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v2.04b - Bot T20 CW#61 - Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation)

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'''Satcitananda''' ([[Sanskrit]]: सच्चिदानंद, [[IAST]]: '''Saccidānanda''', also '''Sat-cit-ananda'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sat-cit-ananda definition and meaning|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sat-cit-ananda|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-16|website=Collins English Dictionary|language=en}}</ref> or '''Sacchidānanda''') is an epithet and description for the subjective experience of the ultimate unchanging reality, called [[Brahman]],<ref name="Devadutta Kali 2005 page 365">Devadutta Kali (2005), Devimahatmyam: In Praise of the Goddess, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120829534}}, page 365, Quote: "Saccidananda, being-consciousness-bliss, a threefold epithet attempting to describe the unitary, indescribable Brahman".</ref>{{Sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=388}}{{refn|group=note|Brahman is "the unchanging reality amidst and beyond the world",{{sfn|Puligandla|1997|p=222}} which "cannot be exactly defined", but is being-consciousness-bliss.{{sfn|Raju|2013|p=228}} and the highest reality.{{sfn|Potter|2008|p=6-7}}}} in certain branches of [[Hindu philosophy]], especially [[Vedanta]]. It represents "existence, consciousness, and bliss"{{sfn|Raju|2013|p=228}}{{sfn|Werner|2004|p=88}} or "truth, consciousness, bliss".<ref name=gsmurty303/>

==Etymology==
''Satchitananda'' (Sanskrit: सच्चिदानन्द) is a compounded Sanskrit word consisting of "sat", "chit" and "ananda", all three considered as inseparable from the nature of ultimate reality called Brahman in Hinduism.<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca578>James Lochtefeld (2002), "Satchidananda" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 578</ref> The different forms of spelling is driven by euphonic (sandhi) rules of Sanskrit, useful in different contexts.<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca578/>

* '''[[Sat (Sanskrit)|sat]]''' (सत्):<ref name=mmwsat1134/> In Sanskrit ''sat'' means "being, existence", "real, actual", "true, good, right", or "that which really is, existence, essence, true being, really existent, good, true".<ref name=mmwsat1134>Sir Monier Monier-Williams, [http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/1100/mw__1167.html Sat], A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages, Oxford University Press (Reprinted: Motilal Banarsidass), {{ISBN|978-8120831056}}, page 1134</ref>{{refn|group=note|Another translation is offered by Sugirtharajah, who suggests a "''palpable force of virtue and truth''".{{sfn|Sugirtharajah|2004|p=115}}}}
* '''[[Cit (consciousness)|cit]]''' (चित्):<ref name=mmwsat395>Sir Monier Monier-Williams, [http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0400/mw__0428.html Cit], A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages, Oxford University Press (Reprinted: Motilal Banarsidass), {{ISBN|978-8120831056}}, page 395</ref> means "consciousness".<ref name="James Lochtefeld 2002 page 35">James Lochtefeld (2002), "Ananda" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 35</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia of Hinduism">{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones |author2=James D. Ryan |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC |year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 |page=28}}</ref>
* '''[[Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)|ānanda]]''' (आनन्द):<ref name=mmwsat139/> means "happiness, joy, bliss", "pure happiness, one of three attributes of Atman or Brahman in the Vedanta philosophy".<ref name=mmwsat139>Sir Monier Monier-Williams, [http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0100/mw__0172.html Ananda], A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages, Oxford University Press (Reprinted: Motilal Banarsidass), {{ISBN|978-8120831056}}, page 139</ref> Loctefeld and other scholars translate ''ananda'' as "bliss".<ref name="James Lochtefeld 2002 page 35"/><ref name="Encyclopedia of Hinduism"/>

''Satchitananda'' is therefore translated as "Truth Consciousness Bliss",<ref name=gsmurty303>Gurajada Suryanarayana Murty (2002), Paratattvaganṇitadarśanam, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120818217}}, page 303</ref><ref>Vasant Merchant (2000), Savitri: A Legend & a Symbol-Sri Aurobindo's Modern Epic, International Journal of Humanities and Peace, vol. 16, no. 1, pages 29-34</ref><ref>Jean Holm and John Bowker (1998), Hinduism, in ''Picturing God'', Bloomsbury Academic, {{ISBN|978-1855671010}}, page 71</ref> "Reality Consciousness Bliss",<ref>Julian Woods (2001), Destiny and Human Initiative in the Mahabharata, State University of New York, {{ISBN|978-0791449820}}, page 201</ref><ref>Adrian Hastings et al (2000), The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0198600244}}, page 324</ref> or "Existence Consciousness Bliss".{{sfn|Werner|2004|p=88}}

==Discussion==
The term is contextually related to "the ultimate reality" in various schools of Hindu traditions.<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca578/> In theistic traditions, ''sacchidananda'' is same as God such as Vishnu,<ref>Klaus Klostermair (2007), A Survey of Hinduism, 3rd Edition, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791470817}}, page 246</ref> Shiva<ref>Hilko Wiardo Schomerus and Humphrey Palmer (2000), Śaiva Siddhānta, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120815698}}, page 44</ref> or Goddess in Shakti traditions.<ref>{{Citation | last=Sherma | first=Rita | year=1998 | editor-last=Lance E. Nelson | title=Purifying the Earthly Body of God: Religion and Ecology in Hindu India | publisher=State University of New York Press | page=116 | isbn=978-0791439241}}</ref> In monist traditions, ''sacchidananda'' is considered directly inseparable from ''nirguna'' (attributeless) Brahman or the "universal wholeness of existence", wherein the Brahman is identical with Atman, the true individual self.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Holdrege|first1=Barbara|editor1-last=Mittal|editor1-first=S|editor2-last=Thursby|editor2-first=G|title=The Hindu World|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415215277|pages=241–242|quote=Shankara philosophical system is based on a monistic ontology in which brahman, the universal wholeness of existence, is alone declared to be real. In its essential nature as nirguna (without attributes), brahman is pure being (Sat), consciousness (Cit), and bliss (Ananda) and is completely formless, distinctionless, nonchanging, and unbounded. As saguna (with attributes), brahman assumes the form of Ishvara, the lord, [...] Moksha is attained through knowledge (jñåna, vidyå) alone, for when knowledge dawns the individual self awakens to its true nature as Atman, the universal Self, which is identical with Brahman.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=388}} ''Satchitananda'' or Brahman is held to be the source of all reality, source of all conscious thought, and source of all perfection-bliss.<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca578/> It is the ultimate, the complete, the destination of spiritual pursuit in Hinduism.<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca578/>{{Sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=388}}<ref>Christopher Key Chapple (2010), The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-1438428420}}, page xviii</ref>

===Textual references===
The [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] ({{circa}} 800–600 BCE) is among the earliest Hindu texts which links and then discusses Atman (soul), Brahman (ultimate reality), awareness, joy and bliss such as in sections 2.4, 3.9 and 4.3.<ref>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 433-437, 464-475, 484-493</ref><ref name=rambachantaw41>Anantanand Rambachan (2006), The Advaita Worldview: God, World, and Humanity, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791468517}}, pages 40-43</ref><ref name=dhavamony69>Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002), Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives, Rodopi, {{ISBN|978-9042015104}}, pages 68-70</ref> The [[Chandogya Upanishad]] (~800-600 BCE), in section 3.14 to 3.18, discusses Atman and Brahman, these being identical to "that which shines and glows both inside and outside", "dear", "pure knowing, awareness", "one's innermost being", "highest light", "luminous".<ref>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 110-117</ref><ref>Klaus Witz (1998), The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120815735}}, pages 227-228</ref> Other 1st-millennium BCE texts, such as the [[Taittiriya Upanishad]] in section 2.1, as well as minor Upanishads, discuss Atman and Brahman in saccidananda-related terminology.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dhavamony|first1=Mariasusai|title=Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives|date=2002|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=9789042015104|pages=68–70|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=poUxxH4fPwwC&q=Hindu-Christian%20Dialogue%3A%20Theological%20Soundings%20and%20Perspectives&pg=PP1}}</ref>

An early mention of the compound word ''sacchidananda'' is in verse 3.11 of Tejobindu Upanishad,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/tejobindu.pdf |title= तेजोबिन्दु (Tejobindu Upanishad)|access-date=12 January 2016| language = sa|last= Hattangadi| first= Sunder| year= 2015 | page = 8}}; Quote: नित्यशुद्धचिदानन्दसत्तामात्रोऽहमव्ययः । नित्यबुद्धविशुद्धैक'''सच्चिदानन्द'''मस्म्यहम् ॥</ref> composed before the 4th-century CE.<ref name=eliadeyif128>Mircea Eliade (1970), Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|0-691017646}}, pages 128-129</ref><ref>{{Citation | last =Flood | first =Gavin D. | author-link =Gavin Flood | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =978-0521438780 | page =[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/96 96] | url =https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/96 }}</ref> The context of ''sacchidananda'' is explained in the Upanishad as follows:<ref name=ayyangartbu7/>
{{Quote|'''The realization of Atman.'''
<poem>
(...) I am of the nature of consciousness.
I am made of consciousness and bliss.
I am nondual, pure in form, absolute knowledge, absolute love.
I am changeless, devoid of desire or anger, I am detached.
I am One Essence, unlimitedness, utter consciousness.
I am boundless Bliss, existence and transcendent Bliss.
I am the Atman, that revels in itself.
I am the Sacchidananda that is eternal, enlightened and pure.
</poem>
|[[Tejobindu Upanishad]]|3.1-3.12 (Abridged)<ref name=ayyangartbu7>{{cite book|last= Ayyangar |first=TR Srinivasa |title=The Yoga Upanishads |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n85/mode/2up |year=1938 |publisher=The Adyar Library |pages=42–43}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/tejobindu.pdf |title= तेजोबिन्दु (Tejobindu Upanishad)|access-date=12 January 2016| language = sa|last= Hattangadi| first= Sunder| year= 2015 | pages = 7–8}}</ref>}}

=== Vedanta philosophy ===
{{Main article|Vedanta}}
The [[Vedantic]] philosophy understands ''saccidānanda'' as a synonym of the three fundamental attributes of Brahman. In [[Advaita Vedanta]], states Werner, it is the sublimely blissful experience of the boundless, pure consciousness and represents the unity of spiritual essence of ultimate reality.{{sfn|Werner|2004|p=88}}

Saccidānanda is an epithet for [[Brahman]], considered indescribable, unitary, ultimate, unchanging reality in Hinduism.<ref name="Devadutta Kali 2005 page 365"/><sup>, </sup><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lochtefeld|first1=James G.|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|date=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=9780823931798|pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/593 593], 578, 604|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>Eliot Deutsch (1980), Advaita Vedanta : A Philosophical Reconstruction, University of Hawaii Press, {{ISBN|978-0824802714}}, Chapter 1</ref>

===Vaishnava philosophy===
{{main article|Vaishnavism}}

Tulsidas considers Rama as ''Satcitananda''.{{sfn|MacFie|2004|p=26}}

==See also==
* [[Ajativada]]
* [[Journey in Satchidananda]]
* [[Luminous mind]]
* [[Mahāvākyas]]
* [[Prajnaparamita]]
* [[Sahaja]]
* [[Satchidananda Saraswati|Swami Satchidananda]]
* [[Siddha]]
* [[Turiya]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

==References==
{{reflist|33em}}

===Sources===
* {{Citation | last =MacFie | first =J.M. | year =2004 | title =The Ramayan of Tulsidas or the Bible of Northern India | publisher =Kessinger Publishing}}
* {{Citation | last =Potter | first =Karl H. | year =2008 | title =The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Advaita Vedānta Up to Śaṃkara and His Pupils | place =Delhi | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited}}
* {{Citation | last =Puligandla | first =Ramakrishna | year =1997 | title =Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy | place =New Delhi | publisher =D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd.}}
* {{Citation | last1 =Raju | first1= P. T. | title =The Philosophical Traditions of India | date =2013 | publisher= Routledge | isbn =9781135029425 | page =228 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=jSz87aR-z7cC|access-date=8 June 2015}}
* {{Citation | first1 =Constance | last1 =Jones | last2 =Ryan | first2 =James D. | title =Encyclopedia of Hinduism | date =2006 | publisher =Infobase Publishing | isbn =9780816075645 | page=388 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC}}
* {{Citation | last =Sugirtharajah | first =Sharada | year =2004 | title =Imagining Hinduism: A Postcolonial Perspective| publisher =Routledge | isbn =9781134517206 | page =115 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=jRiCAgAAQBAJ&q=%22a%20palpable%20force%20of%20virtue%20and%20truth%22%20Sugirtharajah&pg=PA115}}
* {{Citation | last =Werner | first =Karel | year =2004 | title =A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism | publisher =Routledge | isbn =9781135797539 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvuQAgAAQBAJ}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rainbowbody.net/HeartMind/satchitananda.htm The Meaning of SATCHITANANDA ]
* [http://www.yogaofsrichinmoy.com/the-higher-worlds/sat-chit-ananda/ Sri Chimnoy, ''Sat-Chit-Ananda'']
* [http://www.sivanandaonline.org/public_html/?cmd=displaysection&section_id=749 Swami Sivananda, ''Atman is Sat-Chit-Ananda'']
* [http://makarajyothi.com/?page_id=22 Makara Jyothi, ''Purpose and Path of Hinduism'']
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Kashmir Shaivism]]
[[Category:Advaita Vedanta]]
[[Category:Advaita Shaivism]]
[[Category:Nondualism]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]

Satcitananda - Revision history

imported>WikiCleanerBot: v2.04b - Bot T20 CW#61 - Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation)