https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Scutiger_occidentalisScutiger occidentalis - Revision history2026-08-20T17:09:57ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scutiger_occidentalis&diff=533798&oldid=prevMarinazhg: starting some bio needs work2026-02-28T14:16:22Z<p>starting some bio needs work</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}<br />
{{Speciesbox <br />
| taxon = Scutiger occidentalis<br />
| authority = [[Alain Dubois|Dubois]], 1978<br />
}}<br />
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'''''Scutiger occidentalis''''' is a species of [[toad]] found in the Western [[Himalayas]] of Pakistan ([[Gilgit Baltistan]]) and northwestern India ([[Ladakh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]). It has often been treated as a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] of ''[[Scutiger nyingchiensis]]'' (by, e.g., [[IUCN]] in 2004<ref name=IUCN/>), but molecular data show that these species are distinct. It is also known as the '''Ladakh high altitude toad''', '''Ladakh pelobatid toad''', '''western pelobatid toad''', or '''Asian lazy toad'''.<ref name=Frost/><ref name="Hofmann et al. 2017"/> It is the most western member of its genus.<ref name="Hofmann et al. 2017"/><ref name="Litvinchuk et al. 2019"/><br />
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==Description==<br />
A large-sized ''Scutiger'', adult males of ''S. occidentalis'' measure {{convert|57|-|70|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} and adult females {{convert|63|-|72|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in [[snout–vent length]]. The snout is relatively short.<ref name="Khatiwada et al. 2019"/><br />
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A [[Gosner stage]] 25 [[tadpole]] measured {{convert|8.9|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in [[snout–vent length]] and {{convert|22.5|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in total length.<ref name="Litvinchuk et al. 2019"/><br />
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==Habitat and conservation==<br />
''S. occidentalis'' inhabits high-mountain regions at elevations between {{convert|2680|and|4300|m|abbr=on}} [[above sea level]]. A tadpole was found from a 0.5-metre deep pool under a waterfall.<ref name="Litvinchuk et al. 2019"/><br />
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As of October 2021, ''S. occidentalis'' has only been included in the [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] as a synonym of ''S. nyingchiensis'',<ref>{{cite web | title = IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/ | access-date = 23 October 2021}}</ref> corresponding to the western part of its range.<ref name="Litvinchuk et al. 2019"/> ''S. nyingchiensis'' was assessed as a "[[least-concern species]]" in 2004.<ref name=IUCN/><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em|refs=<br />
<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Megophryidae/Leptobrachiinae/Scutiger/Scutiger-nyingchiensis |title=''Scutiger occidentalis'' Dubois, 1978 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2021 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |doi=10.5531/db.vz.0001 |access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref><br />
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<ref name="Hofmann et al. 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Hofmann |first1=Sylvia |last2=Stöck |first2=Matthias |last3=Zheng |first3=Yuchi |last4=Ficetola |first4=Francesco G. |last5=Li |first5=Jia-Tang |last6=Scheidt |first6=Ulrich |last7=Schmidt |first7=Joachim |name-list-style=amp |title=Molecular phylogenies indicate a Paleo-Tibetan origin of Himalayan Lazy Toads (''Scutiger'') |journal=Scientific Reports |date=2017 |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=3308 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-03395-4|doi-access=free |pmc=5468327 }}</ref><br />
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<ref name=IUCN>{{Cite iucn | author = Fei Liang | author2 = Michael Wai Neng Lau | author3 = Sushil Dutta | author4 = Annemarie Ohler | author5 = Tej Kumar Shrestha |name-list-style=amp | title = ''Scutiger nyingchiensis'' | article-number = e.T57619A11664484 | date = 2004 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T57619A11664484.en }}</ref><br />
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<ref name="Khatiwada et al. 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Khatiwada |first1=Janak Raj |last2=Shu |first2=Guocheng |last3=Subedi |first3=Tulsi Ram |last4=Wang |first4=Bin |last5=Ohler |first5=Annemarie |last6=Cannatella |first6=David C. |first7=Feng |last7=Xie |last8=Jiang |first8=Jianping |name-list-style=amp |title=A new species of megophryid frog of the genus ''Scutiger'' from Kangchenjunga Conservation Area, eastern Nepal |journal=Asian Herpetological Research |date=2019 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=138–157 |doi=10.16373/j.cnki.ahr.180076 |url=http://www.ahr-journal.com/oa/DArticle.aspx?type=view&id=20190301}}</ref><br />
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<ref name="Litvinchuk et al. 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Litvinchuk |first1=S. N. |last2=Melnikov |first2=D. A. |last3=Borkin |first3=L. J. |last4=Hofmann |first4=S. |name-list-style=amp |title=Rediscovery of the high altitude lazy toad, ''Scutiger occidentalis'' Dubois, 1978, in India |journal=Russian Journal of Herpetology |date=2019 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=17–22 |doi=10.30906/1026-2296-2019-26-1-17-22}}</ref><br />
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q66492757}}<br />
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[[Category:Scutiger (frog)|occidentalis]]<br />
[[Category:Frogs of India]]<br />
[[Category:Amphibians of Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Amphibians described in 1978]]<br />
[[Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN]] <!-- Scutiger occidentalis --><br />
[[Category:Taxa named by Alain Dubois]]</div>Marinazhg