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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Opera by Philip Glass}}<br />
{{Infobox opera <br />
| name = Satyagraha<br />
| composer = [[Philip Glass]]<br />
| image = Philip Glass in Florence, Italy - 1993.jpg<br />
| image_upright = <br />
| caption = The composer in 1993<br />
| librettist = {{plainlist|<br />
* Glass<br />
* [[Constance DeJong (writer)|Constance DeJong]]<br />
}}<br />
| based_on = life of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]<br />
| premiere_date = {{Start date|1980|09|05}}<br />
| premiere_location = {{ill|Schouwburg Rotterdam|nl|Rotterdamse Schouwburg|lt=Schouwburg}}<br />
}}<br />
'''''Satyagraha''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɑː|t|j|ə|'|ɡ|r|ɑː|h|ɑː}}; [[Sanskrit]] सत्याग्रह, ''satyāgraha'' "insistence on truth") is a 1979 [[opera]] in three acts for orchestra, chorus and soloists, composed by [[Philip Glass]], with a [[libretto]] by Glass and [[Constance DeJong (writer)|Constance DeJong]].<br />
<br />
Loosely based on the life of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], it forms the second part of Glass's "Portrait Trilogy" of operas about men who changed the world, which also includes ''[[Einstein on the Beach]]'' and ''[[Akhnaten (opera)|Akhnaten]]''.<br />
<br />
Glass's style can broadly be described as [[minimalist music|minimalist]]. The work is scored for 2 [[soprano]]s, 2 [[mezzo-soprano]]s, 2 [[tenor]]s, a [[baritone]], 2 [[bass (voice type)|basses]], a large [[SATB]] chorus, and an orchestra of [[string section|strings]] and [[woodwinds]] only, no [[Brass instrument|brass]] or [[percussion]]. Principal roles are [[Sonja Schlesin]], Mahatma Gandhi, [[Hermann Kallenbach]] and [[Parsee Rustomjee|Parsi Rustomji]].<br />
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The title refers to Gandhi's concept of [[nonviolent]] resistance to injustice, [[Satyagraha]], and the text, from the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', is sung in the original Sanskrit. In performance, translation is usually provided in [[supertitles]].<br />
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==Performance history==<br />
''Satyagraha'' was commissioned by the city of [[Rotterdam]], Netherlands, and first performed at the {{ill|Schouwburg Rotterdam|nl|Rotterdamse Schouwburg|lt=Schouwburg}} (Municipal Theatre) there on September 5, 1980, by the [[Netherlands Opera]], featuring the choir of the [[Rotterdam Conservatory]] and the {{ill|Utrecht Symphony Orchestra|nl|Utrechts Symfonie Orkest}}, conducted by {{ill|Bruce Ferden|de}}.<ref>[http://philipglass.com/compositions/satyagraha/ ''Satyagraha''], philipglass.com</ref><br />
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The opera premiered in North America at the [[Earl W. Brydges Artpark State Park|Artpark]] in [[Lewiston (town), New York|Lewiston]], New York, on July 29, 1981. That production was mounted later that year at the Brooklyn Academy of Music.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/09/arts/opera-satyagraha-tale-of-ghandi-in-brooklyn.html Donal Henahan, "'Satyagraha,' Tale of Ghandi, in Brooklyn," New York Times, November 9, 1981.]</ref> The opera was also staged that same year by the [[Stuttgart Opera]] (which went on to perform the complete trilogy in 1990); this production was taped during its revival in 1983 and released on video.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/255555/Philip-Glass-Satyagraha/overview | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414231225/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/255555/Philip-Glass-Satyagraha/overview | url-status=dead | archive-date=April 14, 2008 | accessdate=May 23, 2010 | department=Movies & TV Dept. | work=[[The New York Times]] | author=Mark Deming | date=2008 | title=Movies: About Philip Glass: ''Satyagraha''}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Lyric Opera of Chicago presented the first production by a major international opera company on September 28, 1987, at the Civic Opera House. Douglas Perry sang the role of Gandhi.<ref>[https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1987-09-29-8703130455-story.html] {{Bare URL inline|date=November 2021}}</ref><br />
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The UK premiere was a joint production by [[Bath Spa University]] and [[Frome Community College]] in the theatre of [[Kingswood School]] in Bath in 1997.<ref>{{cite news|first=Phil|last=Johnson|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/review-opera-satyagraha-kingswood-school-bath-1279640.html|title=Review: Opera ''Satyagraha'' Kingswood School, Bath|newspaper=The Independent|location=London|date=February 20, 1997|accessdate=August 23, 2013}}</ref><br />
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Performance by [[San Francisco Opera]] at the [[War Memorial Opera House]] in 1989 <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-06-07-ca-1554-story.html|title=OPERA REVIEW: San Francisco Opera Offers ''Satyagraha''}}</ref><br />
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{{ill|Silviu Purcărete|ro}} staged a new production of the opera in 2004 at the [[Theater Bonn]], Germany, with a revival in 2013, with [[Ulrich Windfuhr]] conducting the [[Beethoven Orchester Bonn]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.general-anzeiger-bonn.de/news/kultur-und-medien/bonn/Philip-Glass-Gandhi-Oper-Satyagraha-wieder-auf-dem-Spielplan-article1070741.html|title=Philip Glass' Gandhi-Oper ''Satyagraha'' wieder auf dem Spielplan|first=Gunild|last=Lohmann|work=[[General-Anzeiger]]|location=Bonn|date=June 10, 2013|language=de}}</ref><br />
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A new staging by the [[English National Opera]] and [[Improbable theatre]], co-produced by the [[Metropolitan Opera]], opened in London in April 2007<ref>{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/stage/opera/article1624066.ece|work=The Times|location=London|title=''Satyagraha''|first=Hilary|last=Finch|date=7 April 2007|accessdate=23 May 2010}} {{subscription required}}</ref> and in New York in April 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metoperafamily.org/metopera/season/production.aspx?id=9251|title=''Satyagraha''}}{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016053057/http://www.metoperafamily.org/metopera/season/production.aspx?id=9251 |date=October 16, 2007 }}</ref> It was revived in London in February 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eno.org/see-whats-on/productions/production-page.php?itemid=27|title=''Satyagraha''}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407082215/http://www.eno.org/see-whats-on/productions/production-page.php?itemid=27 |date=April 7, 2010}}</ref> and in New York in November 2011; the New York performance on November 19 was part of the [[Metropolitan Opera Live in HD|Met Opera: Live in HD]] series. It aired on [[Great Performances at the Met]] from [[PBS]] in 2012, Season 39 Episode 19 on March 22 with an encore presentation March 25.<ref>http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/gp-at-the-met-satyagraha-about-the-opera/1266/ Retrieved November 26, 2019.</ref> The Metropolitan Opera's 2011 production was streamed online on June 21 and November 1, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Week 13|url=https://www.metopera.org/user-information/nightly-met-opera-streams/week-13/|access-date=2020-10-28|website=www.metopera.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Opera Streams: Weekly Guide|url=https://www.metopera.org/user-information/nightly-met-opera-streams/week-33/opera-streams-weekly-guide|access-date=2020-10-28|website=www.metopera.org|language=en}}</ref><br />
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On September 16, 2014, a new production was staged at the [[Ekaterinburg]] State Academic Opera in Russia. The creative team included [[Thaddeus Strassberger]] (direction and scenic design), Mattie Ullrich (costume design) and [[Oliver von Dohnányi]] (conductor).<br />
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A new production by [[Folkoperan]] and [[Cirkus Cirkör]], directed by {{ill|Tilde Björfors|sv}} and conducted by Matthew Wood premiered at the [[Brooklyn Academy of Music]]'s [[Harvey Theater]] on October 31, 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bam.org/opera/2018/satyagraha|location=New York|title=BAM Satyagraha|accessdate=November 2, 2018}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.limelightmagazine.com.au/features/71361/|work=Limelight Magazine|title=Aussie conductor Matthew Wood brings a Swedish Satyagraha to Brooklyn|first=Clive|last=Paget|date=October 30, 2018|accessdate=November 2, 2018}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wnyc.org/story/opera-takes-air-new-satyagraha-production/|location=New York|work=WNYC|title=Opera Takes To The Air In New ''Satyagraha'' Production|first=John|last=Schaefer|date=October 31, 2018|accessdate=November 2, 2018}}</ref><br />
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On 18 November 2018, [[Vlaamse Opera]] premiered a production by director and choreographer Sidi Larbi Cherkaoui, together with stage designer Henrik Ahr and costume designer Jan-Jan Van Essche <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://operaballet.be/en/programme/2018-2019/satyagraha|title = Satyagraha - Philip Glass (°1937)}}</ref><br />
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==Synopsis==<br />
The opera is in three acts, each referencing a major related cultural figure.<br />
<br />
===Act 1===<br />
'''[[Leo Tolstoy]]'''<br />
<br />
* On the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] Field of Justice<br />
* [[Tolstoy Farm]] (1910)<br />
* The Vow (1906)<br />
<br />
===Act 2===<br />
'''[[Rabindranath Tagore]]'''<br />
<br />
* Confrontation and Rescue (1896)<br />
* [[Indian Opinion]] (1906)<br />
* Protest (1908)<br />
<br />
===Act 3===<br />
'''[[Martin Luther King, Jr.]]'''<br />
*The Newcastle March (1913)<br />
<br />
==Recordings==<br />
* S. Woods, D. Perry; Keene, [[New York City Opera]] orchestra and chorus. 1984 (Sony)<br />
* D. Anzolini; [[Metropolitan Opera]] orchestra and chorus. 2021 (Orange Machine Music)<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0277234|Satyagraha|(1983 film)}}<br />
* [http://philipglass.com/compositions/satyagraha/ ''Satyagraha''] at PhilipGlass.com<br />
* [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/21474 "The Truth Force at the Met"], [[Daniel Mendelsohn]]'s review of ''Satyagraha'' from ''[[The New York Review of Books]]''<br />
* [http://www.vedomosti.ru/lifestyle/articles/2014/09/18/reka-tekuschaya-v-vechnost "В Екатеринбурге поставили «Сатьяграху»"] (Ekaterinburg presents ''Satyagraha'') by Gyulyara Sadiq-zade, ''[[Vedomosti]]'', 18 September 2014 {{in lang|ru}}<br />
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{{Philip Glass}}<br />
{{Mahatma Gandhi}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1980 operas]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]<br />
[[Category:Minimalist operas]]<br />
[[Category:Operas]]<br />
[[Category:Operas set in the 20th century]]<br />
[[Category:Operas set in India]]<br />
[[Category:Operas based on real people]]<br />
[[Category:Operas by Philip Glass]]<br />
[[Category:Philip Glass albums]]<br />
[[Category:Political operas]]<br />
[[Category:Sanskrit-language operas]]</div>2601:645:201:FBD0:CBA:E393:145C:4B44