Satyananda Stokes - Revision history

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	==External links==		==External links==
	~~{{Portal\|Biography\|Hinduism\|India~~
	}}
	* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050407014936/http://home.comcast.net/%7Ejameslstokes/sestokes.htm Samuel Evans Stokes of India]		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050407014936/http://home.comcast.net/%7Ejameslstokes/sestokes.htm Samuel Evans Stokes of India]
	* [http://genieforcity.com/shimla/persons-shimla.html Famous Personalities from Shimla]		* [http://genieforcity.com/shimla/persons-shimla.html Famous Personalities from Shimla]

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	\| spouse = Priyadevi Stokes (born Agnes Benjamin)		\| spouse = Priyadevi Stokes (born Agnes Benjamin)
	}}		}}
	'''Satyananda Stokes''' (born '''Samuel Evans Stokes, Jr.,''' 16 August 1882 – 14 May 1946) was an ~~[[United States\|~~American]] who settled in [[India]] and participated in the [[Indian Independence Movement]].<ref>Fit to Post:Satyananda Stokes http://in.yfittopostblog.com/tag/satyananda-stokes/</ref> He is best remembered today for having introduced apple cultivation to the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], where apples are today the major horticultural export crop.		'''Satyananda Stokes''' (born '''Samuel Evans Stokes, Jr.,''' 16 August 1882 – 14 May 1946) was an American who settled in [[India]] and participated in the [[Indian Independence Movement]].<ref>Fit to Post:Satyananda Stokes http://in.yfittopostblog.com/tag/satyananda-stokes/</ref> He is best remembered today for having introduced apple cultivation to the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], where apples are today the major horticultural export crop.

	==Biography==		==Biography==
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	==Further reading==		==Further reading==

	*{{cite book\|last=Sharma\|first=Asha \|author2=Nandini Sharma \|title=An American In Khadi: The Definitive Biography of Satyananda Stokes\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIOpL6Fytx0C~~&pg=PA6~~&dq=Samuel+Evans+Stokes,+Jr&hl=~~en&ei=xBppTNfcC4vCcbuukZAF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Samuel%20Evans%20Stokes%2C%20Jr&f=false~~\|year= 2008 \|publisher=Indiana University Press\|isbn=0-253-35158-8\|ref=Sh}}		*{{cite book\|last=Sharma\|first=Asha \|author2=Nandini Sharma \|title=An American In Khadi: The Definitive Biography of Satyananda Stokes\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIOpL6Fytx0C&dq=Samuel+Evans+Stokes%2C+Jr&pg=PA6\|year= 2008 \|publisher=Indiana University Press\|isbn=978-0-253-35158-6\|ref=Sh}}
	*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000220/spectrum/books.htm#1 A Quaker who joined freedom struggle at Tribune India]		*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000220/spectrum/books.htm#1 A Quaker who joined freedom struggle at Tribune India]
	*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3640095 Samuel Evans Stokes, Mahatma Gandhi, and Indian Nationalism] ''The Pacific Historical Review'', Vol. 59, No. 1. (Feb., 1990), pp. 51–76.		*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3640095 Samuel Evans Stokes, Mahatma Gandhi, and Indian Nationalism] ''The Pacific Historical Review'', Vol. 59, No. 1. (Feb., 1990), pp. 51–76.

imported>Shishupal Nagar at 11:38, 24 July 2021

2021-07-24T11:38:21Z

New page

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{More citations needed|article|date=January 2008}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Satyananda Stokes
| image = File:Satyanand Stokes with local children.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Stokes with local children
| birth_name = Samuel Evans Stokes, Jr.
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1882|8|16}}
| birth_place = [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States of America]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1946|5|14|1882|8|16}}
| death_place = [[Simla]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]] <br>
{{small|(present day [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]])}}
| occupation = [[Orchardist]]
| children = 7 (3 sons and 4 daughters)
| parents = Samuel Evans Stokes Sr., <br />Florence Spencer
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Priyadevi Stokes (born Agnes Benjamin)
}}
'''Satyananda Stokes''' (born '''Samuel Evans Stokes, Jr.,''' 16 August 1882 – 14 May 1946) was an [[United States|American]] who settled in [[India]] and participated in the [[Indian Independence Movement]].<ref>Fit to Post:Satyananda Stokes http://in.yfittopostblog.com/tag/satyananda-stokes/</ref> He is best remembered today for having introduced apple cultivation to the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], where apples are today the major horticultural export crop.

==Biography==
Satyananda was born '''Samuel Evans Stokes, Jr.,''' in an [[United States|American]] [[Quaker]] family. His father, a very successful businessman, was the founder of the ''Stokes and Parish Machine Company'' which was a leading manufacturer of [[elevator]]s in the USA. The Young Samuel did not acquire any professional skill as he was not interested in business. Nevertheless, his father made many efforts to involve him in running the business but Samuel was not interested as he believed in doing greater good in life. Since the family was wealthy, they provided for his needs.

In 1904, aged 22, Samuel came to India to work at a [[leprosy|leper]] colony located at Subathu in the [[Shimla]]. His parents were opposed to this move, but he did it anyway because it was a job where he felt happy and satisfied. India was also far away from his parents and other people who looked down on him for not taking over his family business with eagerness. The lepers needed him and adored him and the other local people treated him with great respect because he was a foreign man doing a pious job. Once his parents realized that this job fulfilled some deep emotional need of their son, they supplied him with considerable money, which he used both for the leper colony and for helping local villagers in small ways, all of which further enhanced his respectability. Raised a [[Quaker]], Samuel was drawn to the asceticism that is exalted in Indian spirituality and began living a simple, frugal life among the villagers, becoming a sort of Christian [[Sannyasi]].

A few years later, the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], who was visiting the [[Viceroy of India|Viceroy]] at [[Shimla]] (the summer capital of the [[British Raj]]) heard of the leper colony and was impressed. He encouraged Samuel to form an order of [[Franciscan]] Friars, an order of monkhood committed to living in [[poverty]] and aiding the diseased and dying. Samuel formed such an order, but his membership in this wandering brotherhood of monks lasted only two years.

In 1912, Samuel married a local girl, gave up his life of poverty, purchased a chunk of farmland near his wife's village and settled there. His wife, Agnes, was the daughter of a first generation Christian.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Asha|title=An American in Khadi: The Definitive Biography of Satyanand Stokes|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Books India|location=New Delhi|isbn=0-14-028509-1|pages=97}}</ref> Samuel's father had settled a considerable fortune upon Samuel, and the purchasing power of this inheritance was magnified manifold in the remote, beautiful part of India where he settled. He had also by now dealt with the demons of failure that had plagued his growing years, and as a white man in an uncritical rural society, in the company of an Indian wife who was non-judgmental and made few demands on his, Samuel was happier than he had ever been before. The family grew with the birth of seven children.

Stokes was a critic of the [[Christ myth theory]].<ref>[[Robert E. Van Voorst|Van Voorst, Robert E]]. (2000). ''Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence''. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. Footnote 28. p. 13. {{ISBN|0-8028-4368-9}}</ref> He authored the book ''The Historical Character of the Gospel'' published by the Christian Literature Society for India, Madras. It was republished in London as ''The Gospel According to Jews and Pagans'' (1913). He argued for the [[historicity of Jesus]] and his [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]].<ref>Sharma, Asha. (2008). ''An American in Gandhi's India: The Biography of Satyanand Stokes''. Indiana University Press. p. 57. {{ISBN|978-0-253-21990-9}}</ref>

Samuel applied himself to improving the farmland he had purchased and was able to access scholarly resources unknown to the other villagers in this endeavour. He identified a new strain of apples developed by the Stark brothers of [[Louisiana]], United States as being suitable to the [[Shimla|Simla Hills]] and began cultivating them on his farm. This was in the year 1916. The resulting bumper crops, coupled with Samuel's access to the white people who ran the export business in [[Delhi]] encouraged the other farmers to do as Samuel was doing, and he helped them wholeheartedly in every way. Indeed, he purchased more land and devoted it to growing apple cultivars which the villagers would use to seed their own farms. The local economy was vastly reinvigorating.

This happy idyll was shattered with the loss of his son Tara to amoebic dysentery. He moved closer to [[Hinduism]] and a few years later in 1932 he converted to [[Hinduism]], taking the name "Satyananda" while his wife Agnes changed her name to "Priyadevi".<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Asha|title=An American in Khadi: The Definitive Biography of Satyanand Stokes|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Books India|location=New Delhi|isbn=0-14-028509-1|pages=293}}</ref><ref>The Pacific Historical review https://www.jstor.org/stable/3640095?seq=20</ref> Stokes' decision to convert to Hinduism was painful for his wife Agnes because it would cut her off from those she loved but she was prepared to follow the rest of the family through the painful readjustment.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Asha|title=An American in Khadi: The Definitive Biography of Satyanand Stokes|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Books India|location=New Delhi|isbn=0-14-028509-1|pages=279, 287}}</ref>

Stokes had always had a strong sense of [[social justice]] and later became active in India's freedom struggle for independence from [[Great Britain]].<ref>Fit to Post:Satyananda Stokes http://in.yfittopostblog.com/tag/satyananda-stokes/</ref> Stokes had the rare honour of being the only American to become a member of the [[All India Congress Committee]] (AICC) of the [[Indian National Congress]]. Along with [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], he represented [[Punjab (Indian state)|Punjab]]. He was the only non-Indian to sign the Congress manifesto in 1921, calling upon Indians to quit government service. He was jailed for [[sedition]] and promoting hatred against the British government in 1921, becoming the only American to become a political prisoner of [[Great Britain]] in the freedom struggle. On Stokes’ arrest, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] wrote: "That he (Stokes) should feel with and like an Indian, share his sorrows and throw himself into the struggle, has proved too much for the government. To leave him free to criticise the government was intolerable, so his white skin has proved no protection for him…"

He died on 14 May 1946 after an extended illness shortly before [[Partition of India|Indian independence]].

==Works==
* [https://archive.org/details/arjunlifestoryof00stok ''Arjun: The Life-Story of an Indian Boy'']. (as Samuel Evans Stokes). Westminster, 1910.
* ''The Gospel According to Jews and Pagans: The Historical Character of the Gospel Established from Non-Christian Sources''. (as Samuel Evans Stokes). Longmans, Green, 1913.
* ''The Failure of European Civilisation as a World Culture''. (as Samuel Evans Stokes). Pub. S. Ganesan & Co., 1921
* ''National Self-realisation and Other Essays''. (as Samuel Evans Stokes) Rubicon Pub. House. 1977
* ''Satyakama: Man Of True Desire''. Indian Publishers Distributors, 1998. {{ISBN|81-7341-070-4}}.

==References==

{{reflist}}

==Further reading==

*{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Asha |author2=Nandini Sharma |title=An American In Khadi: The Definitive Biography of Satyananda Stokes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIOpL6Fytx0C&pg=PA6&dq=Samuel+Evans+Stokes,+Jr&hl=en&ei=xBppTNfcC4vCcbuukZAF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Samuel%20Evans%20Stokes%2C%20Jr&f=false|year= 2008 |publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-35158-8|ref=Sh}}
*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000220/spectrum/books.htm#1 A Quaker who joined freedom struggle at Tribune India]
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3640095 Samuel Evans Stokes, Mahatma Gandhi, and Indian Nationalism] ''The Pacific Historical Review'', Vol. 59, No. 1. (Feb., 1990), pp. 51–76.

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography|Hinduism|India
}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050407014936/http://home.comcast.net/%7Ejameslstokes/sestokes.htm Samuel Evans Stokes of India]
* [http://genieforcity.com/shimla/persons-shimla.html Famous Personalities from Shimla]
{{History HP}}{{Indian Independence Movement}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stokes, Satyananda}}
[[Category:1882 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:American emigrants to India]]
[[Category:American expatriates in India]]
[[Category:American Protestant missionaries]]
[[Category:American Quakers]]
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism from Christianity]]
[[Category:Critics of the Christ myth theory]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Former Quakers]]
[[Category:People from Shimla]]
[[Category:Politicians from Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Quaker missionaries]]
[[Category:Writers from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu missionaries]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:24, 9 July 2023
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	\| party = [[Indian National Congress]]		\| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
	\| spouse = Priyadevi Stokes (born Agnes Benjamin)		\| spouse = Priyadevi Stokes (born Agnes Benjamin)
			\| relatives = [[Vidya Stokes]]
	}}		}}
	'''Satyananda Stokes''' (born '''Samuel Evans Stokes, Jr.,''' 16 August 1882 – 14 May 1946) was an American who settled in [[India]] and participated in the [[Indian Independence Movement]].<ref>Fit to Post:Satyananda Stokes http://in.yfittopostblog.com/tag/satyananda-stokes/</ref> He is best remembered today for having introduced apple cultivation to the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], where apples are today the major horticultural export crop.		'''Satyananda Stokes''' (born '''Samuel Evans Stokes, Jr.,''' 16 August 1882 – 14 May 1946) was an American who settled in [[India]] and participated in the [[Indian Independence Movement]].<ref>Fit to Post:Satyananda Stokes http://in.yfittopostblog.com/tag/satyananda-stokes/</ref> He is best remembered today for having introduced apple cultivation to the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], where apples are today the major horticultural export crop.
Line 24:		Line 25:
	Satyananda was born '''Samuel Evans Stokes, Jr.,''' in an [[United States\|American]] [[Quaker]] family. His father, a very successful businessman, was the founder of the ''Stokes and Parish Machine Company'' which was a leading manufacturer of [[elevator]]s in the USA. The Young Samuel did not acquire any professional skill as he was not interested in business. Nevertheless, his father made many efforts to involve him in running the business but Samuel was not interested as he believed in doing greater good in life. Since the family was wealthy, they provided for his needs.		Satyananda was born '''Samuel Evans Stokes, Jr.,''' in an [[United States\|American]] [[Quaker]] family. His father, a very successful businessman, was the founder of the ''Stokes and Parish Machine Company'' which was a leading manufacturer of [[elevator]]s in the USA. The Young Samuel did not acquire any professional skill as he was not interested in business. Nevertheless, his father made many efforts to involve him in running the business but Samuel was not interested as he believed in doing greater good in life. Since the family was wealthy, they provided for his needs.

	In 1904, aged 22, Samuel came to India to work at a [[leprosy\|leper]] colony located at Subathu in the [[Shimla]]. His parents were opposed to this move, but he did it anyway because it was a job where he felt happy and satisfied. India was also far away from his parents and other people who looked down on him for not taking over his family business with eagerness. The lepers needed him and adored him and the other local people treated him with great respect because he was a foreign man doing a pious job. Once his parents realized that this job fulfilled some deep emotional need of their son, they supplied him with considerable money, which he used both for the leper colony and for helping local villagers in small ways, all of which further enhanced his respectability. Raised a [[Quaker]], Samuel was drawn to the asceticism that is exalted in Indian spirituality and began living a simple, frugal life among the villagers, becoming a sort of Christian [[Sannyasi]].		In 1904, aged 22, Samuel came to India to work at a [[leprosy\|leper]] colony located at [[Subathu]] in the [[Shimla]]. His parents were opposed to this move, but he did it anyway because it was a job where he felt happy and satisfied. India was also far away from his parents and other people who looked down on him for not taking over his family business with eagerness. The lepers needed him and adored him and the other local people treated him with great respect because he was a foreign man doing a pious job. Once his parents realized that this job fulfilled some deep emotional need of their son, they supplied him with considerable money, which he used both for the leper colony and for helping local villagers in small ways, all of which further enhanced his respectability. Raised a [[Quaker]], Samuel was drawn to the asceticism that is exalted in Indian spirituality and began living a simple, frugal life among the villagers, becoming a sort of [[Christians\|Christian]] [[Sannyasi]].

	A few years later, the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], who was visiting the [[Viceroy of India\|Viceroy]] at [[~~Shimla~~]] (the summer capital of the [[British Raj]]) heard of the leper colony and was impressed. He encouraged Samuel to form an order of [[Franciscan]] Friars, an order of monkhood committed to living in [[poverty]] and aiding the diseased and dying. Samuel formed such an order, but his membership in this wandering brotherhood of monks lasted only two years.		A few years later, the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], who was visiting the [[Viceroy of India\|Viceroy]] at [[Simla]] (the summer capital of the [[British Raj]]) heard of the leper colony and was impressed. He encouraged Samuel to form an order of [[Franciscan]] Friars, an order of monkhood committed to living in [[poverty]] and aiding the diseased and dying. Samuel formed such an order, but his membership in this wandering brotherhood of monks lasted only two years.

	In 1912, Samuel married a local girl, gave up his life of poverty, purchased a chunk of farmland near his wife's village and settled there. His wife, Agnes, was the daughter of a first generation Christian.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Sharma\|first=Asha\|title=An American in Khadi: The Definitive Biography of Satyanand Stokes\|year=1999\|publisher=Penguin Books India\|location=New Delhi\|isbn=0-14-028509-1\|pages=97}}</ref> Samuel's father had settled a considerable fortune upon Samuel, and the purchasing power of this inheritance was magnified manifold in the remote, beautiful part of India where he settled. He had also by now dealt with the demons of failure that had plagued his growing years, and as ~~a white~~ man in an uncritical rural society, in the company of an Indian wife who was non-judgmental and made few demands on his, Samuel was happier than he had ever been before. The family grew with the birth of seven children.		In 1912, Samuel married a local girl, gave up his life of poverty, purchased a chunk of farmland near his wife's village in [[Kotgarh]]<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2013-10-22 \|title=Granddaughter introduces American who brought apple to Himachal \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/granddaughter-introduces-american-who-brought-apple-to-himachal/story-68fBjnILgSSIbekExtLivJ.html \|access-date=2022-12-24 \|website=Hindustan Times \|language=en}}</ref> and settled there. His wife, Agnes, was the daughter of a first generation Christian.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Sharma\|first=Asha\|title=An American in Khadi: The Definitive Biography of Satyanand Stokes\|year=1999\|publisher=Penguin Books India\|location=New Delhi\|isbn=0-14-028509-1\|pages=97}}</ref> Samuel's father had settled a considerable fortune upon Samuel, and the purchasing power of this inheritance was magnified manifold in the remote, beautiful part of India where he settled. He had also by now dealt with the demons of failure that had plagued his growing years, and as an American man in an uncritical rural society, in the company of an Indian wife who was non-judgmental and made few demands on his, Samuel was happier than he had ever been before. The family grew with the birth of seven children.

	Stokes was a critic of the [[Christ myth theory]].<ref>[[Robert E. Van Voorst\|Van Voorst, Robert E]]. (2000). ''Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence''. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. Footnote 28. p. 13. {{ISBN\|0-8028-4368-9}}</ref> He authored the book ''The Historical Character of the Gospel'' published by the Christian Literature Society for India, Madras. It was republished in London as ''The Gospel According to Jews and Pagans'' (1913). He argued for the [[historicity of Jesus]] and his [[Crucifixion of Jesus\|crucifixion]].<ref>Sharma, Asha. (2008). ''An American in Gandhi's India: The Biography of Satyanand Stokes''. Indiana University Press. p. 57. {{ISBN\|978-0-253-21990-9}}</ref>		Stokes was a critic of the [[Christ myth theory]].<ref>[[Robert E. Van Voorst\|Van Voorst, Robert E]]. (2000). ''Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence''. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. Footnote 28. p. 13. {{ISBN\|0-8028-4368-9}}</ref> He authored the book ''The Historical Character of the Gospel'' published by the Christian Literature Society for India, [[Madras]]. It was republished in [[London]] as ''The Gospel According to Jews and Pagans'' (1913). He argued for the [[historicity of Jesus]] and his [[Crucifixion of Jesus\|crucifixion]].<ref>Sharma, Asha. (2008). ''An American in Gandhi's India: The Biography of Satyanand Stokes''. Indiana University Press. p. 57. {{ISBN\|978-0-253-21990-9}}</ref>

	Samuel applied himself to improving the farmland he had purchased and was able to access scholarly resources unknown to the other villagers in this endeavour. He identified a new strain of apples developed by the Stark brothers of [[Louisiana]], United States as being suitable to the [[Shimla\|Simla Hills]] and began cultivating them on his farm. This was in the year 1916. The resulting bumper crops, coupled with Samuel's access to the ~~white~~ people who ran the export business in [[Delhi]] encouraged the other farmers to do as Samuel was doing, and he helped them wholeheartedly in every way. Indeed, he purchased more land and devoted it to growing apple cultivars which the villagers would use to seed their own farms. The local economy was vastly reinvigorating.		Samuel applied himself to improving the farmland he had purchased and was able to access scholarly resources unknown to the other villagers in this endeavour. He identified a new strain of apples developed by the Stark brothers of [[Louisiana]], United States as being suitable to the [[Shimla\|Simla Hills]] and began cultivating them on his farm in [[Kotgarh]]. This was in the year 1916. The resulting bumper crops, coupled with Samuel's access to the European people who ran the export business in [[Delhi]] encouraged the other farmers to do as Samuel was doing, and he helped them wholeheartedly in every way. Indeed, he purchased more land and devoted it to growing apple cultivars which the villagers would use to seed their own farms. The local economy was vastly reinvigorating.

	This happy idyll was shattered with the loss of his son Tara to amoebic dysentery. He moved closer to [[Hinduism]] and a few years later in 1932 he converted to [[Hinduism]], taking the name "Satyananda" while his wife Agnes changed her name to "Priyadevi".<ref>{{cite book\|last=Sharma\|first=Asha\|title=An American in Khadi: The Definitive Biography of Satyanand Stokes\|year=1999\|publisher=Penguin Books India\|location=New Delhi\|isbn=0-14-028509-1\|pages=293}}</ref><ref>The Pacific Historical review https://www.jstor.org/stable/3640095?seq=20</ref> Stokes' decision to convert to Hinduism was painful for his wife Agnes because it would cut her off from those she loved but she was prepared to follow the rest of the family through the painful readjustment.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Sharma\|first=Asha\|title=An American in Khadi: The Definitive Biography of Satyanand Stokes\|year=1999\|publisher=Penguin Books India\|location=New Delhi\|isbn=0-14-028509-1\|pages=279, 287}}</ref>		This happy idyll was shattered with the loss of his son Tara to amoebic dysentery. He moved closer to [[Hinduism]] and a few years later in 1932 he converted to [[Hinduism]], taking the name "Satyananda" while his wife Agnes changed her name to "Priyadevi".<ref>{{cite book\|last=Sharma\|first=Asha\|title=An American in Khadi: The Definitive Biography of Satyanand Stokes\|year=1999\|publisher=Penguin Books India\|location=New Delhi\|isbn=0-14-028509-1\|pages=293}}</ref><ref>The Pacific Historical review https://www.jstor.org/stable/3640095?seq=20</ref> Stokes' decision to convert to Hinduism was painful for his wife Agnes because it would cut her off from those she loved but she was prepared to follow the rest of the family through the painful readjustment.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Sharma\|first=Asha\|title=An American in Khadi: The Definitive Biography of Satyanand Stokes\|year=1999\|publisher=Penguin Books India\|location=New Delhi\|isbn=0-14-028509-1\|pages=279, 287}}</ref>
Line 56:		Line 57:
	*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000220/spectrum/books.htm#1 A Quaker who joined freedom struggle at Tribune India]		*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000220/spectrum/books.htm#1 A Quaker who joined freedom struggle at Tribune India]
	*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3640095 Samuel Evans Stokes, Mahatma Gandhi, and Indian Nationalism] ''The Pacific Historical Review'', Vol. 59, No. 1. (Feb., 1990), pp. 51–76.		*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3640095 Samuel Evans Stokes, Mahatma Gandhi, and Indian Nationalism] ''The Pacific Historical Review'', Vol. 59, No. 1. (Feb., 1990), pp. 51–76.
			*{{Cite web \|last=Kanwar \|first=Raj \|author-link=Raj Kanwar (journalist) \|date=17 August 2022 \|title=Himachal's miracle man \|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/musings/himachals-miracle-man-422364 \|website=Tribune India}}

	==External links==		==External links==
Line 62:		Line 64:
	* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050407014936/http://home.comcast.net/%7Ejameslstokes/sestokes.htm Samuel Evans Stokes of India]		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050407014936/http://home.comcast.net/%7Ejameslstokes/sestokes.htm Samuel Evans Stokes of India]
	* [http://genieforcity.com/shimla/persons-shimla.html Famous Personalities from Shimla]		* [http://genieforcity.com/shimla/persons-shimla.html Famous Personalities from Shimla]
	{{History HP}}{{Indian Independence Movement~~}}{{Authority control~~}}		{{History HP}}{{Indian Independence Movement}}

	{{DEFAULTSORT:Stokes, Satyananda}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Stokes, Satyananda}}
Line 68:		Line 70:
	[[Category:1946 deaths]]		[[Category:1946 deaths]]
	[[Category:American emigrants to India]]		[[Category:American emigrants to India]]
			[[Category:Immigrants to British India]]
	[[Category:American expatriates in India]]		[[Category:American expatriates in India]]
	[[Category:American Protestant missionaries]]		[[Category:American Protestant missionaries]]