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{{Short description|Search service for journal articles}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Semantic Scholar
| logo = Semantic Scholar logo.svg
| type = [[Search engine]]
| author = [[Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence]]
| launch_date = {{start date|2015|11}}
| website = {{url|https://semanticscholar.org}}
}}

'''Semantic Scholar''' is an [[artificial intelligence|artificial-intelligence]] backed [[search engine]] for [[academic publications]] developed at the [[Allen Institute for AI]] and publicly released in November 2015.<ref name="Eunjung Cha 3Nov2015">{{Cite news |first1=Ariana |last1=Eunjung Cha |date=3 November 2015 |title=Paul Allen's AI research group unveils program that aims to shake up how we search scientific knowledge. Give it a try. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/11/02/paul-allens-ai-research-group-unveils-program-that-aims-to-shake-up-how-we-search-scientific-knowledge-give-it-a-try/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106162910/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/11/02/paul-allens-ai-research-group-unveils-program-that-aims-to-shake-up-how-we-search-scientific-knowledge-give-it-a-try/ |archive-date=6 November 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2015 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> It uses advances in [[natural language processing]] to provide summaries for scholarly papers.<ref name="Hao 18Nov2020">{{Cite web |last=Hao |first=Karen |date=November 18, 2020 |title=An AI helps you summarize the latest in AI |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/11/18/1012259/ai-summarizes-science-papers-ai2-semantic-scholar/ |access-date=2021-02-16 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en}}</ref> The Semantic Scholar team is actively researching the use of artificial-intelligence in [[natural language processing]], [[machine learning]], [[Human–computer interaction|Human-Computer interaction]], and [[information retrieval]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Semantic Scholar Research|url=https://research.semanticscholar.org/|access-date=2021-11-22|website=research.semanticscholar.org}}</ref>

Semantic Scholar began as a database surrounding the topics of [[computer science]], [[geoscience]], and [[neuroscience]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Fricke|first=Suzanne|date=2018-01-12|title=Semantic Scholar|url=http://jmla.pitt.edu/ojs/jmla/article/view/280|journal=Journal of the Medical Library Association|language=en|volume=106|issue=1|pages=145–147|doi=10.5195/jmla.2018.280|s2cid=45802944|issn=1558-9439}}</ref> However, in 2017 the system began including [[biomedical literature]] in its corpus.<ref name=":0" /> As of November 2021, they now include publications from all fields of science.

== Technology ==
Semantic Scholar provides one-sentence summary of [[scientific literature]]. One of its aims was to address the challenge of reading numerous titles and lengthy abstracts on mobile devices.<ref name="Grad 24Nov2020">{{Cite news |last=Grad |first=Peter |date=November 24, 2020 |title=AI tool summarizes lengthy papers in a sentence |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2020-11-ai-tool-lengthy-papers-sentence.html |access-date=2021-02-16 |work=Tech Xplore |language=en}}</ref> It also seeks to ensure that the three million scientific papers published yearly reach readers since it is estimated that only half of this literature are ever read.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-23 |title=Allen Institute's Semantic Scholar now searches across 175 million academic papers |url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/10/23/allen-institutes-semantic-scholar-now-searches-across-175-million-academic-papers/ |access-date=2021-02-16 |website=VentureBeat |language=en-US}}</ref>

Artificial intelligence is used to capture the essence of a paper, generating it through an "abstractive" technique.<ref name="Hao 18Nov2020"/> The project uses a combination of [[machine learning]], [[natural language processing]], and [[machine vision]] to add a layer of [[semantic analysis (linguistics)|semantic analysis]] to the traditional methods of [[citation analysis]], and to extract relevant figures, [[table extraction|tables]], entities, and venues from papers.<ref name="Bohannon">{{Cite journal |last=Bohannon |first=John |date=11 November 2016 |title=A computer program just ranked the most influential brain scientists of the modern era |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/computer-program-just-ranked-most-influential-brain-scientists-modern-era |url-status=live |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |doi=10.1126/science.aal0371 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429134813/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/11/computer-program-just-ranked-most-influential-brain-scientists-modern-era |archive-date=29 April 2020 |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Q | Q108172042 }}</ref>

In contrast with [[Google Scholar]] and [[PubMed]], Semantic Scholar is designed to highlight the most important and influential elements of a paper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/announcement/view/1|title=Semantic Scholar
|website=International Journal of Language and Literary Studies|access-date=2021-11-09}}</ref> The AI technology is designed to identify hidden connections and links between research topics.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Baykoucheva|first=Svetla|title=Driving Science Information Discovery in the Digital Age|publisher=Chandos Publishing|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823724-3|pages=91|language=en}}</ref> Like the previously cited search engines, Semantic Scholar also exploits graph structures, which include the [[Microsoft Academic|Microsoft Academic Knowledge Graph]], Springer Nature's [[SciGraph]], and the Semantic Scholar Corpus.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jose|first1=Joemon M.|title=Advances in Information Retrieval: 42nd European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2020, Lisbon, Portugal, April 14–17, 2020, Proceedings, Part I|last2=Yilmaz|first2=Emine|last3=Magalhães|first3=João|last4=Castells|first4=Pablo|last5=Ferro|first5=Nicola|last6=Silva|first6=Mário J.|last7=Martins|first7=Flávio|publisher=Springer Nature|year=2020|isbn=978-3-030-45438-8|location=Cham, Switzerland|pages=254|language=en}}</ref>

Each paper hosted by Semantic Scholar is assigned a unique [[identifier]] called the Semantic Scholar Corpus ID (abbreviated S2CID). The following entry is an example:

:: {{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Ying |last2=Gayle |first2=Albert A |last3=Wilder-Smith |first3=Annelies |last4=Rocklöv |first4=Joacim |date=March 2020 |title=The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus |journal=Journal of Travel Medicine |volume=27 |issue=2 |pmid=32052846|doi=10.1093/jtm/taaa021 |id={{S2CID|211099356}} |ref=none}}
Semantic Scholar is free to use and unlike similar search engines (i.e. [[Google Scholar]]) does not search for material that is behind a [[paywall]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Hannousse|first=Abdelhakim|date=2021|title=Searching relevant papers for software engineering secondary studies: Semantic Scholar coverage and identification role|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1049/sfw2.12011|journal=IET Software|language=en|volume=15|issue=1|pages=126–146|doi=10.1049/sfw2.12011|s2cid=234053002|issn=1751-8814}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

One study compared the search abilities of Semantic Scholar through a systematic approach, and found the search engine to be 98.88% accurate when attempting to uncover the data.<ref name=":1" /> The same study examined other Semantic Scholar functions, including tools to survey [[metadata]] as well as several citation tools.<ref name=":1" />

== Number of users and publications ==
As of January 2018, following a 2017 project that added biomedical papers and topic summaries, the Semantic Scholar corpus included more than 40 million papers from [[computer science]] and [[biomedicine]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-10-17 |title=AI2 scales up Semantic Scholar search engine to encompass biomedical research |language=en-US |work=GeekWire |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2017/ai2-semantic-scholar-biomedicine/ |url-status=live |access-date=2018-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119120110/https://www.geekwire.com/2017/ai2-semantic-scholar-biomedicine/ |archive-date=2018-01-19}}</ref> In March 2018, Doug Raymond, who developed [[machine learning]] initiatives for the [[Amazon Alexa]] platform, was hired to lead the Semantic Scholar project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-02 |title=Tech Moves: Allen Instititue Hires Amazon Alexa Machine Learning Leader; Microsoft Chairman Takes on New Investor Role; and More |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2018/tech-moves-allen-institute-hires-amazon-alexa-machine-learning-leader-microsoft-chairman-takes-new-investor-role/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510120907/https://www.geekwire.com/2018/tech-moves-allen-institute-hires-amazon-alexa-machine-learning-leader-microsoft-chairman-takes-new-investor-role/ |archive-date=2018-05-10 |access-date=2018-05-09 |publisher=GeekWire}}</ref> As of August 2019, the number of included papers metadata (not the actual PDFs) had grown to more than 173 million<ref>{{Cite web |title=Semantic Scholar |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811212806/https://www.semanticscholar.org/ |archive-date=11 August 2019 |access-date=11 August 2019 |website=Semantic Scholar}}</ref> after the addition of the [[Microsoft Academic Graph]] records.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-05 |title=AI2 joins forces with Microsoft Research to upgrade search tools for scientific studies |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2018/ai2-joins-forces-microsoft-upgrade-search-tools-scientific-research/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825181331/https://www.geekwire.com/2018/ai2-joins-forces-microsoft-upgrade-search-tools-scientific-research/ |archive-date=2019-08-25 |access-date=2019-08-25 |website=GeekWire}}</ref> In 2020, a partnership between Semantic Scholar and the [[University of Chicago Press|University of Chicago Press Journals]] made all articles published under the University of Chicago Press available in the Semantic Scholar corpus.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The University of Chicago Press joins more than 500 publishers working with Semantic Scholar to improve search and discoverability|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/journals/pr/201215|access-date=2021-11-22|website=RCNi Company Limited|language=en}}</ref> At the end of 2020, Semantic Scholar had indexed 190 million papers.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dunn|first=Adriana|date=December 14, 2020|title=Semantic Scholar Adds 25 Million Scientific Papers in 2020 Through New Publisher Partnerships|work=Semantic Scholar|url=https://allenai.org/content/docs/Semantic_Scholar_2020_Publisher_Partners.pdf|access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref>

In 2020, users of Semantic Scholar reached seven million a month.<ref name="Grad 24Nov2020"/>

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Citation analysis}}
* {{annotated link|Citation index}}
* {{annotated link|Knowledge extraction}}
* [[List of academic databases and search engines]]
* {{annotated link|Scientometrics}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikidata property|P6611|P4012|P8299|P4011}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Academic publishing}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bibliographic databases in computer science]]
[[Category:Scholarly search services]]
[[Category:Applications of artificial intelligence]]

Semantic Scholar - Revision history

Rajaraj2050: Updated formatting and improved readability

ImportMaster: robot: Import articles to fix broken redirects