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	{{Short description\|Overview of secularism in India}}		{{Short description\|Overview of secularism in India}}
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	{{Constitution of India}}		{{Constitution of India}}
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	India since its independence in 1947 has been a [[secular state]]. The secular values were enshrined in the constitution of India. India's first prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] is credited with the formation of secular values in the modern history of the country.<ref>{{cite book \| last=Haynes \| first=Jeffrey \| title=Handbook on Religion and International Relations \| publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing Limited \| series=Elgar Handbooks in Political Science \| year=2021 \| isbn=978-1-83910-024-6 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=unA4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA348\| page=348}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \| last=Kohli \| first=Atul \| title=India's Democracy: An Analysis of Changing State-Society Relations \| publisher=Princeton University Press \| series=Princeton Legacy Library \| year=2014 \| isbn=978-1-4008-5951-1 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAMABAAAQBAJ\| page=148\|quote= Indian secularism after independence was mostly articulated by leaders like Nehru, who used the formal instruments of the central government to impress an ideology of secular rationalization.}}</ref>		India since its independence in 1947 has been a [[secular state]]. The secular values were enshrined in the constitution of India. India's first prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] is credited with the formation of secular values in the modern history of the country.<ref>{{cite book \| last=Haynes \| first=Jeffrey \| title=Handbook on Religion and International Relations \| publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing Limited \| series=Elgar Handbooks in Political Science \| year=2021 \| isbn=978-1-83910-024-6 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=unA4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA348\| page=348}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \| last=Kohli \| first=Atul \| title=India's Democracy: An Analysis of Changing State-Society Relations \| publisher=Princeton University Press \| series=Princeton Legacy Library \| year=2014 \| isbn=978-1-4008-5951-1 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAMABAAAQBAJ\| page=148\|quote= Indian secularism after independence was mostly articulated by leaders like Nehru, who used the formal instruments of the central government to impress an ideology of secular rationalization.}}</ref>

	With the [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India]] enacted in 1976,<ref name="42amend">{{cite web \|title=The Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act, 1976 \|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm \|publisher=Government of India \|access-date=1 December 2010 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328040620/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm \|archive-date=28 March 2015}}</ref> the [[Preamble to the Constitution of India\|Preamble to the Constitution]] asserted that India is a [[secular nation]].<ref name="notionSecular">{{cite web \|title=A skewed secularism? \|first=Christophe \|last=Jaffrelot \|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelow \|url=http://www.sacw.net/article2081.html \|newspaper=Hindustan Times }}</ref>{{sfn\|Rajagopalan\|2003}} However, the [[Supreme Court of India]] in the 1994 case ''[[S. R. Bommai v. Union of India]]'' established the fact that India was [[secular]] since the formation of the republic.<ref name="auto">https://indiankanoon.org/doc/60799/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=238573f48275b685fc4286d86fb7f8d791b95b89-1605159943-0-AUH3bFyciTLUFhD1SxBDxmdiWyx30gRbc9sKNMEp2AVFRikpp9Yj04upKlxDKg_g67cgonAuoofwtbmSbe7LiFvmdvh1UpVsGEiqmE8NRpW9IZOEaFfi0nC_hORolA9ehgyy8bJ19HFLaV5jtvnCBm9aDQBTp_-rkgKXSxmi5tSu9XKBw1fOvLunDzLkIS1P5Hnoz1yZ6hRi3oBb7brYxYqdXJe-3q0-BNsLFbEaLkO_yaPSbwXcAdvByLdw3yqOivpiMoL6XXvbtnp3IQBCNCtUP6oABTxAbcofz2vMJei_V6_RBiFUFq0DniR6cd7PxtJ-IdP6T6u5yk3b1T-owvbOVfS74wnCJe-ke8RIQXBt {{Bare URL inline}}</ref> The judgement established that there is [[separation of state and religion]]. It stated "In matters of State, religion has no place. And if the [[Constitution of India\|Constitution]] requires the State to be secular in thought and action, the same requirement attaches to political parties as well. The Constitution does not recognize, it does not permit, mixing religion and State power. That is the constitutional injunction. None can say otherwise so long as this Constitution governs this country. Politics and religion cannot be mixed. Any [[States and union territories of India\|State]] government which pursues nonsecular on policies or nonsecular course of action acts contrary to the constitutional mandate and renders itself amenable to action under Article 356".<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://cjp.org.in/sr-bommai-vs-union-of-india/\|title=When the Supreme Court Firmly De-linked Religion from Politics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/constitutional-law/bommai-versus-union-of-india-constitutional-law-essay.php\|title=Bommai Versus Union of India\|website=www.lawteacher.net}}</ref> Furthermore, constitutionally, state-owned educational institutions are prohibited from imparting religious instructions, and Article 27 of the constitution prohibits using tax-payers money for the promotion of any religion.{{sfn\|Smith\|2011\|pp=126–132}}		With the [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India]] enacted in 1976,<ref name="42amend">{{cite web \|title=The Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act, 1976 \|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm \|publisher=Government of India \|access-date=1 December 2010 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328040620/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm \|archive-date=28 March 2015}}</ref> the [[Preamble to the Constitution of India\|Preamble to the Constitution]] asserted that India is a [[secular nation]].<ref name="notionSecular">{{cite web \|title=A skewed secularism? \|first=Christophe \|last=Jaffrelot \|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelow \|url=http://www.sacw.net/article2081.html \|newspaper=Hindustan Times }}</ref>{{sfn\|Rajagopalan\|2003}} However, the [[Supreme Court of India]] in the 1994 case ''[[S. R. Bommai v. Union of India]]'' established the fact that India was [[secular]] since the formation of the republic.<ref name="auto">https://indiankanoon.org/doc/60799/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=238573f48275b685fc4286d86fb7f8d791b95b89-1605159943-0-AUH3bFyciTLUFhD1SxBDxmdiWyx30gRbc9sKNMEp2AVFRikpp9Yj04upKlxDKg_g67cgonAuoofwtbmSbe7LiFvmdvh1UpVsGEiqmE8NRpW9IZOEaFfi0nC_hORolA9ehgyy8bJ19HFLaV5jtvnCBm9aDQBTp_-rkgKXSxmi5tSu9XKBw1fOvLunDzLkIS1P5Hnoz1yZ6hRi3oBb7brYxYqdXJe-3q0-BNsLFbEaLkO_yaPSbwXcAdvByLdw3yqOivpiMoL6XXvbtnp3IQBCNCtUP6oABTxAbcofz2vMJei_V6_RBiFUFq0DniR6cd7PxtJ-IdP6T6u5yk3b1T-owvbOVfS74wnCJe-ke8RIQXBt {{Bare URL inline\|date= June 2023}}</ref> The judgement established that there is [[separation of state and religion]]. It stated "In matters of State, religion has no place. And if the [[Constitution of India\|Constitution]] requires the State to be secular in thought and action, the same requirement attaches to political parties as well. The Constitution does not recognize, it does not permit, mixing religion and State power. That is the constitutional injunction. None can say otherwise so long as this Constitution governs this country. Politics and religion cannot be mixed. Any [[States and union territories of India\|State]] government which pursues nonsecular on policies or nonsecular course of action acts contrary to the constitutional mandate and renders itself amenable to action under Article 356".<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://cjp.org.in/sr-bommai-vs-union-of-india/\|title=When the Supreme Court Firmly De-linked Religion from Politics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/constitutional-law/bommai-versus-union-of-india-constitutional-law-essay.php\|title=Bommai Versus Union of India\|website=www.lawteacher.net}}</ref> Furthermore, constitutionally, state-owned educational institutions are prohibited from imparting religious instructions, and Article 27 of the constitution prohibits using tax-payers money for the promotion of any religion.{{sfn\|Smith\|2011\|pp=126–132}}

	Officially, [[secularism]] has always inspired modern India.<ref name="notionSecular" /> However, India's secularism does not completely separate religion and state.<ref name="notionSecular" /> The Indian Constitution has allowed extensive interference of the state in religious affairs, such as constitutional abolition of [[untouchability]], opening up of all [[Hindu temple]]s to people of '[[Caste\|lower caste]]' etc.{{sfn\|Smith\|2011\|pp=133–134}} The degree of separation between the state and religion has varied with several court and executive orders in place since the birth of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/how-courts-decide-on-matters-of-religion-1551715822881.html\|title = How courts decide on matters of religion\|date = 5 March 2019}}</ref> In matters of law in modern India, personal laws – on matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, alimony – varies if one is a Muslim or not (Muslims have an option to marry under secular law if they wish).<ref>https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1954-43_1.pdf {{Bare URL PDF}}</ref>{{sfn\|Smith\|2011\|pp=277–291}}<ref name="ddace" /> The Indian Constitution permits partial financial support for religious schools as well as the financing of religious buildings and infrastructure by the state.{{sfn\|Smith\|2011\|pp=126–134}} The Islamic [[Central Wakf Council]] and many Hindu temples of great religious significance are administered and managed (through funding) by the federal and the state governments in accordance with the [[Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991]], and the [[AMASR Act\|Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958]], which mandates state maintenance of religious buildings that were created before August 15, 1947 (the date of Indian independence), while also retaining their religious character.<ref name="ddace" /><ref name="templecontrol">{{cite news \|author=Subramanian Swamy \|title=Freeing temples from state control \|newspaper=The Hindu \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/freeing-temples-from-state-control/article5594132.ece}}</ref><ref>https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1991-42.pdf {{Bare URL PDF}}</ref><ref>https://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/Legislations/6.pdf {{Bare URL PDF}}</ref> The attempt to respect religious law has created a number of issues in India, such as acceptability of polygamy, unequal inheritance rights, extra judicial unilateral divorce rights favorable to some males, and conflicting interpretations of religious books.{{sfn\|Larson\|2001}}<ref name="zoya" />		Officially, [[secularism]] has always inspired modern India.<ref name="notionSecular" /> However, India's secularism does not completely separate religion and state.<ref name="notionSecular" /> The Indian Constitution has allowed extensive interference of the state in religious affairs, such as constitutional abolition of [[untouchability]], opening up of all [[Hindu temple]]s to people of '[[Caste\|lower caste]]' etc.{{sfn\|Smith\|2011\|pp=133–134}} The degree of separation between the state and religion has varied with several court and executive orders in place since the birth of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/how-courts-decide-on-matters-of-religion-1551715822881.html\|title = How courts decide on matters of religion\|date = 5 March 2019}}</ref> In matters of law in modern India, personal laws – on matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, alimony – varies if one is a Muslim or not (Muslims have an option to marry under secular law if they wish).<ref>https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1954-43_1.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date= June 2023}}</ref>{{sfn\|Smith\|2011\|pp=277–291}}<ref name="ddace" /> The Indian Constitution permits partial financial support for religious schools as well as the financing of religious buildings and infrastructure by the state.{{sfn\|Smith\|2011\|pp=126–134}} The Islamic [[Central Wakf Council]] and many Hindu temples of great religious significance are administered and managed (through funding) by the federal and the state governments in accordance with the [[Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991]], and the [[AMASR Act\|Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958]], which mandates state maintenance of religious buildings that were created before August 15, 1947 (the date of Indian independence), while also retaining their religious character.<ref name="ddace" /><ref name="templecontrol">{{cite news \|author=Subramanian Swamy \|title=Freeing temples from state control \|newspaper=The Hindu \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/freeing-temples-from-state-control/article5594132.ece}}</ref><ref>https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1991-42.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date= June 2023}}</ref><ref>https://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/Legislations/6.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date= June 2023}}</ref> The attempt to respect religious law has created a number of issues in India, such as acceptability of polygamy, unequal inheritance rights, extra judicial unilateral divorce rights favorable to some males, and conflicting interpretations of religious books.{{sfn\|Larson\|2001}}<ref name="zoya" />

	Secularism as practiced in India, with its marked differences with Western practice of secularism, is a controversial topic in India. Supporters of the Indian concept of secularism claim it respects "minorities and pluralism". Critics claim the Indian form of secularism as "[[pseudo-secularism]]".<ref name="notionSecular"/><ref name="Pantham1997p523">{{cite journal \| last=Pantham \| first=Thomas \| title=Indian Secularism and Its Critics: Some Reflections \| journal=The Review of Politics \| publisher=Cambridge University Press \| volume=59 \| issue=3 \| year=1997 \| doi=10.1017/s0034670500027704 \| pages=523–540\| s2cid=146188919 }}</ref> Supporters state that any attempt to introduce a [[Uniform civil code of India\|uniform civil code]], that is equal laws for every citizen irrespective of his or her religion, would impose majoritarian Hindu sensibilities and ideals.<ref name=~~duncan~~/><ref name=~~ddace~~/> Critics state that India's acceptance of some religious laws violates the principle of [[Equality before the law]].<ref name=mansfield/><ref name=dhume/>		Secularism as practiced in India, with its marked differences with Western practice of secularism, is a controversial topic in India. Supporters of the Indian concept of secularism claim it respects "minorities and pluralism". Critics claim the Indian form of secularism as "[[pseudo-secularism]]".<ref name="notionSecular"/><ref name="Pantham1997p523">{{cite journal \| last=Pantham \| first=Thomas \| title=Indian Secularism and Its Critics: Some Reflections \| journal=The Review of Politics \| publisher=Cambridge University Press \| volume=59 \| issue=3 \| year=1997 \| doi=10.1017/s0034670500027704 \| pages=523–540\| s2cid=146188919 }}</ref> Supporters state that any attempt to introduce a [[Uniform civil code of India\|uniform civil code]], that is equal laws for every citizen irrespective of his or her religion, would impose majoritarian Hindu sensibilities and ideals.<ref name=ddace/><ref name=duncan/> Critics state that India's acceptance of some religious laws violates the principle of [[Equality before the law]].<ref name=mansfield/><ref name=dhume/>

	== History ==		== History ==

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