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{{Short description|19th-century ruler of the Emirate of Diriyah (1748–1814}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
|full name = Saud bin Abdulaziz bin Muhammad bin Saud
|succession = [[Emirate of Diriyah|Emir and Imam of Diriyah]]
|reign = 1803{{Snd}} 1814
|predecessor = [[Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud]]
|successor = [[Abdullah bin Saud Al Saud]]
| father = Abdulaziz bin Muhammad
| house = [[House of Saud|Al Saud]]
|birth_date = 1748
|birth_place = [[Diriyah]], Emirate of Diriyah
|death_date = 27 April {{death year and age|1814|1748}}
|death_place = Diriyah, Emirate of Diriyah
| issue = {{Collapsible list|state=collapsed|
{{ubl|[[Abdullah bin Saud|Abdullah]]|Turki|Nasser|Saad|Mishari|[[Khalid bin Saud Al Saud (1811–1865)|Khalid]]}}}}
}}
'''Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud''' ({{lang-ar|سعود بن عبد العزيز بن محمد بن سعود|Saʿūd ibn ʿAbd al ʿAzīz ibn Muḥammad ibn Saʿūd}}; 1748 – 27 April 1814) ruled the [[First Saudi State]] from 1803 to 1814.<ref name=pak9>{{cite thesis|author=Parvaiz Ahmad Khanday|title=A Critical Analysis of the Religio-Political Conditions of Modern Saudi|location=Aligarh Muslim University|degree=PhD|url=http://ir.amu.ac.in/6467/1/T%207405.pdf|year=2009|page=37}}</ref> Saud annexed Mecca and Medina from the [[Ottoman Empire]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Sayed Khatab|year=2011|title=Understanding Islamic Fundamentalism: The Theological and Ideological Basis of Al-Qa'ida's Political Tactics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KBYnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|isbn=9789774164996|location=Cairo; New York|page=74}}</ref> making him the first Al Saud ruler who received the title of the [[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques|servant of the Two Holy Cities]].<ref name=bak97/> During his rule the state experienced a significant level of strength and expansion for which he was called Saud Al Kabeer or Saud the Great.<ref name=nawaf/><ref name=mmel/>

==Early life==
Saud was born in Diriyah in 1748.<ref name=gss84/><ref name=albees>{{cite thesis|author=Saeed 'Amr M. Al-'Amr Al-Beeshi|title=The Social and Political History of the Western Coast of the Gulf, 1207-1256/1793-1840|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2217103618|pages=59,68|isbn=978-1-392-10160-5|location=University of Manchester|degree=PhD|id={{ProQuest|2217103618}}|year=1994}}</ref> He was the eldest son of [[Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud|Abdulaziz bin Muhammad]].<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Charles F. Balka|title=The Fate of Saudi Arabia: Regime Evolution in the Saudi Monarchy|url=https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/3805|location=Naval Postgraduate School|date=December 2008|page=16|degree=MA|hdl=10945/3805}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|author=Abdullah M. Zaid|title=A practical critique of contemporary Arabian civilization|degree=PhD|location=University of Oklahoma|year=1972|page=22|hdl=11244/3480|url=https://shareok.org/bitstream/handle/11244/3480/7315339.PDF?sequence=1}}</ref> The mother of Saud was a daughter of Uthman bin Mu'ammar, ruler of [['Uyayna|Uyaina]].<ref>{{Cite book|year=2010|isbn=978-0-8160-7876-9|author=James Wynbrandt|page=120
|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|title=A Brief History of Saudi Arabia|archive-date=26 May 2021|url=https://www.booksfree.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/James_Wynbrandt_Fawaz_A._Gerges_A_Brief_HistoryBookFi.org_.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526163714/https://www.booksfree.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/James_Wynbrandt_Fawaz_A._Gerges_A_Brief_HistoryBookFi.org_.pdf}}</ref>

Saud's succession was decided and announced in 1787.<ref name=pak9/><ref name=bak97>{{cite thesis|author=Bilal Ahmad Kutty|title=Saudi Arabia under King Faisal|degree=PhD|year=1997|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144512812.pdf|location=Aligarh Muslim University|pages=29–30}}</ref> [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab|Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab]], religious leader of the state, asked people to express their allegiance to him as heir apparent.<ref name=cole23>{{cite book|author1=Cole M. Bunzel|title=Wahhābism: The History of a Militant Islamic Movement|year=2023|page=209
|doi=10.1515/9780691241609|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691241609|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=Princeton, NJ; Oxford
|isbn=9780691241609}}</ref> It was Abdul Wahhab's last significant function in affairs of state.<ref name=cole23/> From early age Saud began to act as the chief military commander of the Emirate together with his uncle, [[Abdullah bin Muhammad Al Saud|Abdullah bin Muhammad]], who was the father of [[Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad Al Saud|Turki bin Abdullah]], the founder of the [[Emirate of Nejd]] or the Second Saudi State.<ref name=gss84>{{cite thesis|author=Gary Samuel Samore|title=Royal Family Politics in Saudi Arabia (1953-1982)|location=Harvard University|page=19
|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/303295482|year=1984|degree=PhD|id={{ProQuest|303295482}}|isbn=9798641924397}}</ref> Saud led the forces of the Emirate in 1789 and conquered [[Al-Ahsa Oasis|Al Hasa region]] defeating the army of the [[Bani Khalid Emirate]] who had been the ruler of the region.<ref name=sani>{{cite thesis|author=Sani Ali Bashir|title=A study of Al Khalifah's rule in Bahrain, 1783-1820|location=McGill University
|url=https://archive.org/details/a-study-of-al-khalifahs-rule-in-bahrain-1783-1820|pages=12–13|degree=MA|year=1979}}</ref> Although the rule of Bani Khalid Emir, Abdul Muhsin bin Abdullah Al Hamid, was ended by them, the Emirate could not completely capture the eastern Arabia.<ref name=sani/> When Abdul Muhsin was killed by his tribe members in 1791, Saud again attacked them and won a victory eliminating the dominance of Bani Khalid in the region in 1792.<ref name=albees/><ref name=sani/>

In April 1802 Saud led an army with 12,000 Wahhabis and attacked [[Karbala]] destroying the tomb of [[Imam Hussain ibn Ali|Imam Hussain bin Ali]], a grandson of [[Prophet Muhammad]].<ref name=abdulw>{{cite thesis|author=Abdul Wahap Saleh Babeair|title=Ottoman Penetration of the Eastern Region of the Arabian Peninsula, 1814-1841|location=Indiana University|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/303386071|degree=PhD|year=1985|pages=24,36,67–68|isbn=979-8-204-34728-1|id={{ProQuest|303386071}}}}</ref> In addition, they stole valuable materials in the tomb and killed the inhabitants of the city.<ref name=abdulw/> Following the incident Saud sent a message to the [[Ottoman Iraq|Ottoman governor in Iraq]] stating: "As for your statement that we seized Karbala, slaughtered its people, and took their possessions — praise belongs to God, Lord of the Worlds! We make no apology for that, and we say: 'And like catastrophes await the unbelievers' [Quran 47:10]."<ref>{{cite web|author=Cole Bunzel|title=The Kingdom and the Caliphate. Duel of the Islamic States|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|access-date=9 January 2022|date=February 2016
|pages=6–7|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2016/02/18/kingdom-and-caliphate-duel-of-islamic-states-pub-62810}}</ref>

==Reign==
The reign of Saud bin Abdulaziz began in 1803. Upon his accession to the throne he held the titles of both Emir and Imam like his father.<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Alejandra Galindo Marines|title=The relationship between the ulama and the government in the contemporary Saudi Arabian Kingdom: an interdependent relationship?|location=Durham University|url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3989/1/3989_1506.pdf?UkUDh:CyT|degree=PhD
|year=2001}}</ref>

Saud's reign was a period of religious cleansing in Arabia and in nearby regions.<ref name=shaf/><ref name=fandy>{{cite thesis|author=Mamoun Hamza Fandy|title=State Islam and state violence: The case of Saudi Arabia|pages=69–70|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/304092255|year=1993
|degree=PhD|location=Southern Illinois University at Carbondale|id={{ProQuest|304092255}}|isbn=979-8-208-43297-6}}</ref> He continued to attack on shrines in Iraq, and Basra was blockaded by his forces for twelve days.<ref name=mza/> The Emirate extended its rule beyond Najd and into the Hijaz which culminated with the capture of Medina in April 1804<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Jerald L. Thompson|title=H. St. John Philby, Ibn Saud and Palestine|location=University of Kansas|degree=MA|date=December 1981|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA111290|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324065359/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA111290|url-status=live|archive-date=24 March 2022}}</ref> and Mecca in 1806.<ref name=shaf>{{cite thesis|author=Shazia Farhat|title=Exploring the Perspectives of the Saudi State's Destruction of Holy Sites: Justifications and Motivations|year=2018|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/42004034|location=Harvard Extension School|degree=Master of Liberal Arts}}</ref> In addition to capturing Hijaz he managed to strengthen his authority there.<ref name=mza>{{cite thesis|author=Mohamed Zayyan Aljazairi|title=Diplomatic history of Saudi Arabia, 1903-1960's|location=The University of Arizona|page=3|degree=MA|hdl=10150/318068
|url=https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/318068|year=1968}}</ref> Furthermore, Bahrain and Oman were annexed to the Emirate, and Saud exerted his influence in Yemen.<ref name=mza/> In 1805 Saud's supremacy was also recognized by the rulers of [[Qawasim]] and [[Muscat]], and Saud managed to capture a part of Oman.<ref name=abdulw/> The same year he also annexed the [[Buraimi Oasis]].<ref name=abdulw/>

Saud's forces transformed the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca and destroyed the tombs of numerous religious figures in Medina in accordance with [[Wahhabi]] theology.<ref name=shaf/> Due to the differences between Saud and the Ottomans in terms of the interpretation of Islam Saud ordered not to mention the name of the [[Ottoman sultan]] in [[Friday prayers]] in Mecca.<ref name=emine>{{cite journal|author=Emine Ö. Evered|title=Rereading Ottoman Accounts of Wahhabism as Alternative Narratives: Ahmed Cevdet Paşa's Historical Survey of the Movement|journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East|year=2012|volume=32|issue=3|pages=622–632|doi=10.1215/1089201X-1891615|s2cid=144063808 }}</ref> Following the capture of Mecca he sent a letter to Ottoman Sultan [[Selim III]], inviting him to follow the Wahhabi theology.<ref name=emine/> In the same letter he declared that he had captured Mecca and destroyed all tombs there and that he would not let people from Damascus and Cairo to visit Mecca "with the [[Mahmal]] and with trumpet and drums."<ref>{{cite book|author=Jacob Goldberg|title=The Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia. The Formative Years|year=1986|isbn=9780674281844|doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674281844.c1|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA
|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.4159/harvard.9780674281844.c1/html|page=11-12}}</ref>

In 1807 Saud did not permit pilgrims from Egypt, Syria and Istanbul to enter Hijaz and expelled Turkish soldiers and settlers from Mecca.<ref name=mza/><ref>{{cite book|author=Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim|editor=M. Daly|title=The Cambridge History of Egypt|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781139053341|page=199|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521472111.009|chapter=The Egyptian Empire, 1805-1848|doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521472111.009}}</ref> Such religious transformations did not sit well with other Muslims, and many other Muslims found his actions to be extreme, and were stunned that the holy cities had been taken so easily. The Ottoman Empire did not want to relent control over the cities to local tribesmen. The Ottomans could not retake the cities on their own though as the bulk of their forces were tied up in Europe. [[Mehemet Ali|Muhammad Ali]], the viceroy of Egypt, was assigned to recapture the Arabian territories in 1809.<ref name=shaf/><ref>{{cite thesis|author=Mohammed Ameen|title=A Study of Egyptian Rule in Eastern Arabia (1814-1841)|url=https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.item?id=TC-QMM-52480&op=pdf&app=Library&oclc_number=891205897|location=McGill University|page=33|degree=MA|date=March 1981|oclc=891205897}}</ref> One of his sons, commanding the Egyptian troops, succeeded in re-conquering Hijaz in 1813.<ref name=emine/>

==Personal life and death==
Saud had a very different personality than his father, who was a deeply religious figure.<ref name=nawaf>{{cite thesis|author=Nawaf bin Ayyaf Almogren|title=Diriyah Narrated by Its Built Environment: The Story of the First Saudi State (1744-1818)|location=MIT|year=2020
|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/127856|hdl=1721.1/127856|degree=MS}}</ref> He was interested in material side of the rule.<ref name=nawaf/> However, like his grandfather and father he dressed in a plain way, and his armaments were not decorated unlike those of the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman rulers]].<ref name=mmel>{{cite thesis|author=Mohamed Mohamed El Amrousi|title=Beyond Muslim space: Jeddah, Muscat, Aden and Port Said|degree=PhD|year=2001|isbn=978-0-493-48568-3|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/304688724
|location=UCLA|id={{ProQuest|304688724}}|pages=24,46}}</ref> He died in Diriyya on 27 April 1814<ref name=abdulw/> due to fever and was succeeded by his eldest son [[Abdullah bin Saud|Abdullah]].<ref name=pak9/><ref>{{cite book|author=Nadav Safran|title=Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security|date=2018|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/2157431|publisher=Cornell University Press|page=13|location=Ithaca, NY; London|author-link=Nadav Safran|isbn=9780674789852}}</ref>

Saud's other sons included Mishari, Turki, Nasser and Saad.<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Zamil Muhammad Al Rashid|title=A Study of Su'udi Relations with Eastern Arabia and 'Uman (1800-1971)|location=McGill University|year=1980|page=184|url=https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/5138jj559
|degree=MA}}</ref> His youngest son, [[Khalid bin Saud Al Saud (1811–1865)|Khalid]], ruled the [[Emirate of Nejd]] or the Second Saudi State from 1838 to 1841 with the support of the Ottomans.<ref>{{cite web|author=Roby C. Barrett|title=Saudi Arabia: Modernity, Stability, and the Twenty-First Century Monarchy|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA620023|publisher=Joint Special Operations University
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429094416/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA620023|url-status=live|archive-date=29 April 2022|format=Report|date=June 2015|page=22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=R. Bayly Winder|title=Saudi Arabia in the Nineteenth Century|year=1965
|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780333055410|page=108|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-81723-8|location=London
|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-349-81723-8}}</ref> Three of Saud's sons were killed in the siege of Diriyah by [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]], who also arrested Saud's successor, Abdullah bin Saud.<ref name=matas>{{cite thesis|author=Mashaal Abdullah Turki Al Saud
|year=1982|title=Permanence and Change: An Analysis of the Islamic Political Culture of Saudi Arabia with Special Reference to the Royal Family
|degree=PhD|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/303215917|location=The Claremont Graduate University|id={{ProQuest|303215917}}|isbn=979-8-204-29112-6}}</ref> Mishari bin Saud returned to Diriyah in 1819 and attempted to establish his rule, but Mohammed bin Mishari bin Muammar who began to rule the region after the collapse of the Emirate imprisoned him.<ref name=matas/>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/misc/uncomfortable-contradictions.htm Uncomfortable Contradictions - The Hidden Problem Within Modern Salafism in Relation to Takfir]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box | before=[[Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud]] | title=Emir and Imam of [[First Saudi State]] | after=[[Abdullah bin Saud Al Saud]] | years=1803–1814}}
{{S-end}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Saud, Saud Abdulaziz}}
[[Category:19th-century monarchs in the Middle East]]
[[Category:1748 births]]
[[Category:1814 deaths]]
[[Category:Arabs from the Ottoman Empire|Saud]]
[[Category:House of Saud|Saud]]
[[Category:People of the Wahhabi War]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian Wahhabists]]

Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1748–1814) - Revision history

Raheeljib: added sourced content