her. She bestowed several gifts of bronzes and jewellery to the [[Nallur Kandaswamy temple]] in 967-968 CE, including the bronze idol of the goddess of Nallur temple worshipped today, whose style is typical of Sembiyan bronzes.<ref>Dehejia, Vidya. Art of the Imperial Cholas. pp8</ref>

==Honored==

From an inscription of Parakesarivarman Uttama Chola, we know that a regular śribali ceremony has been arranged at the UmaMahesvarasvamin temple at Konerirajapuram every month on the day of jyeshta, the natal star of the queen:

{{Cquote|As many as 4,151 kalam of paddy and lands, whose measurements are given in great detail, were provided for, in order to maintain the regular service in the temple, such as..the śribali-ceremony held on the natal star jyeshtha of queen Sembiyan-Madeviyar, feed brahmanas,..<ref name="A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Thanjavur District, page 239">''A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Thanjavur District'', page 239</ref>}}

==Sacred==
Sembiyan Mahadevi was a consummate temple builder<ref>Early Cola Kings and "Early Cola Temples": Art and the Evolution of Kingship by Padma Kaimal in Artibus Asiae, Vol. 56, No. 1/2 (1996), pp. 33–66</ref> and a highly respected patron of the arts. During her lifetime, special celebrations marked her birthday in the [[Shiva]](Śiva) temple in the town of Sembiyan Mahadevi, named after her, and a metal portrait of the beloved queen was presented to the temple in her honor, possibly commissioned by her son. As such, it would have been recognized as Sembiyan Mahadevi by its use in processions celebrating her birthday. This highly stylized bronze image is an instance of the blurring of lines between royal and divine portraiture in ancient [[Indian art]]. The pose is reminiscent of the goddess [[Parvati]]. Indian artists often portray [[Hindu]] deities with great attention to arm/hand details to emphasize their [[omnipresence]] and [[omnipotence]]. A variety of hand gestures, known as [[mudras]], are used to express the mood and meaning of the images of the gods. For instance, when the palm is raised to face the worshiper, it is the gesture of protection (abhaya), while a lowered hand with the fingers pointing downward signifies a promise to grant the devotee's wishes (''varada''). The contrapposto pose, known in [[India]] as ''[[tribhanga]]'', or triple-bent, was a popular stance; it produced a sense of swaying movement, and most images, whether human or divine, are thus poised.

==Visual metaphor==
A [[metaphor]] in literature juxtaposes two seemingly unrelated things to highlight certain important aspects of one of them. The same is possible in visual art. With all exaggerated features, Sembiyan Mahadevi bronze is not meant to be taken literally. Sembiyan Mahadevi is a visual [[metaphor]] yet the most elusive from [[neuronal]] and [[aesthetic]] perspective. According to Ramachandran the exaggerated features of Sembiyan Mahadevi are meant to symbolyze specific divine attributes.<ref>A Brief Tour of Human Consciousness: From Impostor Poodles to Purple Numbers by V. S. Ramachandran Pi Press (2005) p.40</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Lalit kalā, Issues 3-4, Lalit Kala Akademi
* Art & Science of Chola bronzes, Orientations
* A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Thanjavur District By T. V. Mahalingam
* Early Cholas: mathematics reconstructs the chronology By Sethuraman
* The Indian Antiquary - A Journal of Oriental Research Vol IV - 1925 By C. I. E. Edwardes
* Indian antiquary, Volume 54 By Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

{{sisterlinks|Chola dynasty}}

==See also==
* [[History of Tamil Nadu]]

[[Category:Chola dynasty]]