Ajay Kumar: Created a new article

2023-08-30T03:49:07Z

Created a new article

New page

{{Short description|National park in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Satpura Tiger Reserve
| iucn_category = II
| photo = Amazing Landscape @Satpura Tiger Reserve.jpg
| photo_caption = Satpura Tiger Reserve
| map = India Madhya Pradesh
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location within Madhya Pradesh
| map_width =
| location = [[Narmadapuram]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Pipariya, Hoshangabad|Pipariya]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.495|N|78.231|E|region:IN-UP|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref = <ref>{{Cite web| url=http://protectedplanet.net/sites/Satpura_National_Park| title=Satpura National Park| work=protectedplanet.net| access-date=25 September 2011| archive-date=3 June 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603160519/http://protectedplanet.net/sites/Satpura_National_Park| url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_km2 = 524
| established = 1981
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body =Madhya Pradesh Forest Department
| url =http://www.satpuratigerreserve.mp.gov.in/
}}
'''Satpura Tiger Reserve (STR)''' also known as '''Satpura National Park''' is located in the [[Hoshangabad district|Narmadapuram District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[India]]. Its name is derived from the [[Satpura range]]. It covers an area of {{Convert|524|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. Satpura National Park, along with the adjoining [[Bori Wildlife Sanctuary|Bori]] and [[Pachmarhi]] wildlife sanctuaries, provides {{Convert|2200|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} of unique central Indian highland [[ecosystem]]. It was set up in 1981.

The terrain of the national park is extremely rugged and consists of [[sandstone]] peaks, narrow [[gorge]]s, [[ravine]]s and dense [[forests]]. The altitude ranges from {{Convert|300|to|1352|m|ft}}. It has [[Dhoopgarh]] peak as high as {{Convert|1350|m|ft}} and the almost level plains of Churna.

The nearest town to the national park is [[Pachmarhi]] and the nearest rail-head is Pipariya {{Convert|55|km|mi}} away. The state capital [[Bhopal]] is {{Convert|210|km|mi}} away.

Satpura National Park is rich in [[biodiversity]]. The animals here include [[leopard]], [[sambar deer|sambar]], [[chital]], [[Indian muntjac]], [[nilgai]], [[four-horned antelope]], [[Chinkara]], [[wild boar]], [[bear]], [[black buck]], [[fox]], [[porcupine]], [[flying squirrel]], [[mouse deer]], and [[Indian giant squirrel]]. There are a variety of birds. [[Hornbill]]s and [[peafowl]] are common birds found here. The flora consists of mainly [[Sal tree|sal]], [[teak]], [[Coromandel Ebony|tendu]], [[Phyllanthus emblica]], [[madhuca longifolia|mahua]], [[Aegle marmelos|bel]], [[bamboo]], and [[grasses]] and [[medicinal plants]].

In previous years, there have been sightings of [[tiger]]s, [[dhole]]s, [[Indian gaur]] and [[barasingha]], although these are rare.<ref>[[National Council of Educational Research and Training]]. "Science: Textbook for Class VIII". Publication Department, 2010, p. 83.</ref>


== History ==
Its name is derived from the Satpura Range. Satpura is a Sanskrit word, that means seven mountains (sapta – seven and pura – mountain). It was first explored by Captain James Forsyth of Bengal Lancers in 1862 while he was searching for Indian Freedom Fighter Tantya Tope.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://satpura-national-park.com/satpura-national-park/satpura-national-park-history.html|title=Satpura National Park History, History of Satpura National Park, Satpura Forest History, Satpura History, Satpuda History|last=www.satpura-national-park.com|website=satpura-national-park.com|access-date=2018-08-08}}</ref> It is one of the first declared Reserved Forest Area of India due to its ecological and commercial importance. It became a Tiger Reserve in the year 2000 and therefore it is also called Satpura Tiger Reserve (STR).

Satpura National Park, with inclusion of Pachmarhi & Bori Sanctuaries, Satpura Tiger Reserve it covers 1427 km<sup>2</sup> of Narmadapuram and Chhindwara Districts of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.satpuratigerreserve.mp.gov.in/|title=Satpura Tiger Reserve|website=www.satpuratigerreserve.mp.gov.in|language=EN|access-date=2018-08-08}}</ref>

== Flora ==
[[File:Saputara hill view.jpg|thumb|285x285px|Saputara Hill View]]
Satpura Tiger Reserve is a part of a rich Central Indian forest ecosystem thus it is quite rich in biodiversity. Satpura Tiger Reserve has over 1300 species of plants which are teak, Sal, tendu, mahua (Indian butter-tree), bel (stone-apple), bamboos, and grasses. Satpura Tiger Reserve has more than 62 trees species, 30 small tree species, 58 shrubs species, 32 climber species and almost 64 grass species. It also has important medicinal plants and rare endemic plants from the genus ''[[Psilotum]]'', ''[[Cyathea]]'', ''[[Osmunda]]'', ''[[Lycopodium]]'', and ''[[Lygodium]]''. Saal is the most prominent flora of the National Park which is mainly found in the Pachmarhi plateau. The lower plains on the northern side of the park mainly consist of teak forest on basaltic traps. Many species like ''[[Melastoma malabathricum]]'', ''[[Murraya paniculata]]'', ''Holmskioldia senguinea'', ''Blumea lanceolaria'', and ''Sophora interrupta'' are found only in Satpura Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh.

=== Grassland ===
Satpura Tiger Reserve has about 10% of the area which is classified as grasslands including natural blanks on Pachmarhi plateau, anthropogenic grassland due to relocation of villages and draw down areas of Tawa reservoir. These grasslands are named Neemghan, Madai, Keria, Dhain, and Geetkheda. In addition to these, some of the new grasslands have been created by relocation of 23 villages from the core area of the reserve. Mostly all the available grasslands are of anthropogenic origin and are subjected to agriculture and grazing. If these grasslands are not manipulated, they will be invaded by woody plants and eventually disappear. High degree of protection and maintenance is done for these grasslands to support a size-able population of herbivores which are dependent on them by the Satpura Tiger Reserve administration.

== Fauna ==
Satpura national park, along with its surrounding buffer-zone area have a large and diversified population of wildlife which are rarely seen in other national parks. This forest area is unique in its ecosystem and has a long history of wildlife conservation which is evident from the list of wildlife species currently present. The fauna of Satpura National Park is a stunning jungle treat for wildlife enthusiasts. There are 50 species of mammals, 254 species of birds, 30 species of reptiles, and 50 species of butterflies that are found in the park. Beautiful birds species including Malabar whistling Thrush, [[Paradise flycatcher|Paradise Fly-catcher]], Honey Buzzard, [[Malabar pied hornbill|Malabar pied Hornbill]] etc. are present in large numbers. There is presence of wide variety of flower species and moist conditions thus are ideal conditions for various butterfly species to flourish like Oakleaf, Black Rajah, [[Hypolimnas bolina|Great Eggfly]], Blue Pancy etc.
[[File:TigressSTR.jpg|thumb|Tigress at Parsapani (buffer of Satpura)]]

Along with birds and butterflies its fauna comprises Spotted Deer, [[Gaur|Indian Bison]] (Gaur), [[Tiger]]s, Leopards, Wild boar, Wild dog (locally called [[Dhole]]s), Sloth bear, [[Blackbuck|Black buck]] (unique attraction), [[Porcupine]], [[Sambar deer|Sambhar]], [[Barasingha]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Into the Wild: The Jungles of Satpura National Park, Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zjdot-sFwa8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/Zjdot-sFwa8 |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|access-date=2 September 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> four Horned antelopes ([[Four-horned antelope|Chowsingha]]), [[Pangolin]], Marsh crocodile, Languars etc. There are about 14 species of endangered mammals and reptiles in the Satpura Tiger reserve. [[Indian giant squirrel|Indian Giant squirrel]] is one of the special feature of Satpura Tiger Reserve as it is rare in India now.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.satpuratigerreserve.mp.gov.in/wildlifelist.php|title=Satpura Tiger Reserve|website=www.satpuratigerreserve.mp.gov.in|access-date=2018-09-17}}</ref> Some of the species like Indian giant squirrels, [[Flying squirrel]]s, Rhesus monkeys are endemic to the Central India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://satpura-national-park.com/satpura-national-park-wildlife/satpura-mammals-checklist.html|title=Satpura National Park Mammals Checklist, Satpura Mammals Checklist, Satpura National Park Wildlife, Animals in Satpura National Park, Satpuda Mammals, Satpura National Park Wild Animals|last=www.satpura-national-park.com|website=satpura-national-park.com|access-date=2018-09-17}}</ref>
== Climate ==
Satpura national park lies in Central India where moderate weather conditions prevails. Summer season prevails from March to June and during this time temperature reaches 30 °C in morning hours and 40 °C in day-time. May and June months are of peak summer time with heat waves but in higher regions the temperature remains low. Monsoon arrives in July month and lasts till September or October months. The average rainfall in the region is about 1300–1700 mm. Denwa river is the main water source of the park and Tawa dam has been built on this rivers. Its large encatchment area influences the climatic condition of national park. Winter season can be experienced from November to February during which temperature dips to 4 °C in morning hours around Pachmarhi Plateau and 15 °C in daytime. The lowest temperature is recorded as low as 1 degree in Pachmarhi. The winters are generally bright and cloudless with light showers in early November.

== Other attractions ==
'''Pandav Caves:''' A landmark in Satpura National Park is Pandav Caves which lend their name to the present hill station Pachmarhi of Madhya Pradesh. In line with native legends and popular beliefs, the [[Pandava|Pandav]] brothers of religious text of [[Mahabharata|Mahabharat]], along with their wife '[[Draupadi]]', spent some part of their exile here. 5 Ancient caves are carved out on a sandstone rock in the hills of satpura which forms the famous Pandav Caves.
[[File:Pachmarhi Pandav Caves.jpg|center|thumb|708x708px|Pandav Caves]]
'''Dhoopgarh Peak:''' Mount Dhoopgarh is the highest peak of Satpura Mountain Range of Central India and of Madhya Pradesh. It is located near the Pachmarhi in the forests of Satpura having an elevation of 1350 metres (4429 ft).

'''Bee Falls:''' Bee Falls is a waterfall located in Satpura National Park in Madhya Pradesh. There are many waterfalls located in Pachmarhi but Bee fall is most popular among tourists.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} It is a natural perennial water stream falling into 35 meters deep valley inside deep forest.

'''Denwa Backwaters:''' Reservoir formed by Dam built on Denwa River. It is surrounded by the Satpura National Park thus while boating in Denwa Backwaters visitors can see crocodiles and migratory bird sightings.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

'''Shri Nagdwar Swami Temple:''' Shri Nagdwar Swami Temple is situated in the midst of Satpura National Park also known as Padmshesh Mandir.

'''Rock Paintings:''' Satpura Tiger Reserve is important from view point of archaeology. There are more than 50 Rock Shelters which have rock paintings depicting various animals like elephants, tigers, deers, and porcupines. These paintings are about 1500 to 10000 years old and helpful in study of human evolution history in this area.<gallery widths="300" heights="180">
File:Nagdwar Temple And Swargdwar, Jata Shanker Mahadev, Pachmarhi, Madhya Pradesh, India (6).jpg|Nagdwar Temple
File:Sunset at Dhoopgarh.jpg|View from Dhoopgarh
File:Bee Falls (9953241785).jpg|Bee Falls
File:Dhupgarh, the highest mountain peak of Madhya Pradesh gives a spectacular view of the sunset.jpg|Sunset at Dhoopgarh Peak
File:Crocodile, Satpura Tiger Reserve, Madhai, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|Crocodile resting in Denwa Backwaters
File:Bliss of Denwa.jpg|Denwa River
</gallery>

== Transportation ==
The nearest airport is in [[Bhopal]], about 190 km away. The railway station is at [[Itarsi]], about 50 km away, is the biggest railway junction of Central India; several other stations like [[Narsinghpur]] and Pipariya are within this radius. The reserve is near to [[Pachmarhi]] hill station, which is easily accessible via road from the major cities like Jabalpur, Narsinghpur, Chindwara, Bhopal, and Betul.

==See also==

*[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]]
*[[Madhya Pradesh]]
*[[Wildlife of India]]
*[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|MOEFCC]]
*[[Kanha Tiger Reserve|Kanha National Park]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

*

{{National Parks of India}}
{{Tiger Reserves Of India}}
{{Narmada basin}}

[[Category:Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hoshangabad district|Category:Tourist attractions in Narmadapuram district]]
[[Category:National parks in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1981]]
[[Category:Tiger reserves of India]]
[[Category:Wildlife conservation in India]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List for India]]

Satpura Tiger Reserve - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article