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{{short description|19th-century Indian social reformer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Savitribai Phule
| image = Savitribai Phule 1998 stamp of India.jpg
| alt = A hidepiction of Phule on a 1998 stamp of India.
| caption = Phule on a 1998 stamp of India
| native_name_lang = mr
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1831|1|3|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Naigaon]], [[Satara District|Satara]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj]].<br/>(present-day [[Maharashtra]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1897|3|10|1831|1|3|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], Bombay Presidency, British India.<br/>(present-day Maharashtra, India)
| occupation = • Social reformer
| era = 1831- 1897<ref name=ESakal>https://www.esakal.com/amp/saptarang/today-is-savitribai-phule-jayanti-the-indian-womens-liberation-tmb01</ref>
| organization = • [[Satya Shodhak Samaj]]<ref name=IndiToday/>
| known_for = • [[Girl's education]]<ref name=IndiaToday/>
• [[Women's emancipation]]<ref name=IndiaToday>https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/how-savitribai-phule-india-s-first-female-teacher-dealt-with-abusers-hell-bent-on-preventing-her-from-educating-girls-1633725-2020-01-03</ref>
| style = Social work
| spouse = [[Jyotiba Phule]]
| parents = • Khandoji Nevase<ref name=ESakal/><ref name=ABP>https://www.marathi.abplive.com/photo-gallery/news/maharashtra-savitribai-phule-birth-anniversary-social-reformer-and-first-woman-teacher-of-india-see-photos-of-savitribai-phule-house-at-naygaon-1022751/amp</ref>
• Lakahamibai Nevase<ref name=ESakal/>
}}

'''Savitribai Phule''' (3 January 1831 – 10 March 1897) was an Indian social reformer, educationalist, and poet from Maharashtra. Along with her husband, in Maharashtra, she played an important and vital role in improving women's rights in India. She is considered to be the pioneer of India's feminist movement. Savitribai and her husband founded one of the first modern Indian girls' school in [[Pune]], at Bhide [[Wada (house)|wada]] in 1848.{{efn|American missionary [[Cynthia Farrar]] had started a girls' school in [[Bombay]] in 1829. In 1847, the Students' Literary and Scientific society started the Kamalabai High School for girls in the [[Girgaon]] neighborhood of Bombay. The school is still operational in 2016. [[Peary Charan Sarkar]] had started a school for girls called [[Kalikrishna Girls' High School]] in the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengali town]] of Barasat in 1847.}} She worked to abolish the discrimination and unfair treatment of people based on caste and gender. She is regarded as an important figure of the social reform movement in Maharashtra.

A philanthropist and an educationist, Savitribai was also a prolific Marathi writer.

== Early life ==
Savitribai Phule was born on 3 January 1831 in the village of Naigaon in [[Satara District]], Maharashtra. Her birthplace was about {{cvt|5|km|spell=in}} from [[Shirvali|Shirval]] and about {{cvt|50|km}} from [[Pune]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Savitribai Phule first memorial lecture, [2008]|last=Sundararaman, T.|date=2009|publisher=National Council of Educational Research and Training|isbn=9788174509499|oclc=693108733}}</ref> Savitribai Phule was the eldest daughter of Lakshmi and Khandoji Nevase Patil, both of whom belonged to the [[Mali caste|Mali]] Community.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/DmR1fQSnVD62p4D3eyq9mO/The-life-and-times-of-Savitribai-Phule.html|title=The life and times of Savitribai Phule|last=Kandukuri|first=Divya|date=2019-01-11|website=Mint|language=en|access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> She had three siblings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=सावित्रीबाई फुले : भारतीय स्त्री मुक्तीच्या जनक {{!}} Savitribai Phule-Pioneer of Women's Education and Liberation {{!}} Sakal|url=https://www.esakal.com/saptarang/today-is-savitribai-phule-jayanti-the-indian-womens-liberation-tmb01|access-date=2022-01-03|website=www.esakal.com}}</ref> Savitribai and Jyotirao had no children of their own.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1TbZwEACAAJ&q=savitribai+phule|title=Savitribai Phule Second Memorial Lecture, [2009]|last=Rege|first=Sharmila|date=2009|publisher=National Council of Educational Research and Training|isbn=978-8-17450-931-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-09|title=Life Sketch of Savitribai Phule – Timeline|url=https://velivada.com/life-sketch-of-savitribai-phule-timeline/|access-date=2020-06-16|website=Velivada|language=en-US}}</ref> It is said that they adopted Yashawantrao, a son born to a [[Brahmin]] widow. However, there is no original evidence available yet to support this.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jyotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India|url=https://archive.org/details/casteconflictide00ohan|url-access=limited|last=O'Hanlon|first=Rosalind|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-521-52308-0|edition=Revised|page=[https://archive.org/details/casteconflictide00ohan/page/n148 135]}}</ref> It is said when Yashwant was about to get married, no one was willing to give him a girl because he was born to a widow. Hence Savitribai arranged his marriage to her organization's worker Dynoba Sasane's daughter in February 1889.<ref>{{Cite web|title=स्त्री शिक्षणाच्या अग्रदूत: सावित्रीबाई फुले|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/editorial/article/precursor-of-womens-education-savitribai-phule/articleshow/67360148.cms|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr}}</ref>

== Education ==
Savitribai was illiterate at the time of her marriage. Jyotirao educated Savitribai and Sagunabai Shirsagar, his cousin sister at their home along with working at their farm.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="O'Hanlon 2002 https://archive.org/details/casteconflictide00ohan/page/n131 118">{{cite book |title=Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India |url=https://archive.org/details/casteconflictide00ohan |url-access=limited |first=Rosalind |last=O'Hanlon |edition=Revised |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-52308-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/casteconflictide00ohan/page/n131 118]}}</ref> After completing her primary education with Jyotirao, her further education was the responsibility of his friends, Sakharam Yeshwant Paranjpe and Keshav Shivram Bhavalkar.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-05|title=Teachers' Day Special: The life of Savitribai Phule, India's first female educator|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/teachers-day-special-the-life-of-savitribai-phule-india-s-first-female-educator/story-EUuGSrDO9I2SzwUVcRGZuJ.html|access-date=2020-06-16|website=HinduTimes|language=en}}</ref> {{Additional citations needed|date=January 2022}}She also enrolled herself in two teacher's training programs; the first was at institution run by an [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions|American missionary]], [[Cynthia Farrar]], in Ahmednagar, and the second course was at a Normal School in Pune.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name="O'Hanlon 2002 https://archive.org/details/casteconflictide00ohan/page/n131 118"/> Given her training, Savitribai may have been the first Indian woman teacher and headmistress.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
After completing her teacher's education, Savitribai Phule started teaching girls at the Maharwada in Pune. She did so alongside Sagunabai Kshirsagar<ref name=ESakal/> who was a revolutionary feminist as well as a mentor to Jyotirao.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020|reason=Your explanation here}} Not long after beginning to teach with Sagunabai, Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule along with Sagunabai started their own school at Bhide Wada. Bhide Wada was the home of Tatya Saheb Bhide, who was inspired by the work that the trio was doing. The curriculum at Bhide Wada included traditional western curriculum of mathematics, science, and social studies. By the end of 1851, Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule were running three different schools for girls in Pune. Combined, the three schools had approximately one hundred and fifty students enrolled. Like the curriculum, the teaching methods employed by the three schools differed from those used in government schools. The author, Divya Kandukuri believes that the Phule methods were regarded as being superior to those used by government schools. As a result of this reputation, the number of girls receiving their education at the Phule's schools outnumbered the number of boys enrolled in government schools.<ref name=":2" />

Unfortunately, Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule's success came with much resistance from the local community with conservative views. Kandukuri states that Savitribai often travelled to her school carrying an extra sari because she would be assailed by her conservative opposition with stones, dung, and verbal abuse. Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule were living at Jyotirao's father's home. However, in 1849, Jyotirao's father asked the couple to leave his home because their work was considered a sin as per the Manusmriti and its derived Brahmanical texts.<ref name=":2" />

After moving out of Jyotirao's father's home, the Phule's moved in with the family of one of Jyotirao's friends, Usman Sheikh. It was there that Savitribai met a soon to be close friend and colleague named [[Fatima Sheikh|Fatima Begum Sheikh]]. According to Nasreen Sayyed, a leading scholar on Sheikh, "Fatima Sheikh knew how to read and write already, her brother Usman who was a friend of Jyotiba, had encouraged Fatima to take up the teacher training course. She went along with Savitribai to the Normal School and they both graduated together. She was the first Muslim woman teacher of India". Fatima and Savitribai opened a school in Sheikh's home in 1849.<ref name=":2" />

In the 1850s, Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule established two educational trusts. They were entitled: the Native Female School, Pune and the Society for Promoting the Education of Mahars, Mangs, and Etceteras. These two trusts ended up encompassing many schools which were led by Savitribai Phule and later, Fatima Sheikh.<ref name=":2" />

Jyotirao summarises Savitribai and his work in an interview given to the Christian missionary periodical, [[Dnyanodaya]], on 15 September 1853, saying, {{blockquote|It did occur to me that the improvement that comes about in a child due to the mother is very important and good. So those who are concerned with the happiness and welfare of this country should definitely pay attention to the condition of women and make every effort to impart knowledge to them if they want the country to progress. With this thought, I started the school for girls first. But my caste brethren did not like that I was educating girls and my own father threw us out of the house. Nobody was ready to give space for the school nor did we have money to build it. People were not willing to send their children to school but Lahuji Ragh Raut Mang and Ranba Mahar convinced their caste brethren about the benefits of getting educated.<ref name=":1" />}}

Together with her husband, she taught children from different castes and had opened a total of 18 schools.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/who-was-savitribai-phule-remembering-indias-first-woman-teacher/999987/|title=Who was Savitribai Phule? Remembering India's first woman teacher|date=3 January 2018|work=The Financial Express|access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref> The couple also opened a care centre called Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha<ref name=":0" /> (literally, "Child-killing Prohibition Home") for pregnant rape victims and helped deliver and save their children.<ref name="Who">{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/who-is-savitribai-phule-what-did-she-do-for-womens-right-in-india/1/561392.html|title=Who is Savitribai Phule? What did she do for womens rights in India?|last=Agnihotri|first=Sanjana|date=3 January 2017|work=India Today|access-date=7 May 2017}}</ref>

== Death ==
Savitribai and her adopted son, Yashwant, opened a clinic to treat those affected by the worldwide [[Third plague pandemic|Third Pandemic]] of the [[bubonic plague]] when it appeared in the area around Nalasopara in 1897.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/exhibit/UwKCW6eHcTWSLg|title=Savitribai Phule – Google Arts & Culture|work=Google Cultural Institute|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> The clinic was established at stern outskirts of Pune, in an area free of infection. Savitribai died a heroic death trying to save the son of Pandurang Babaji Gaekwad. Upon learning that Gaekwad's son had contracted the Plague in the Mahar settlement outside of Mundhwa, Savitribai Phule rushed to his side and carried him on her back to the hospital. In the process, Savitribai Phule caught the Plague and died at 9:00pm on 10 March 1897.<ref name=":1" />

== Poetry and other work ==
Savitribai Phule was also a author and poet. She published ''Kavya Phule'' in 1854 and ''Bavan Kashi Subodh Ratnakar'' in 1892, and also a poem entitled "Go, Get Education" in which she encouraged those who are oppressed to free themselves by obtaining an education. As a result of her experience and work, she became an ardent feminist. She established the Mahila Seva Mandal to raise awareness for issues concerning women's rights. She also called for a gathering place for women that was free of caste discrimination or differentiation of any kind. Symbolic of this was that all the women that attended were to sit on the same mat. She was also an anti-infanticide activist. She opened a women's shelter called the Home for the Prevention of Infanticide, where Brahmin widows could safely deliver their children and leave them there to be adopted if they so desired. She also campaigned against child marriage and was an advocate of widow remarriage.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Work Done By Savitribai Phule,The First Indian Woman Teacher|url=https://therealgems.com/first-indian-woman-teacher-savitribai-phule/|date= 22 January 2020|location=Indore, [M.P.] India}}</ref> Savitribai and Jyotirao strongly opposed Sati Pratha, and they started a home for widows and forlorn children.

In a letter to Jyotirao, Savitribai told the story about a boy about to be lynched by his fellow villagers for having relations with a woman of lower caste when Savitribai intervened. She wrote, "I came to know about their murderous plan. I rushed to the spot and scared them away, pointing out the grave consequences of killing the lovers under the British law. They changed their mind after listening to me".<ref name=":2" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Statues of Jyotirao Phule and Savitribai Phule, Aurangabad (1).jpg|thumb|Statues of [[Jyotirao Phule]] and Savitribai Phule, at [[Aurangabad]] in Maharashtra]]
[[File:Sadhvi Savitri Phule.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Bust of Savitribai Phule in Pune]]Savitribai Phule's legacy lives on today, her work for Girl's- women's education are hugely respected.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Savitribai Phule 189th Birth Anniversary: Know About The 19th Century Social Reformer|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/savitribai-phule-189th-birth-anniversary-know-about-the-19th-century-social-reformer-her-struggles-2157871|access-date=2022-01-03|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
*Along with [[B. R. Ambedkar]] and [[Annabhau Sathe]], Phule has become an icon in particular for the backward classes. Women in local branches of the Manavi Hakk Abhiyan (Human Rights Campaign, a [[Mang (caste)|Mang]]-[[Ambedkarite]] body)<ref>{{cite book |first=Suryakant |last=Waghmore |chapter=Challenging Normalised Exclusion: Humour and Hopeful Rationality in Dalit Politics |page=151 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N18lDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT151 |title=From the Margins to the Mainstream: Institutionalising Minorities in South Asia |editor1-first=Hugo |editor1-last=Gorringe |editor2-first=Roger |editor2-last=Jeffery |editor3-first=Suryakant |editor3-last=Waghmore |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2016 |isbn=978-9-35150-622-5}}</ref> frequently organise processions on their jayanti (birthday in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and other Indian languages).<ref>{{cite book |title=Civility against Caste: Dalit Politics and Citizenship in Western India |first=Suryakant |last=Waghmore |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2013 |isbn=978-8-13211-886-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPenAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 |pages=34, 57, 71–72}}</ref>
*[[Pune Municipal Corporation|Pune City Corporation]] created a memorial for her in 1983.{{Location needed}}
*On 10 March 1998 a stamp was released by [[India Post]] in honour of Phule. 
*Savitribai's birthdate, 3 January, is celebrated as ''Balika Din'' ({{Literal translation|Girl child day}}) in the whole of Maharashtra, especially in girls' schools . {{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
*In 2015, the University of Pune was renamed as [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] in her honour.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kothari|first1=Vishwas|title=Pune university to be renamed after Savitribai Phule|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-university-to-be-renamed-after-Savitribai-Phule/articleshow/37989022.cms|access-date=10 July 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 July 2014}}</ref>
*On 3 January 2017, the search engine [[Google]] marked the 186th anniversary of the birth of Savitribai Phule with a [[Google doodle]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/Google-doodle-pays-tribute-to-social-reformer-Savitribai-Phule/article16982122.ece?homepage=true|title=Google doodle pays tribute to social reformer Savitribai Phule|date=3 January 2017|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
*''[[Krantijyoti Savitribai Phule]]'', an Indian drama television series based on her life was aired on [[DD National]] in 2016.
*''Savitri Jyoti'', an [[Marathi language|Marathi]] drama television series based on the life and work of Savitribai Phule and Jyotiba Phule was aired on [[Sony Marathi]] in 2019- 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=सावित्री-जोतिरावांच्या चरित्रावर मालिका|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/serial-on-the-character-of-jyotiba-phule-and-savitribai-phule-zws-70-2023303/|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Loksatta|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TRP मिळत नसल्यानं सावित्रीबाई फुलेंवरची मालिका अखेर बंद|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/savitri-jyoti-marathi-serial-will-go-off-air-after-low-trp-rating/articleshow/79835091.cms|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr}}</ref>
*''Savitribai Phule'', an Indian [[Kannada]]-language biopic was made about Phule in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/will-it-be-a-hat-trick/article24632532.ece|title=Will it be a hat-trick?|last=R|first=Shilpa Sebastian|date=2018-08-08|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-01-23|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*In 2021, Pune university created a 12.5 foot, life-size bronze metal statue of Phule, It is expected to inaugurate in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=सावित्रीबाईंच्या पुतळ्याचे अनावरण नाहीच|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/there-is-no-unveiling-of-the-statue-of-savitribai/articleshow/88659583.cms|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Women in India]]

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |chapter=Educating Women – How and How Much: Women in the Context of Tilak's Swaraj |first=Parimala V. |last=Rao |title=Education and the Disprivileged: Nineteenth and Twentieth Century India |editor-first=Sabyasachi |editor-last=Bhattacharya |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2002 |isbn=978-8-12502-192-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-jBIp3iWdEC&pg=PA238}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Savitribai Phule}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Savitribai Phule}}
*[https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/savitribai-phule-zubaan/UwKCW6eHcTWSLg?hl=en Savitribai Phule at Google Arts & Culture]
{{Authority control}}

{{Indian Independence Movement}}{{Portal bar|India||History|}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phule, Savitribai}}
[[Category:1831 births]]
[[Category:1897 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century deaths from plague (disease)]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Activists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Adult education leaders]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:Jyotirao Phule]]
[[Category:Marathi-language poets]]
[[Category:People from Palghar district]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Satyashodhak Samaj]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women's education in India]]

Savitribai Phule - Revision history

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>Nat965: Apply Gen fix(es), typo(s) fixed: beacuse → because