imported>Qwerfjkl: Removed 'The' from the beginning of the short description per WP:SDFORMAT. (via WP:JWB)

2021-08-07T10:53:22Z

Removed 'The' from the beginning of the short description per WP:SDFORMAT. (via WP:JWB)

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{{about|the previous birth of the goddess Parvati|other uses|Sati (disambiguation)|the Egyptian goddess|Satis (goddess)}}
{{Redirect|Dakshayani|other uses|Dakshayani (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|First consort of the Hindu god Shiva}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = File:Kalighat_Shiva_mourns_Sati.jpg
| name = Sati
| caption = Shiva mourns Sati, 19th-century [[Kalighat painting]]
| Devanagari = सती
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Satī
| affiliation = [[Devi]], [[Adi Parashakti]], [[Parvati]]
| abode = [[Mount Kailash]]
| consort = [[Shiva]]
| deity_of = Goddess of Power, Marital Felicity and Longevity
| mother = [[Prasuti]]
| father = [[Daksha]]
| other_names = Dakshayani, Dakshakanya
| texts = [[Puranas]], [[Kumarasambhavam]], [[Tantra]]
| avatar_birth =
}}

'''Sati''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ʌ|t|iː}}, {{lang-sa|सती}}, {{IAST3|Satī}}, {{lit|truthful' or 'virtuous}}), also known as '''Dakshayani''' (Sanskrit: दाक्षायणी, IAST: ''Dākṣāyaṇī'', lit. 'daughter of Daksha'), is the [[Hindu goddess]] of marital felicity and longevity, and is worshipped as an aspect of the mother goddess [[Adi Parashakti|Shakti]]. She is
generally considered the first wife of [[Shiva]], other being [[Parvati]], who was Sati's reincarnation after her death.

The earliest mentions of Sati are found in the time of the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Mahabharata]], but details of her story appear in the [[Purana]]s. Legends describe Sati as the favourite child of [[Daksha]] but she married Shiva against her father's wishes. After Daksha humiliated her, Sati killed herself to protest against him, and uphold the honour of her husband.{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=35}} In Hinduism, both Sati and Parvati, successively play the role of bringing Shiva away from ascetic isolation into creative participation with the world.{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=38}}

Sati's story plays an important part in shaping the traditions of two of the most prominent sects of Hinduism {{mdash}} [[Shaivism]] and [[Shaktism]]. It is believed that parts of Sati's corpse fell on fifty-one places and formed the [[Shakti Peethas]]. The historical [[Sati (practice)|act of Sati]], in which a Hindu widow self-immolates on her husband's pyre, is named and patterned after this goddess, though she is not the origin of it.

==Etymology==
The word "Satī" means "truthful", "virtuous" or "noble".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qZQAQAAMAAJ&q=Sati+means+truth|title=Journal of Historical Research|date=2004|publisher=Department of History, Ranchi University.|language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Gandhi|1993}} The word is derived from the "Sat" which means "truth".{{sfn|Gámez-Fernández|2020|p=287}} The word is also used for women who serve their husbands with full virtue or truth. During the medieval period, a [[Sati (practice)|practice of widow burning]] (sati) started to rise throughout the sub continent and the widows who burnt themselves were also referred as "Satī".{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1872|p=1053}}{{sfn|Gámez-Fernández|2020|p=287}}{{sfn|Dehejia|1999}}

Sati is known by various patronymics, though these names can be used for any of the daughters of Daksha. Some of these names include Dakshayani, Dakshakanya and Dakshja.{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1889}}

==History and textual background==
According to scholars William J. Winkins and David R. Kinsley, the Vedic scriptures (2nd millennium BCE) don't mention Sati-Parvati but give hints to two goddesses associated with [[Rudra]] {{mdash}} [[Rudrani]] and Ambika.{{refn|group=note|Rudrani is described as Rudra's wife. Ambika, on the other hand, is described as his sister in the earlier verses, but later verses suggest that she was his wife.}} In the [[Kena Upanishad]], a goddess called Uma-Hemavati appears as a mediator between the ''[[deva (Hinduism)|deva]]s'' and the [[Supreme Brahman]] but is not connected with [[Shiva]].{{refn|group=note|Both Winkins and Kinsley note that later commentaries on Kena Upanishad confirm that Uma was Parvati, leaving no doubt about her relationship with Shiva.}}{{sfn|Wilkins|1913|p=294}}{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=36}} Both the archeological and the textual sources indicate that the first major appearances of Sati and Parvati were during the period of the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (1st millennium BCE).{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=36, 37}}{{sfn|Mittal|Thursby|2009|p=307}}

The Mahabharata mentions the destruction of [[Daksha yajna]], the birth of [[Kartikeya]], defeat the [[Asura]] [[Tarakasura|Taraka]] as well as some plays between Shiva and Uma (Parvati). Scholars believe that by the time of the [[Puranas]] (c. 4th - 13th century), legends of Sati and Parvati rose to prominence and these were adapted by [[Kalidasa]] in his epic poem ''[[Kumarasambhavam]]'' (c. 5th - 6th century).{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=36, 37}}{{sfn|Bose|2018}} Some of the Puranas which narrate Sati's story are the ''[[Vayu Purana]],'' the ''[[Skanda Purana]],'' the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', the ''[[Kurma Purana]],'' the ''[[Padma Purana]],'' the ''[[Linga Purana]],'' the ''[[Shiva Purana]],'' and the ''[[Matsya Purana]]''.

==Legends==
===Birth and early life===
[[Daksha|Prajapati Daksha]] was the son of the creator god [[Brahma]]. He married [[Prasuti]], daughter of [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]] and [[Shatarupa]], and had many daughters. Sati was the youngest and Daksha's favourite one.{{sfn|Coulter|Turner|2013}}{{sfn|Dalal|2014}}{{sfn|Sinha|2020}} In contrast, texts like the ''[[Shiva Purana]]'', ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' and ''[[Kalika Purana]]'' mention [[Asikni (goddess)|Asikni]] as the mother of Sati.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1988}}{{sfn|Shastri|2000}} According to the [[Shakta]] (goddess-oriented) texts including ''[[Devi Bhagavata]]'' and the ''[[Mahabhagavata Purana]]'', Brahma advised Daksha to meditate upon the [[Adi Parashakti|Great goddess]] and convince her to take an [[avatar]] as their daughter (Sati). The goddess agreed but warned that if he mistreated her, she will abandon that body.{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2018}}{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=576}}{{sfn|McDermott|Kripal|2003|p=43}}{{sfn|Mittal|Thursby|2009|p=307}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Viswanathan|first=Priya|date=2015-07-15|title=Devi Sati - A Tale of Passion and Honour|url=https://www.dollsofindia.com/library/sati/|access-date=2020-09-04|website=Dolls of India|language=en}}</ref>

Sati, even as a child, adored the tales and legends associated with Shiva and grew up an ardent devotee. As she grew to womanhood, the idea of marrying anyone else, as intended by her father, became unfair to her. It is believed that Brahma intended to get Sati, the avatar of [[Adi Shakti|Shakti]], married to Shiva and bring him into worldly affairs.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=576}}{{sfn|Kinsley|1998}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006}}

===Marriage===
[[File:Kubera and his wife presenting gifts to sat.jpg|left|thumb|In Hinduism, Sati is considered as an ideal lady. The painting depicts her receiving gifts before her wedding from [[Kubera]] and his wife.{{sfn|Sunity Devee|1919|p=10-11}}]]

Sati is believed to be very beautiful but the legends mention her penance and devotion, which won the heart of the ascetic Shiva.{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=37}}{{sfn|Michaels|2004}} According to the legend, Sati left the luxuries of her father's palace and retired to a forest to devote herself to austerities of a hermetic life and the worship of Shiva. She was often tested by Shiva or his attendants. Finally, Shiva acceded to her wishes and consented to make her his bride. Despite Daksha's unwillingness, the wedding was held in due course with Brahma serving as the priest. Sati made her home with Shiva in Kailash.{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=37}} Tension between Shiva and Daksha further arises when, Daksha starts to dislike Shiva because of his odd appearance and behaviour.{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=38}}{{sfn|Birkenholtz|2018|p=142}}

Some texts diverge, however. According to the version found in ''Mahabhagvata Purana'', Daksha arranged Sati's ''[[Swayamvar]]'' (self-choice ceremony), where all except Shiva were invited. When Sati couldn't find Shiva, she threw a garland in the air to choose her husband. Shiva manifested there and it fell on him, thus they were married.{{sfn|McDermott|Kripal|2003|p=43}} In the 18th century ''Svathani Katha'', when Shiva asked Sati's hand in marriage, Daksha refused, claiming him unsuitable. Vishnu aided Shiva by disguising him as a ''[[sanyasi]]'' and had him marry her.{{refn|group=note| '''Further details''': Vishnu advised Shiva to disguise as a sanyasi and ask for alms from Daksha. When Daksha promised to give anything, Shiva asked for Sati. During the marriage, Vishnu used his [[Maya (religion)|maya]] (illusion) to deceive Sati's parents.}}{{sfn|Birkenholtz|2018|p=142}} While many versions mention Daksha's objections to the marriage, the ''[[Shiva Purana]]'' doesn't mention any harsh opposition, though he starts to develop a deep hatred after the wedding.{{sfn|Birkenholtz|2018|p=142}}

===Daksha yajna and self-immolation===
{{main|Daksha yaga}}
[[File:Daksha yagna.jpg|thumb|Sati confronts Daksha.]]
The most prominent legend associated with Sati is her self-immolation to protest against her father.{{sfn|Dalal|2014}}{{sfn|Bose|2018}}{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2011}} The first text to mention this event is the ''[[Taittiriya Samhita|Taittariya Samhita]]'', later it appears in the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.{{sfn|Klostermaier|2014}} However details appear in [[Tantra#Hindu tantra|Tantra]] literature, in [[Kālidāsa|Kalidasa]]'s lyrical ''[[Kumārasambhava|Kumarasambhava]], the [[Harivamsa]]'' and the [[Puranas]].{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=36-37}}

According to the most popular narration of this event, Daksha organized a ''[[yajna]]'' (fire sacrifice) to which all the deities, except Sati and Shiva, were invited. Wanting to visit her relatives, Sati sought to rationalize this omission and reasoned that as family, such formality was unnecessary. Shiva tried to stop her as he knew that Daksha will humiliate her, but when she was not convinced, he provided her with an escort of his ''[[gana]]'' attendants. Sati was received by her mother and her sisters, but Daksha was furious by her uninvited arrival and humiliated her and mocked Shiva. Wanting to break all ties with her father and uphold the honour of her husband, Sati self-immolated.{{sfn|Mittal|Thursby|2009}}{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2018}}{{sfn|Shimkhada|Herman|2009|p=177}}

Deeply hurt by the loss of his beloved wife, Shiva performed the destructive [[Tandava]] dance. He created two ferocious creatures {{mdash}} [[Virabhadra]] and [[Bhadrakali]], who wreaked mayhem at the sacrificial place. Nearly all those present were felled overnight; Daksha was decapitated by Veerbhadra. After that night, Shiva, who is considered the all-forgiving, restored all those who were slain to life and granted them his blessings. Daksha was restored both to life and to kingship. His severed head was substituted for that of a goat.{{sfn|Dalal|2014}}{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=Dakṣa}}{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=38}}

There are varying accounts of this event. Some texts suggest that before Sati's death, Shakti promised that she will be reborn to a father who merits her respect and remarry Shiva.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=577}} The ''[[Devi-Bhagavata Purana|Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'' adds that after Sati's marriage, Daksha polluted a sacred flower garland. As a result, he was cursed to hate his beloved daughter.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=576}} At the sacrificial place, Daksha discarded Sati's gifts and humiliated her, she used her cosmic powers and burnt her body.{{sfn|Shimkhada|Herman|2009|p=177}} The ''Mahabhagavata Purana'' presents Sati as a fierce warrior. When Shiva prevented Sati from visiting the event, she transformed into the ten fearsome [[Mahavidyas|Mahavidya]] goddesses led by [[Kali]], and surrounded him from the ten cardinal directions.{{sfn|Dalal|2014}}{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=23}} Seeing his wife's powers, Shiva allowed her.{{sfn|Hawley|Wulff|1998|p=79}} Sati, transformed as Kali, went to the sacrifice and split herself into two entities {{mdash}} one real but invisible and another just ''Chhaya'' (shadow or clone). Chhaya Sati destroyed the sacred event by jumping into the sacrificial fire, while the "real" Sati is reborn as Parvati.{{sfn|Shimkhada|Herman|2009|p=176}}{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2018}}{{sfn|Monaghan|2010|p=27}}{{sfn|Shin|2018}} The ''[[Brihaddharma Purana]]'' (c. 13th century) narrates the creation of the Mahavidyas but there is no mention of Sati splitting into two. She retains her calming nature after Shiva allowed her.{{sfn|Shin|2018}}{{sfn|Monaghan|2010|p=26}} The most drastic change in this text is the absence of the self-immolation of Sati. Instead, the text mentions that she cursed her father and quit her body in a Himalayan cave.{{sfn|Shin|2018}}{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2018}} The ''[[Kalika Purana]]'' does not mention Sati going to the event, instead it is found that Sati left her body using a ''[[Yoga|yog]]ic process'', after her niece, Vijaya informed her about the yajna.{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2018}}{{sfn|Shimkhada|Herman|2009|p=177}}

===Formation of the Shakti Peethas===
[[File:19th century lithograph of Shiva carrying Sati's corpse.jpg|left|thumb|Shiva carrying Sati's corpse, followed by Vishnu's Sudharshana chakra, 19th-century lithograph.]]
Another important legend associated with Sati is the formation of the [[Shakti Peetha]].
Shakti Peethas are shrines or divine places of the Mother Goddess, believed to have enshrined with the presence of Shakti due to the falling of body parts of the corpse of Sati. It is believed that an enraged Shiva performed the Tandava dance with Sati's charred body, which led her body to come apart and the pieces fell at different places on earth.{{sfn|Pintchman|2015|p=7}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fFwi7qRRgosC&q=siva+dance+Shakti+peetha|title=World Encyclopaedia of Interfaith Studies: World religions|date=2009|publisher=Jnanada Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7139-280-3|language=en}}</ref> In a more detailed narration found in some texts, Shiva, crazed with grief, roamed with Sati's corpse throughout the universe, causing universal imbalance. The divinities called upon the god [[Vishnu]] to restore Shiva to normalcy and calm. Vishnu used his [[Sudarshana Chakra]] (discus weapon) to dismember Sati's cadaver, following which Shiva regained his equanimity.{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=38}}

The legend ends with Sati's body being dismembered into many pieces which fell on earth at various places. Several different listings of these holy places, known as ''Shakti Peethas,'' are available; some of these places have become major centres of pilgrimage as they are held by the Goddess-oriented [[Shakta]] sect to be particularly holy. Besides main Shakti Peethas, some small peethas like [[Bindudham]] came into existence which are due to Sati's fallen blood drops.

===Rebirth===
A depressed Shiva returned to his ascetic world while Sati was reborn as [[Parvati]], daughter of [[Himavat]], king of the mountains and personification of the [[Himalayas]], and his wife, Mena. Himavat appreciated Shiva ardently. Consequently, Parvati like Sati, won Shiva over by her penance and married him.{{sfn|Kinsley|1998}}{{sfn|Dehejia|1999}}

==Legacy and worship==
{{further information||Shakti Peethas}}
[[File:Nani ki Mandir2.jpg|thumb|[[Shri Hinglaj Mata temple]] shakti peetha is the largest Hindu pilgrimage centre in Pakistan. The annual Hinglaj Yathra is attended by more than 250,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-19|title=Mata Hinglaj Yatra: To Hingol, a pilgrimage to reincarnation|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1088366/mata-hinglaj-yatra-to-hingol-a-pilgrimage-to-reincarnation?amp=1|access-date=2021-01-09|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref>]]
The mythology of [[Daksha Yajna]] and Sati's self-immolation had immense significance in shaping the ancient Sanskrit literature and even had impact on the culture of India. It led to the development of the concept of [[Shakti Peethas]] and there by strengthening [[Shaktism]]. Enormous mythological stories in Puranas took the [[Daksha]] yajna as the reason for its origin. It is an important incident in [[Shaivism]] resulting in the emergence of goddess [[Parvati]] in the place of Sati and making Shiva a grihastashrami (house holder) leading to the origin of Ganesha and Kartikeya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kottiyoor Devaswam Temple Administration Portal|url=http://kottiyoordevaswom.com/|work=kottiyoordevaswom.com/|publisher=Kottiyoor Devaswam|access-date=20 July 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Shin|2018}}

[[Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam]], a 27‑day yagnja ceremony, conducted in the serene hilly jungle location in North [[Kerala]] yearly commemorating the Daksha Yaga. It is believed that Sati Devi self immolated in this location and apparently this is the location of Daksha Yaga. The pooja and rituals were classified by Shri [[Sankaracharya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Navadurga {{!}} 9 Swaroop of Maa Durga Hindu Devi knows as Navadurga |website=MaaDurga |url=https://durga225026643.wordpress.com/navadurga/ |access-date=6 May 2019 |year=2019}}</ref>

==Notes==
===Explanatory notes===
{{Reflist|group=note}}
{{Notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{ref begin}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kinsley|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgTOZEyrVtIC&q=Sati|title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition|date=1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0394-7|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Mittal|first1=Sushil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdBFq2Ia79AC&q=mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata+sat%C4%AB+%C5%9Biva|title=Studying Hinduism: Key Concepts and Methods|last2=Thursby|first2=Gene|date=2009-01-19|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-41829-9|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Mani|first=Vettam|url=http://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature|date=1975|publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass|others=Robarts - University of Toronto|pages=576}}
* {{Cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&q=Sati|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=2014-04-18|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|first=William J. |last=Wilkins|date=1913|title=Hindu Mythology – Vedic and Puranic|publisher=Thacker Spink London|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/hindumythologyve00inwilk#page/294/mode/2up|chapter=Uma – Parvati}}
* {{Cite book|last=Klostermaier|first=Klaus K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FB29DwAAQBAJ&q=Dak%E1%B9%A3a&pg=PT84|title=Hinduism: A Short History|date=2014-10-01|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-78074-680-7|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bose|first=Mandakranta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_tdDwAAQBAJ&q=sat%C4%AB+goddess&pg=PT273|title=The Oxford History of Hinduism: The Goddess|date=2018-05-30|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-107969-6|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last1=McDermott|first1=Rachel Fell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMUJyU_C-LkC&q=Prasuti&pg=PA43|title=Encountering Kali: In the Margins, at the Center, in the West|last2=Kripal|first2=Jeffrey J.|date=2003-05-05|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23240-2|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Hiltebeitel|first=Alf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZupXwid01CoC&q=sat%C4%AB+goddess&pg=PA433|title=When the Goddess was a Woman: Mahābhārata Ethnographies - Essays by Alf Hiltebeitel|date=2011-07-27|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-19380-2|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Maneka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PkW6hs1OjyEC&q=sati+other+names&pg=PA379|title=The Penguin Book of Hindu Names|date=1993|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-012841-3|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Birkenholtz|first=Jessica Vantine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvhJDwAAQBAJ&q=sat%C4%AB+goddess&pg=PA142|title=Reciting the Goddess: Narratives of Place and the Making of Hinduism in Nepal|date=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-934116-0|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Monier-Williams|first=Monier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&q=sat%C4%AB|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary|date=1872|publisher=Clarendon|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Gámez-Fernández|first=Cristina M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5LXkDwAAQBAJ&q=sati+is+derived+from+sat&pg=PA287|title=India in the World|date=2020-05-15|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-5275-5118-3|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Balfour|first=Edward|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iU0OAAAAQAAJ&q=Sati&pg=PA153|title=The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia: Commercial, Industrial and Scientific, Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures|date=1885|publisher=B. Quaritch|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sinha|first=Purnendu Narayana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OveYh2v-1roC&q=Prasuti&pg=PT110|title=A Study of the Bhagavata Purana: Or, Esoteric Hinduism|date=2020-09-28|publisher=Library of Alexandria|isbn=978-1-4655-2506-2|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Shin|first=Jae-Eun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29pdDwAAQBAJ&q=immolated+Sat%C4%AB&pg=PT168|title=Change, Continuity and Complexity: The Mahāvidyās in East Indian Śākta Traditions|date=2018-05-30|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-429-83102-7|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Hawley|first1=John Stratton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZrV3kOpMt0C&q=Sat%C4%AB+%C5%9Biva&pg=PA247|title=Devī: Goddesses of India|last2=Wulff|first2=Donna Marie|date=1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1491-2|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Monaghan|first=Patricia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC&q=Brihaddharma+Purana+Sati&pg=PA26|title=Goddesses in World Culture|date=2010-12-31|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35465-6|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Coulter|first1=Charles Russell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&q=Sati|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities|last2=Turner|first2=Patricia|date=2013-07-04|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-96390-3|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Shastri|first=J. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kbmDwAAQBAJ&q=sati+asikni&pg=PA409|title=Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology Volume 1: The Siva Purana Part 1|date=2000-01-01|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-3868-0|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Sunity Devee|first=Maharanee|url=http://archive.org/details/nineidealindianw00suni|title=Nine ideal Indian women|date=1919|publisher=Calcutta : Thacker, Spink & Co.|others=University of California Libraries}}
*{{Cite book|last=Mukhopadhyay|first=Anway|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_INXDwAAQBAJ&q=sati+goddess&pg=PT24|title=The Goddess in Hindu-Tantric Traditions: Devi as Corpse|date=2018-04-20|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-06352-4|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Shimkhada|first1=Deepak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97EYBwAAQBAJ&q=177&pg=PA176|title=The Constant and Changing Faces of the Goddess: Goddess Traditions of Asia|last2=Herman|first2=Phyllis K.|date=2009-03-26|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-0702-9|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Kramrisch|first=Stella|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjqfkgD6YCAC&q=asikn%C4%AB+Sat%C4%AB&pg=PA342|title=The Presence of Siva|date=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0491-3|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Dehejia|first=Harsha V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Njk0OSw_VYQC&q=Sati&pg=PP95|title=Parvati: Goddess of Love|date=1999|publisher=Mapin Publishing Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-81-85822-59-4|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Pintchman|first=Tracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsDpBwAAQBAJ&q=Shiva+Sati|title=Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition, The|date=2015-04-08|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-1618-2|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Michaels|first=Axel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jID3TuoiOMQC&q=Sati+shiva|title=Hinduism: Past and Present|date=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-08952-2|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Ph.D|first=James G. Lochtefeld|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC&q=Sati&pg=PA504|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2|date=2001-12-15|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Constance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&q=Sati|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|last2=Ryan|first2=James D.|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|language=en}}
{{ref end}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline|Sati (goddess)}}

{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Shaivism}}
{{Shaktism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Forms of Parvati]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Consorts of Shiva]]
[[Category:Daughters of Daksha]]
[[Category:Marriage deities]]

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Sati (Hindu goddess) - Revision history

Bhushana: corrected layout to improve readability and cleaned formatting

CleanupBot: /* top */robot: remove incorrect protection templates

imported>Qwerfjkl: Removed 'The' from the beginning of the short description per WP:SDFORMAT. (via WP:JWB)