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{{Short description|Maharaja of Amber (1681–1743)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| regnal name = Jai Singh II
| full name = Jai Singh Kachwaha
| name = Jai Singh II
 
| title = [[Maharaja]] [[Sawai (title)|Sawai]] of [[Jaipur State|Amber]] Shri [[Maharaja]]dhiraj Raj Rajeshwar Saramad -e-Raja-e-Hind<ref name="Sarkar, Jadunath 1994">Sarkar, Jadunath (1994) A History of Jaipur, New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}, pp. 171, 173</ref> Shri Shantanu Ji<ref>Sarkar, Jadunath (1984, reprint 1994) ''A History of Jaipur'', New Delhi: Orient Longman, {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}, p. 171</ref>
| image = 1 Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II ca 1725 Jaipur. British museum.jpg
| caption = Sawai Jai Singh's portrait (1725 CE) from [[British Museum]]
| succession = {{flagicon image|Flag of Jaipur.svg}} 29th [[Kachhwaha]] Ruler of [[Jaipur state|Amber]]
| succession1 = [[Maharaja]] of [[Jaipur]]
| reign = 1699–1743
| reign1 = 1727–1743
| coronation = 5 March 1699 (first) 25 January 1700 (second)
| predecessor = [[Bishan Singh]]
| predecessor1 = [[Bishan Singh]]
| successor = [[Ishvari Singh]]
| successor1 = [[Ishvari Singh]]
| birth_name = Vijay Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1681|11|3}}
| birth_place = [[Amer, India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1743|9|21|1688|11|3}}
| Funeral_place = Royal Crematorium at Gaitore, [[Jaipur]], [[India]]
| spouse = Ranawat Surya Kumari Gendi
| issue = Kunwar Shiv Singh (d. 1724) Kunwar Ishwari Singh Kunwar [[Madho Singh I|Madho Singh]]
| dynasty = [[Kachhwaha]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| father = [[Bishan Singh]]
| mother = Indar Kanwar of Kharwa<ref>Harnath Singh, ''Jaipur and its Environs'' (1970), p. 9</ref>
}}
'''Jai Singh II''' (3 November 1681 – 21 September 1743) popularly known as '''Sawai Raja Jai Singh''' was the 29th [[Kachwaha]] ruler of the [[Jaipur State|Kingdom of Amber]], who later founded the fortified city of [[Jaipur]] and made it his capital. He was born at [[Amber, India|Amber]], the capital of the [[Kachwaha]]. He became ruler of Amber at the age of 11 after the death of his father, [[Raja]] [[Bishan Singh]] on 31 December 1699.<ref>{{cite book |author=Andrew Topsfield |title=Court Painting in Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8XqAAAAMAAJ |year=2000 |publisher=Marg |isbn=978-81-85026-47-3 |page=50 }}</ref>

Initially, Jai Singh served as a [[vassal]] of the [[Mughal Empire]]. He was given title of ''Sawai'' by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb before the siege of Khelna in Deccan. "Sawai" means one and a quarter times superior to his contemporaries. He received title of '' Maharajah Sawai'', ''Raj Rajeshwar'', ''Shri Rajadhiraj'' in the year 1723, This was in addition to title of ''Saramad-i-Rajaha-i-Hind'' conferred on him on 21 April 1721<ref name="Sarkar, Jadunath 1994">Sarkar, Jadunath (1994) A History of Jaipur, New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}, pp. 171, 173</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Prahlad Singh |author2=Kalyan Dutt Sharma |title=Stone observatories in India, erected by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh of Jaipur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0njvAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Bharata Manisha |page=57 }}</ref>

In the later part of his life, Jai Singh broke free from the Mughal [[hegemony]], and to assert his sovereignty, performed the [[Ashvamedha]] sacrifice, an ancient rite that had been abandoned for several centuries.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ajay Verghese |title=The Colonial Origins of Ethnic Violence in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TkyCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |year=2016 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-9817-4 |page=64 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Yamini Narayanan |title=Religion, Heritage and the Sustainable City: Hinduism and urbanisation in Jaipur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfrDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-01269-4 |page=106 }}</ref> He moved his kingdom's capital from Amber to the newly-established city of Jaipur in 1727, and performed two Ashwamedha sacrifices, once in 1734, and again in 1741.<ref>{{cite book |author=Catherine B Asher |chapter=Excavating Communalism: Kachhwaha Rajadharma and Mughal Sovereignty |editor=Rajat Datta |title=Rethinking a Millennium: Perspectives on Indian History from the Eighth to the Eighteenth Century : Essays for Harbans Mukhia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2H4PGhFB9ScC&pg=PA232 |year=2008 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-89833-36-7 |page=232 }}</ref>

Jai Singh had a great interest in mathematics, architecture and astronomy. He commissioned the [[Jantar Mantar]] observatories at multiple places in India, including his capital Jaipur.<ref>{{cite book |author=Virendra Nath Sharma |title=Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRA2mgZnXXMC&pg=PA2 |year=1995 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1256-7 |pages=2, 98}}</ref> He had [[Euclid]]'s "Elements of Geometry" translated into [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandara|first=Bipan|title=History of Modern India|publisher=Orient Black Swan|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>

==The situation on his accession==
When Jai Singh acceded to the ancestral throne at Amber, he had barely enough resources to pay for the support of 1000 cavalry.This abysmal situation had arisen during the previous 96 years, coinciding with the reign of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. The Jaipur kings had always preferred diplomacy over arms in their dealings with the Mughals, since their kingdom was located so close to the Mughal power centers of [[Delhi]] and [[Agra]].

Six months after his accession, Jai Singh was ordered by Aurangzeb to serve in the Deccan Wars. But there was a delay of about one year in his responding to the call. One of the reason for this was that he was ordered to recruit a large force, in excess of the contingent required by his ''mansab''. He also had to conclude his marriage with the daughter of Udit Singh, the nephew of Raja Uttam Ram Gaur of Sheopur in March, 1701. Jai Singh reached [[Burhanpur]] on 3 August 1701 but he could not proceed further due to heavy rains. On 13 September 1701 an additional cut in his rank (by 500) and pay was made.<ref>Sarkar, Jadunath (1984, reprint 1994) ''A History of Jaipur'', New Delhi: Orient Longman, {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}, p. 157</ref> His feat of arms at the siege of [[Khelna]] (1702) was rewarded by the mere restoration of his earlier rank and the title of '''Sawai''' (Sawai-meaning one and a quarter, i.e. more capable than one man). When Aurangzeb's grandson [[Bidar Bakht]] deputed Sawai Jai Singh to govern the province of [[Malwa]] (1704), Aurangzeb angrily revoked this appointment as ''jaiz nist'' (invalid).

==Dealings with the later Mughals==
{{Main|Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710)}}
The death of Aurangzeb (1707) at first only increased Jai Singh's troubles. His patrons Bidar Bakht and his father Azam were on the losing side in the [[Mughal war of succession (1707–1709)|Mughal war of succession.]] Sawai Jai Singh formed an alliance with the Rajput states of [[Mewar]] ([[matrimonial]]ly) and [[Marwar]], which were done to form an alliance against [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Bahadur Shah I]]. [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung|Zulfiqar Khan]] appointed Jai Singh to govern the important provinces of [[Agra]] and [[Malwa]]. In Agra he came into conflict with the sturdy [[Jat people|Jat]] peasantry.

==Jai Singh and the Marathas==
{{Main|Battle of Kampel}}
The [[Kachwaha]] ruler was appointed to govern [[Malwa]] three times between 1714 and 1737. In Jai Singh's first [[viceroyalty]] (subahdar) of Malwa (1714–1717), isolated Maratha war-bands that entered the province from the south (Deccan) were constantly defeated and repulsed by Jai Singh.
In 1728, Peshwa [[Baji Rao I|Baji Rao]] defeated the [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], part of the Mughal Deccan ([[treaty of Sheogaon]], February 1728). With an agreement from Baji Rao to spare the Nizam's own domains, the Nizam allowed the Marathas a free passage through [[Berar Subah|Berar]] and [[Khandesh]], the gateway into [[Hindustan]]. The Marathas were then able to plant a permanent camp beyond the southern frontier of [[Malwa]]. Following the victory of the [[Peshwa]]'s brother, [[Chimaji Appa]], over the governor of Malwa [[Girdhar Bahadur]] on 29 November 1728, the Marathas were able to convulse much of the country beyond the Southern borders of the [[Narmada River|Narmada]].

Upon Jai Singh's second appointment to Malwa (1729–1730), as a far-sighted statesmen, Jai Singh was able to perceive a complete change in the political situation, during the twelve years which had passed since his first viceroyalty there. Imperial power had by then been crippled by the [[rebellion]] of the Nizam of Hyderabad as well as the ability of Peshwa Baji Rao to stabilize the internal situation of the Marathas, which resulted in their occupation of [[Gujarat]] and an immense increase of their forces.
Nonetheless, in the name of the friendship between their royal ancestors, Jai Singh II, was able to appeal to [[Chattrapati Shahu|Shahu]] to restore to the imperialist, the great [[fortress]] of [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]] which the Marathas had occupied a few weeks earlier (order date 19 March 1730). By May, Jai Singh was recalled back to [[Rajputana]] to attend more pressing matters, which thus resulted in his two years disassociation from Malwa.

In 1732, Jai Singh was for the last time, appointed Subahdar of Malwa (1732–1737), during which time he advocated [[Muhammad Shah]], to compromise with the Marathas under [[Shahu I|Shahu]], whom greatly remembered the kindness and relationship between the late [[Jai Singh I]] and his own grandfather, [[Shivaji]].
For this sensible advice, coupled with anti-Jai Singh rhetoric at the Mughal court at Delhi, as well as Muhammad Shah's inability to assert his own [[Will (philosophy)|will]], Jai Singh was removed from his post while the Mughals decided on war. In this regard, Jai Singh II was practically the last subahdar of Malwa, as [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]] [[Asaf Jah]], who replaced him in 1737, met with most discomfiting failure at the hands of the Peshwa, resulting with the ceding of the whole of Malwa to the Marathas ([[Treaty of Duraha]], Saturday 7 January 1738).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://horsesandswords.blogspot.com/2006/10/malwa-and-gujarat.html |title=Military History & Fiction: Malwa and Gujarat |website=horsesandswords.blogspot.com |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520163129/http://horsesandswords.blogspot.com/2006/10/malwa-and-gujarat.html |archive-date=20 May 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2022}}

Exploiting the weakening of the Mughal state, the [[Persian people|Persian]] raider [[Nadir Shah]] defeated the Mughals at [[Karnal]] (13 February 1739) and finally sacked [[Delhi]] (11 March, same year). Through this period of turmoil Jai Singh remained in his own state—but he was not idle. Foreseeing the troubled time ahead, Jai Singh II, initiated a program of extensive [[fortification]] within the [[thikana]]s under Jaipur, to this date, most of the later fortifications around the former Jaipur state, are attributed to the reign of Jai Singh II.

==Jai Singh’s armed forces==
Jai Singh increased the size of his ancestral kingdom by annexing lands from the Mughals and rebel chieftains—sometimes by paying money and sometimes through war. The most substantial acquisition was of [[Shekhawati]], which also gave Jai Singh the most able recruits for his fast expanding army.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-10-20|title=Military History & Fiction: Shekhawati|url=http://horsesandswords.blogspot.com/2006/09/shekhawati.html|access-date=2020-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020110101/http://horsesandswords.blogspot.com/2006/09/shekhawati.html|archive-date=20 October 2006}}</ref>

According to an estimate by [[Jadunath Sarkar]]; ''Jai Singh's regular army did not exceed 40,000 men, which would have cost about 60 lakhs a year, but his strength lay in the large number of [[artillery]] and copious supply of munitions which he was careful to maintain and his rule of arming his foot with [[matchlock]]s instead of the [[traditional]] [[Rajput]] [[sword]] and [[shield]]'' - ''He had the wisdom to recognize early the change which firearms had introduced in Indian warfare and to prepare for himself for the new war by raising the fire-power of his army to the maximum'', he thus anticipated the success of later Indian rulers like [[Mirza Najaf Khan]], [[Mahadji Sindhia]] and [[Tipu Sultan]]. Jai Singh's experimental weapon, [[the Jaivana]] which he created prior to the shift of his capital to Jaipur, remains the largest wheeled [[cannon]] in the world. In 1732, Jai Singh, as governor of [[Malwa]] undertook, to maintain 30,000 [[soldiers]], in equal proportions of horsemen and foot-[[musketeers]]. These did not include his contingents in the Subahs of [[Agra]] and [[Ajmer]] and in his own dominions and [[fort]] [[garrisons]].

==Jai Singh's ambitions in Rajputana==

The armed strength of Jai Singh had always made him, the most formidable ruler in [[Northern India]] and all the other [[Raja]]s looked up to him for protection and the promotion of their interests at the [[Empire|Imperial]] court. The fast-spreading [[Maratha]] dominion and their raids into the north had caused alarm among the Rajput chiefs—Jai Singh called a conference of Rajput rulers at Hurda (1734) to deal with this peril but nothing came of this meeting. In 1736 Peshwa Baji Rao imposed tribute on the Kingdom of [[Mewar]]. To thwart further Maratha domination Sawai Jai Singh planned a local hegemony, to form under the leadership of Jaipur, a political union in Rajputana. He first annexed [[Bundi]] and [[Rampura, Neemuch|Rampura]] in the Malwa plateau, made a matrimonial alliance with Mewar, and intervened in the affairs of the [[Rathore|Rathors]] of [[Bikaner]] and [[Jodhpur]]. These half-successful attempts only stiffened the backs of the other Rajput clans who turned to the very same Marathas for aid, and consequently hastened their domination over Rajasthan. Jai Singh's ambitions in Rajputana failed after the [[Battle of Gangwana]].

==Death and succession==

[[Battle of Gangwana]] was the last destructive battle fought by Jai Singh as he could never recover from the shock and died two years later in 1743. [[Madho Singh I|Madho Singh]] later avenged his father by poisoning [[Bakht Singh of Marwar|Bakht Singh]] of Marwar. (Jai Singh was cremated at the Royal Crematorium at Gaitore in the north of Jaipur) he was succeeded by his less capable son Ishwari Singh.<ref>Vir Vinod, Rajasthan Through the Ages By R.K. Gupta, S.R. Bakshi p. 156</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pingree |first=David |date=1999 |title=An Astronomer's Progress |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3181975 |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume=143 |issue=1 |pages=73–85 |issn=0003-049X}}</ref>

==Contributions to society, culture, and science==
Jai Singh was the first Hindu ruler in centuries to perform the ancient [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] ceremonies like the [[Ashwamedha]] (1716)<ref>Bowker, John, The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, New York, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 103</ref> sacrifices — and the [[Vajapeya]] (1734) on both occasions vast amounts were distributed in [[Charity (practice)|charity]]. Being initiated in the [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]] of the [[Vaishnava]] sect, he also promoted [[Sanskrit]] learning and initiated reforms in [[Hindu]] [[society]] like the abolition of Sati and curbing the wasteful expenditures in [[Rajput]] [[wedding]]s. It was at Jai Singh's insistence that the hated [[jaziya]] [[tax]], imposed on the [[Hindu]] [[population]] by Aurangzeb (1679), was finally abolished by the [[Emperor]] [[Muhammad Shah]] in 1720. In 1728 Jai Singh prevailed on him to also withdraw the [[pilgrimage]] [[tax]] on [[Hindus]] at [[Gaya, India|Gaya]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

In 1719, he was witness to a noisy discussion in the court of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Muhammad Shah]]. The heated debate regarded how to make astronomical calculations to determine an auspicious date when the emperor could start a journey. This discussion led Jai Singh to think that the nation needed to be educated on the subject of [[astronomy]]. His interest may have been kindled as early as 1702 by his tutor Jagannatha Samrat. Despite local wars, foreign invasions, and consequent turmoil, Jai Singh found time and energy to build astronomical [[observatories]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pingree |first=David |date=1999 |title=An Astronomer's Progress |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3181975 |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume=143 |issue=1 |pages=73–85 |issn=0003-049X}}</ref>

[[File:Jantar Mantar Delhi 27-05-2005.jpg|thumb|220px|The observatory built by Sawai Jai Singh in Delhi]]
Five observatories were built at [[Delhi]], [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] (in his Agra province), [[Varanasi#Jantar Mantar|Benares]], [[Ujjain]] (capital of his Malwa province), and his own capital of [[Jaipur]]. His astronomical observations were remarkably accurate. He drew up a set of tables, entitled ''Zij-i-Muhammadshahi'', to enable people to make astronomical observations. He had Euclid's "Elements of Geometry" translated into Sanskrit as also several works on trigonometry, and Napier's work on the construction and use of logarithms.<ref name=mitra1995>{{Cite journal|author=Umasankar Mitra|title=Astronomical Observatories of Maharaja Jai Singh|publisher=NCERT|journal=School Science|volume=23|year=1995|issue=4|pages=45–48|url=http://www.ncert.nic.in/publication/journals/pdf_files/school_science/sc_June_2009.pdf}}</ref> Relying primarily on [[Indian astronomy]], these buildings were used to accurately predict eclipses and other astronomical events. The observational techniques and instruments used in his observatories were also superior to those used by the European [[Jesuit]] astronomers he invited to his observatories.<ref>{{citation|title=Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy|first=Virendra Nath|last=Sharma|year=1995|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] Publ.|isbn=81-208-1256-5|pages=8–9}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India|first=Zaheer|last=Baber|year=1996|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|isbn=0-7914-2919-9|pages=82–90}}</ref> Termed as the [[Jantar Mantar]] they consisted of the ''Ram Yantra'' (a cylindrical building with an open top and a pillar in its center), the ''Jai Prakash'' (a concave hemisphere), the ''Samrat Yantra'' (a huge equinoctial dial), the ''Digamsha Yantra'' (a pillar surrounded by two circular walls), and the ''Narivalaya Yantra'' (a cylindrical dial).
[[File:Digansa Yantra.JPG|thumb|Jantar Mantar in Varanasi]]
The ''Samrat Yantra'' is a huge [[sundial]]. It can be used to estimate the [[Time zone|local time]], to locate the [[Pole Star]], and to measure the [[declination]] of celestial objects. The ''Rama Yantra'' can be used to measure the [[altitude]] and [[azimuth]] of celestial objects. The ''Shanku Yantra'' can be used to measure the [[latitude]] of the place.<ref name=mitra1995/>

Jai Singh's greatest achievement was the construction of [[Jaipur]] city (known originally as Jainagara{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} (in Sanskrit, as the 'city of victory' and later as the 'pink city' by the British by the early 20th century), the planned city, later became the capital as the Indian state of Rajasthan. Construction of the new capital began as early as 1725 although it was in 1727 that the foundation stone was ceremonially laid, and by 1733 Jaipur officially replaced Amber as the capital of the Kachawahas. Built on the ancient Hindu grid pattern, found in the archaeological ruins of 3000 BCE, it was designed by [[Vidyadhar Bhattacharya]] who was educated in the ancient Sanskrit manuals (''silpa-sutras'') on city-planning and architecture. Merchants from all over India settled down in the relative safety of this rich city, protected by thick walls, and a garrison of 17,000 supported by adequate artillery. A Sanskrit epic by the name 'Ishvar Vilas Mahakavya' written by [[Kavikalanidhi Devarshi Shrikrishna Bhatt]] gives a good historical description of various important events of that era, including the construction of Jaipur city.<ref>‘Īśvara Vilāsa Mahākāvya’, Ed. Bhatt Mathuranath Shastri, Jagdish Sanskrit Pustakalaya, Jaipur, 2006 . He was born in 1686 , rajasthan . He was a great indian astronomer , architect , and a mathematician
'''he ascended the throne of Amber at age of 13 . At age of 15 , he was honoured with title of Sawai meaning One And A quarter
he built five jantar mantars , four of which are situated in Ujjain , varanasi , delhi , jaipur . while the one in Mathura no more exists'''
'''he himself designed the three major instruments known as Ram Yantra , Samrat Yantra and Jai Prakash .'''
'''Samrat Yantra is basically a huge sundial . Its accuracy is up to half a minute .'''
He planned and built the city of Jaipur in '''1727''' , which is a model of ''town planning and architecture''.</ref>

Jai Singh also translated works by people like [[John Napier]]. For these multiple achievements, Jai Singh II is remembered as the most enlightened king of 18th-century [[India]] even to this date. These days Jai Singh's observatories at [[Jaipur]], [[Varanasi]], and [[Ujjain]] are functional. Only the one at Delhi is not functional and the one at [[Mathura]] disappeared a long time ago.<ref>Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), ''Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy'', Motilal Banarasidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1256-5}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[House of Kachwaha]]
*[[List of Rajputs]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
#Bhatnagar, V. S. (1974) ''Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688-1743'', Delhi: Impex India
#Sarkar, Jadunath (1984, reprint 1994) ''A History of Jaipur'', New Delhi: Orient Longman, {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}
#Jyoti J. (2001) ''Royal Jaipur'', Roli Books, {{ISBN|81-7436-166-9}}
#Tillotson G, (2006) ''Jaipur Nama'', [[Penguin books]]
#Schwarz, Michiel (1980) ''Observatoria : De astronomische instrumenten van Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II in New Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain en Benares'', Amsterdam: Westland/Utrecht Hypothekbank
#Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995, revised edition 2016) ''Sawai Jai Singh and his Astronomy'', Delhi: Motilal Barnasidass Publishers

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061207200908/http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/j/jaipur.html Genealogy of the rulers of Jaipur]
{{Jaipur}}
{{Maharajas of Jaipur}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jai Singh 02 Of Amber}}
[[Category:1681 births]]
[[Category:1743 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Jaipur]]
[[Category:Indian city founders]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Malwa]]
[[Category:Scientists from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian astronomers]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Scholars from Rajasthan]]

Sawai Jai Singh - Revision history

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