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{{italic title}}
{{Infobox Upanishad
| image = The "Gayatri mantra" has been personified into a goddess.jpg
| caption = The text presents Savitr and Savitri as the source of all universe<ref name=vedlit575/>
| Devanagari = सावित्री
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Sāvitrī
| meaning = Ray of light, sunlight
| Veda = [[Samaveda]]
| verses = 15
}}
The '''''Savitri Upanishad''''' ({{lang-sa|सावित्री उपनिषत्}}), or '''''Savitryupanishad''''', is a Sanskrit text and one of the minor [[Upanishad]]s of [[Hinduism]]. It is attached to the [[Samaveda]], and one of the [[Samanya]] Upanishads.{{Sfn|Tinoco|1996|pp=87-88}} The text title is related to the Hindu Sun god.

The Upanishad describes the ''Savitri-vidya'' (knowledge of sunlight), asserting that everything in the universe is a manifestation of the masculine Savitr and feminine Savitri,<ref name=vedlit575/> elaborating on the [[Gayatri Mantra]].{{Sfn|Vanamali|2008|p=323}}{{Sfn|Pandey|1996}} The text also presents the [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaitic]] notion of nondual [[Brahman]],{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1941|pp=461-466}} as well as two mantras called the ''Bala'' (Strength) and ''Atibala'' (Super Strength) to meditate on Virat Purusha and [[Om]].{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=387}}

==History==
Neither the author nor the century in which ''Savitri Upanishad'' was composed are known. Manuscripts of this text are also found titled as ''Svaitryupanisad''.{{Sfn|Pandey|1996}}<ref name=vedlit575>Vedic Literature, Volume 1, {{Google books|2YIoAAAAYAAJ|A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts|page=PA575}}, Government of Tamil Nadu, Madras, India, pages 575-576</ref> In the Telugu language [[anthology]] of 108 Upanishads of the [[Muktika]] canon, narrated by [[Rama]] to [[Hanuman]], it is listed at number 75.{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=556-557}}

==Contents==
The ''Savitri Upanishad'' is a short text with 15 verses.{{Sfn|Pandey|1996}}

The text opens with two questions, "who is the Savitr? what is the Savitri?"{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1941|p=461}} Thereafter, it answers these question first with examples, wherein nine masculine-feminine pairs exemplify the nature of Savitr-Savitri, as tabulated.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1941|pp=461-463}}{{Sfn|Warrier|1967}}

{| class="wikitable floatleft"
|+ style="font-variant:small-caps" |
! !! Savitar !! Savitri
|-
| 1 || [[Agni]] (fire) || [[Prithvi]] (earth)
|-
| 2 || [[Varuna]] (water) || Ap (water)
|-
| 3 || [[Vayu]] (air) || Akasha (sky)
|-
| 4 || [[Yajna]] (fire-offering) || [[Chandas]] (poem meter)
|-
| 5 || Stanayitnu (thunder cloud) || Vidyut (Lightning)
|-
| 6 || Aditya (Sun) || Dyo (celestial space)
|-
| 7 || Chandra (Moon) || Nakshatra (constellation)
|-
| 8 || Manas (mind) || Vac (speech)
|-
| 9 || Purusha (Man) || Stri (Woman)
|}
The ''Savitri Upanishad'' asserts that the fire (masculine) is the creative energy, earth (feminine) is the fuel and matter, they always manifest together, interdependent and their ''mithuna'' (mating) is the regenerative source.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1941|p=461}}{{Sfn|Pandey|1996|p=1}} The wind – he is the creative energy, waters – she is the fuel and matter, they manifest together like Savitr and Savitri, are interdependent and their ''mithuna'' (mating) is a generative source, states the text.{{Sfn|Pandey|1996|p=1}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1941|pp=461-462}} The air – when he manifests, space (ether) – she manifests, they are always together, are interdependent and their ''mithuna'' (mating) is a generative source.{{Sfn|Pandey|1996|p=1}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1941|p=462}} The Yajna (fire sacrifice) – where he is, Chandas (metered hymns) – she is, they are always together, are interdependent and their ''mithuna'' (mating) is a generative source, they are again Savitr and Savitri, asserts the text.{{Sfn|Pandey|1996|p=1}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1941|p=462}}

The thunder clouds – when he manifests as the creative energy, lightning – she manifests as fuel and expression, they are always together, are interdependent and their ''mithuna'' (mating) is a generative source.{{Sfn|Pandey|1996|p=1}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1941|p=462}} The Sun – where he is, celestial space – she is, respectively Savitr and Savitri, they are always together, are interdependent and their ''mithuna'' (mating) is a generative source, asserts the text.{{Sfn|Pandey|1996|p=1}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1941|pp=462-463}}

The moon – when he manifests, constellations – she manifests as fuel and expression, they are always together, are interdependent and their ''mithuna'' (mating) is a generative source.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1941|p=463}}{{Sfn|Pandey|1996|pp=1-2}} The mind – where he is, speech – she is, respectively as Savitr and Savitri, they are always together, are interdependent and their ''mithuna'' (mating) is a generative source, states the text.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1941|p=463}}{{Sfn|Pandey|1996|p=2}} Man – where he is, woman – she is, respectively as Savitr and Savitri, they are always together, are interdependent and their ''mithuna'' (mating) is a generative source, states the ''Savitri Upanishad''.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1941|p=463}}{{Sfn|Pandey|1996|p=2}}

The verses 10-12 of the text link the pairing to the [[Gayatri mantra]].{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1941|pp=464-465}} The first three of the above male-female relationships, states the Upanishad, are part of ''Bhur'' (earth), the middle three are part of ''Bhuvar'' (middle regions, atmosphere), and the last three are ''Svar'' (the celestial space).{{Sfn|Pandey|1996|p=2}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1941|pp=464-465}} They together produce the phenomenal world, they are one, as Atman and Brahman are identical.{{Sfn|Pandey|1996|p=2}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1941|pp=464-465}} This is the Savitri-vidya, states verse 13 of the text.{{Sfn|Pandey|1996|p=2}}

There are two mantras to meditate, called Bala (literally, strong) and Ati-bala (very strong), claims the text.{{Sfn|Pandey|1996|pp=2-3}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1941|pp=465-466}} These mantras were visualized by [[Rishi]]s, asserts the text, their poetic meter is Gayatri, and they consist of "A", "U" and "M" of [[Om]].{{Sfn|Pandey|1996|pp=2-3}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1941|pp=465-466}} The "A-U-M" are the Bija, Shakti and Kilaka respectively of the mantra. The text adds that the subtle part of the ''Om'' mantra has six limbs of goddess Savitri, with Klam, Klim, Klum, Klaim, Klaum and Klah. The goddess must be meditated upon, because she inspires and bestows four aims of human existence, states the Upanishad, which are [[Dharma]], [[Artha]], [[Kama]] and [[Moksha]].{{Sfn|Pandey|1996|pp=2-3}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1941|pp=465-466}} Meditating on Savitri-vidya helps one attain co-residence with the Savitri, a state of bliss, asserts the text.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1941|pp=465-466}}

==See also==
*[[Atma Upanishad]]
*[[Nirvana Upanishad]]
*[[Tripura Upanishad]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{Cite book | title = The Samanya Vedanta Upanisads | publisher = Jain Publishing (Reprint 2007) | isbn = 978-0895819833 |first = T. R. Srinivasa | last= Ayyangar |year = 1941 | oclc = 27193914 }}
*{{cite book|last= Deussen|first=Paul| title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&pg=PA556|year= 1997| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1467-7}}
*{{Cite web|url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/savitri_u.pdf |title= सावित्री उपनिषत् (Savitri Upanishad)| access-date=6 March 2016| language = Sanskrit| last= Pandey| first= Anshuman | year= 1996 }}
* {{cite book|last= Nair|first=Shantha N.|title=Echoes of Ancient Indian Wisdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzFvE0IR7rkC&pg=PT387|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1020-7}}
*{{cite book| title=The Samanya Vedanta Upanishads with the commentary of Sri Upanishad-Brahma-Yogin| editor= AM Sastri | publisher=Adyar Library (Reprinted 1970) |language= Sanskrit |year= 1921| hdl= 2027/mdp.39015065237664 }}
*{{cite book|last=Tinoco|first=Carlos Alberto|title=Upanishads | year=1996| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xoNEM63hZEC&pg=PA88 |publisher=IBRASA|isbn=978-85-348-0040-2}}
*{{cite book|first=AG Krishna|last=Warrier|title=Sāmanya Vedānta Upaniṣads |year=1967|oclc= 29564526 |isbn= 978-8185141077|publisher=Adyar Library and Research Center }}
* {{cite book|last= Vanamali |title=Shakti: Realm of the Divine Mother|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5Ju3nWR52UC&pg=PA323|date=21 July 2008|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-1-59477-785-1}}

{{Mukhya Upanishads}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Upanishads]]
[[Category:Sanskrit texts]]

Savitri Upanishad - Revision history

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