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{{Short description|15th century Indian dynasty}}
{{For|the Kashmiri dynasty|Shah Mir Dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Sayyid dynasty
|common_name = Sayyid dynasty
|year_start = 1414
|year_end = 1450
|date_start = 28 May
|date_end = 20 April
|event_start =
|event_end =
|p1 = Tughlaq dynasty
|image_p1 =
|p2 =
|flag_p2 =
|p3 =
|flag_p3 =
|p4 =
|flag_p4 =
|s3 =
|flag_s3 =
|s1 = Lodi dynasty
|flag_s1 =
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|coa_size =
|image_map = Lodhi_Garden,_New_Delhi._taken_by_Anita_Mishra.JPG
|image_map_caption = The tomb of [[Muhammad Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Muhammad Shah]] at [[Lodi Gardens]], New Delhi.
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
|capital = [[Delhi]]
|government_type = [[Sultanate]]
|legislature =
|title_leader = [[Sultan]]
|leader1 = [[Khizr Khan|Khizr Khan Sayyid]]
|year_leader1 = 1414–1421
|leader2 = [[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarak Shah]]
|year_leader2 = 1421-1434
|leader3 = [[Muhammad Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Muhammad Shah]]
|year_leader3 = 1434-1443
|leader4 = [[Alam Shah|Ala-ud-Din Shah]]
|year_leader4 = 1443-1451
|common_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]] (official)<ref name="asi.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_arabicpersian.asp |title=Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies - Archaeological Survey of India |publisher=Asi.nic.in |access-date=14 November 2010}}</ref>
| today = [[India]]<br>[[Pakistan]]
|demonym=|area_km2=|area_rank=|GDP_PPP=|GDP_PPP_year=|HDI=|HDI_year=}}
{{Delhi Sultanate|Sayyid}}
The '''Sayyid dynasty''' was the fourth dynasty of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], with four rulers ruling from 1414 to 1451. Founded by [[Khizr Khan]], a former governor of [[Multan]], they succeeded the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] and ruled the sultanate until they were displaced by the [[Lodi dynasty]].
==Origins==

A contemporary writer [[Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi|Yahya Sirhindi]] mentions in his ''Takhrikh-i-Mubarak Shahi'' that Khizr Khan was a descendant of prophet [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Porter|first1=Yves|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xj83AQAAIAAJ&q=Sayyid+Khizr+Khan+was+a+arab|title=The Glory of the Sultans: Islamic Architecture in India|last2=Degeorge|first2=Gérard|date=2009|publisher=Flammarion|isbn=978-2-08-030110-9|location=Though Timur had since withdrawn his forces , the Sayyid Khizr Khān , the scion of a venerable Arab family who had settled in Multān , continued to pay him tribute|language=en}}</ref> Members of the dynasty derived their title, [[Sayyid]], or the descendants of the Islamic prophet, [[Muhammad]], based on the claim that they belonged to his lineage through his daughter [[Fatimah|Fatima]]. However, Yahya Sirhindi based his conclusions on unsubstantial evidence, the first being a casual recognition by the famous saint Sayyid Jalaluddin Bukhari of Uch Sharif of his Sayyid heritage,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHbiAAAAMAAJ&q=and+rested+chiefly+on+its+causal+recognition+by+the+famous+saint+Sayyid+Jal%C3%A1l|title=The Cambridge History of India|date=1958|publisher=S. Chand|location=The claim of Khizr Khān , who founded the dynasty known as the Sayyids , to descent from the prophet of Arabia was dubious , and rested chiefly on its causal recognition by the famous saint Sayyid Jalāl - ud - dīn of Bukhārā .|language=en}}</ref> and secondly the noble character of the Sultan which distinguished him as a Prophet's descendant.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_History_and_Culture_of_the_Indian_Pe/03lDAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=The+Delhi+Sultanate+-+Ramesh+Chandra+Majumdar&dq=The+Delhi+Sultanate+-+Ramesh+Chandra+Majumdar&printsec=frontcover |title= The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi sultanate |author= Ramesh Chandra Majumdar }}</ref> According to Eaton, Khizr Khan belonged to a [[Khokhar]] ([[Punjab|Punjabi]]) chieftain.<ref> title= India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 |author= Richard M. Eaton | isbn=978-0520325128 isbn= 0520325125 |pg 117</ref>

==History==
Following [[Timur|Timur's]] 1398 Sack of [[Delhi]],{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=103}} he appointed [[Khizr Khan]] as deputy of [[Multan]] ([[Punjab region|Punjab]]).{{sfn|Kumar|2020|p=583}} Khizr Khan captured Delhi on 28 May 1414 thereby establishing the Sayyid dynasty.{{sfn|Kumar|2020|p=583}} Khizr Khan did not take up the title of [[Sultan]] and nominally, continued to be a ''Rayat-i-Ala'' (vassal) of the [[Timurids]] - initially that of Timur, and later his grandson [[Shahrukh Mirza|Shah Rukh]].<ref>Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). ''History of Medieval India'', Part I, New Delhi: S. Chand, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, p.237</ref>

Khizr Khan was succeeded by his son Sayyid [[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarak Shah]] after his death on 20 May 1421. Mubarak Shah referred to himself as ''Muizz-ud-Din Mubarak Shah'' on his coins. A detailed account of his reign is available in the ''Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi'' written by [[Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi|Yahya-bin-Ahmad Sirhindi]]. After the death of Mubarak Shah, his nephew, [[Muhammad Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Muhammad Shah]] ascended the throne and styled himself as Sultan Muhammad Shah. Just before his death, he called his son Sayyid [[Alam Shah|Ala-ud-Din Shah]] from [[Budaun|Badaun]], and nominated him as successor.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

The last ruler of the Sayyids, [[Alam Shah|Ala-ud-Din]], voluntarily abdicated the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in favour of [[Bahlul Khan Lodi]] on 19 April 1451, and left for Badaun, where he died in 1478.<ref>Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). ''History of Medieval India'', Part I, Now Delhi: S. Chand, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, p.244</ref>

==Kings==
===Khizr Khan===
[[File: Sultans of Dehli, D0651, Khidr Khan, BI 80 Rati Tanka INO Firoz Shah Tughlaq.jpg|thumb|Billon Tanka of Khizr Khan INO Firoz Shah Tughlaq]]
Khizr Khan was the governor of Multan under [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]]. When [[Timur]] invaded India, Khizr Khan, a Sayyid from [[Multan]] joined him. Timur appointed him the governor of Multan and Lahore. He then conquered the city of Delhi and started the rule of the Sayyids in 1414. He was ruling in the name of Timur. He could not assume an independent position in all respects. As a mark of recognition of the suzerainty of the Timurids, the name of the Timurid ruler ([[Shah Rukh]]) was recited in the khutba but as an interesting innovation, the name of Khizr Khan was also attached to it. But strangely enough, the name of the Timurid ruler was not inscribed on the coins and the name of the old Tughlaq sultan continued on the currency. No coins are known in the name of Khizr Khan.<ref>Nizami, K.A. (1970, reprint 2006) ''A Comprehensive History of India'', Vol-V, Part-1, People Publishing House, {{ISBN|81-7007-158-5}}, p.631</ref>

===Mubarak Shah===
[[File: Sultans of Dehli, D0662, Mubarak Shah, AE Double falus.jpg|thumb|Double falls of Mubarak Shah]]
Mubarak Shah was the son of Khizr Khan, who ascended the throne in the year 1421,unlike his father, he hardly made any attempt in recovering the lost territories of the kingdom.

===Muhammad Shah===
Muhammad Shah was a nephew of Mubarak Shah. He ruled from 1434–1443. Muhammad Shah acceded to the throne with the help of Sarwar ul Mulk. After that Shah wanted to free himself from the domination of Sarwar ul Mulk with the help of his faithful vizier Kamal ul Mulk. His reign was marked by many rebellions and conspiracies, and he died in the year.

===Alam Shah===
The last ruler of the Sayyid dynasty, Alauddin Alam Shah was defeated by Bahlol Lodi, who started the Lodi dynasty.

==See also==
* [[List of Sunni Muslim dynasties]]
* [[Persianate|Persianate states]]
* [[Saadat-e-Bara]]
* [[Sadaat-e-Bilgram]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |chapter=The Delhi Sultanate as Empire |first=Sunil |last=Kumar |title=The Oxford World History of Empire |volume=Volume Two: The History of Empires |editor-first1=Peter Fibiger |editor-last1=Bang |editor-first2=C. A. |editor-last2=Bayly |editor-first3=Walter |editor-last3=Scheidel |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 }}
*{{cite book |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |first=Peter |last=Jackson |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 }}

==External links==
*[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9065995/Sayyid-Dynasty Encyclopædia Britannica - Sayyid Dynasty]
*[http://www.zeno.ru/showgallery.php?cat=6708 Coin Gallery - Sayyid Dynasty]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sayyid Dynasty}}
[[Category:Sayyid dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:1414 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:15th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1451 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:15th-century disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Arab dynasties]]

Sayyid dynasty - Revision history

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