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{{short description|12th-century battle in India}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 2nd Battle of Tarain
| image = The last stan of Rajputs against Muhammadans.jpg
| caption = A 20th-century [[artist's impression|artist's imagination]] of the battle from ''Hutchinson's Story of the Nations''
| date = 1192
| place = [[Taraori]] (near [[Karnal]])
| territory = Mu'izz al-Din conquers much of north-west India including Delhi
| result = Ghurid victory
| combatant1 = [[Ghurid Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]]
| commander1 = [[Mu'izz al-Din]]
| commander2 = [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]
| strength1 = 120,000 (according to [[Minhaj-i-Siraj|Minhaj]]){{sfn|Satish Chandra|2006|p=25}}{{sfn|Kaushik Roy|2014|pp=22-23}}
| strength2 = 300,000 [[cavalry]] and [[infantry]],{{efn|(according to [[Firishta]]; considered an exaggeration by modern historians).{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2006|pp=25-26}}}}
2,000{{sfn|Kaushik Roy|2004|p=40}} - 3,000 [[War elephants]]
}}
The '''Second Battle of Tarain''' was fought in 1192 by the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]] against the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamanas]] and their allies, near Tarain (modern [[Taraori]] in [[Haryana]], India). The Ghurid king [[Mu'izz al-Din|Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad Ghori]] defeated the Chahamana king [[Prithiviraj Chauhan]] thus avenging his earlier defeat at the [[First Battle of Tarain]].

== Background ==

Prithviraj Chauhan's forces had defeated the Ghurids at the [[First Battle of Tarain]] in 1191. The Ghurid king Mu'izz al-Din, who was seriously injured in the battle, returned to Ghazni, and made preparations to avenge his defeat.

Historians generally date the second battle of Tarain to 1192, although there is a possibility that it happened in late 1191.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=44}}

==Size of the forces==

According to the 16th-17th century writer [[Firishta]], the battle, "the Chauhan army consisted of 3,000 elephants, 300,000 cavalry and infantry", which is considered an exaggeration by modern historians. According to Satish Chandra the figures were exaggerated in order to "emphasise the challenge faced by Muizzuddin and the scale of his victory".{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2006|pp=25-26}} Kaushik Roy similarly notes that Muslim chroniclers regularly exaggerated Hindu military strength to glorify the Muslim kings, and 300,000 was probably the theoretical number that could potentially be mobilized by all the Rajput kingdoms at the time.{{sfn|Kaushik Roy|2014|pp=22-23}}

According to [[Minhaj-i-Siraj]], Mu'izz al-Din brought 120,000 fully armored men to battle,{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2006|p=25}} He personally commanded an elite cavalry force of 40,000 men. According to historian Kaushik Roy, while the real strength of the armies is not certain, it can be speculated that Prithviraj's army was numerically superior.{{sfn|Kaushik Roy|2014|pp=22-23}}

==Battle==

The battle occurred in the same field as the first one. Knowing the Chahamana forces were well-disciplined, the Ghurids did not want to engage in [[melee]] combat with them. Instead the Ghurids army was formed into five units, and four units were sent to attack the enemy flanks and rear.{{sfn|Spencer C. Tucker|2009|p=263}}

According to [[Minhaj-i-Siraj|Minhaj]], Mu'izz ad-Din directed a [[light cavalry]] force of 10,000 [[mounted archery|mounted archers]], divided into four divisions, to surround the Chahamana forces on the four sides.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=47}} He instructed these soldiers not to engage in combat when the enemy advanced to attack, and instead feign retreat in order to exhaust the Chahamana elephants, horses, and infantry.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=48}}

In hopes of causing a break in the enemy lines, Mu'izz al-Din ordered his fifth unit to feign retreat. The Chahamana forces charged the fleeing Ghurid unit, as the Ghurids expected. The Ghurids then sent a fresh cavalry unit of 12,000 and they managed to throw back the enemy advance. The remaining Ghurid forces then attacked and the Chahamana troops fled in panic.{{sfn|Spencer C. Tucker|2009|p=263}} According to Minhaj, Mu'izz ad-Din's strategy "exhausted and wearied the unbelievers", ultimately resulting in a "victory to Islam".{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=48}}

== Aftermath ==

Minhaj states that Prithviraj ("Rae Pithora") dismounted from his elephant, and fled from the battlefield on a horse. He was, however, captured in the neighbourhood of Sursuti, and later "dispatched to hell".{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=48}} Most medieval sources state that Prithviraj was taken to the Chahamana capital [[Ajmer]], where Muhammad planned to reinstate him as a Ghurid [[vassal]]. Sometime later, Prithviraj rebelled against Muhammad, and was killed for 'treason'.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=87}}

The Ghurid forces subjugated the entire Chahamana territory of "Siwalikh"{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=48}} (or Sawalakh, that is, [[Sapadalaksha]]).{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=33}} The Ghurids then appointed his son [[Govindaraja IV]] on the throne of Ajmer as their vassal. Prithviraj's younger brother [[Hariraja]] dethroned Govindaraja, and recaptured a part of his ancestral kingdom, but was later defeated by the Ghurid general [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]].{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|pp=100–01}} The Ghurids subsequently defeated another powerful king - [[Jayachandra]] of [[Gahadavala]] dynasty - at the [[Battle of Chandawar]], and conquered parts of northern India as far as [[Bengal]].{{sfn|Spencer C. Tucker|2009|p=263}}

==See also==
* [[Historical battles of Rajasthan|Battles fought in Rajasthan]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781107118560 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |author-link=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=Kaushik Roy |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |publisher=Orient Longman |year=2004 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kaushik Roy |title=Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyVnAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |year=2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-78093-800-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC |year=2006 |publisher=Har-Anand |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 }}
* {{cite book |author=Spencer C. Tucker |title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC |year=2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-672-5 }}
{{ref end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battles Of Tarain}}
[[Category:Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Indian kingdoms|Tarain 1191]]
[[Category:12th century in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Ghurids]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1191]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1192]]
[[Category:1191 in Asia]]
[[Category:1192 in Asia]]
[[Category:Karnal district]]

Second Battle of Tarain - Revision history

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imported>SpacemanSpiff: Reverted edits by Parker User 81819 (talk) to last version by Ravensfire