Sashastra Seema Bal - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 05:26, 19 November 2022
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	{{Short description\|Indian border guarding force}}		{{Short description\|Indian border guarding force for Indo-Nepalese and Indo-Bhutanese borders}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=May 2013}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=May 2013}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2020}}
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	\| agencyname = Sashastra Seema Bal		\| agencyname = Sashastra Seema Bal
	\| commonname =		\| commonname =
	~~\| nativenamea = {{lang\|hi\|सशस्त्र सीमा बल}}~~
	\| logo = [[File:Sashastra Seema Bal.svg\|120px]]		\| logo = [[File:Sashastra Seema Bal.svg\|120px]]
	\| logocaption = [[Emblem]] of the Sashastra Seema Bal		\| logocaption = [[Emblem]] of the Sashastra Seema Bal
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	\| countryabbr = India		\| countryabbr = India
	\| federal = Yes		\| federal = Yes
	\| governingbody = Ministry of Home Affairs (India)		\| governingbody = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]
	\| constitution1 = [https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/SSB-Act2007_0.pdf ~~The~~ Sashastra Seema Bal Act, 2007]		\| constitution1 = [https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/SSB-Act2007_0.pdf Sashastra Seema Bal Act, 2007]
	\| speciality1 =		\| speciality1 =
	\| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]		\| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
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	\| minister1name = [[Amit Shah]]		\| minister1name = [[Amit Shah]]
	\| minister1pfo = Union Home Minister		\| minister1pfo = Union Home Minister
	\| chief1name = S. ~~L. Thaosen~~<ref>{{cite news \|title=Centre elevates top IPS officer SL Thaosen as SSB chief \|url=https://~~government~~.~~economictimes~~.~~indiatimes~~.~~com/news/governance/centre-elevates-top-ips-officer-sl-thaosen-as-ssb-chief-zulfiquar-hasan-named-new-dg-bcas/91929232 \|access-date~~=~~13 June 2022 \|work~~=~~ETGovernment.com \|language~~=en}}</ref>		\| chief1name = Sh. Anish Dayal Singh<ref>{{cite news \|title=Centre elevates top IPS officer SL Thaosen as SSB chief \|url=https://ssb.gov.in/index1.aspx?lid=14497&lsid=14590&pid=6482&lev=2&langid=1&Cid=0}}</ref>
	\| chief1position = [[Director general of police\|Director General]]		\| chief1position = [[Director general of police\|Director General]]
	\| parentagency = [[Central Armed Police Forces]]		\| parentagency = [[Central Armed Police Forces]]
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	}}		}}

	'''Sashastra Seema Bal''' ('''SSB''') is a border ~~guarding~~ force of India deployed along its ~~border~~ with [[Nepal]] and [[Bhutan]]. It is one of the ~~five~~ [[Central Armed Police Forces]] under the administrative control of the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)\|Ministry of Home Affairs]] (MHA).		'''Sashastra Seema Bal''' ('''SSB'''; {{translation\|Armed border force}}) is a [[border guard]]ing force of India deployed along its borders with [[Nepal]] and [[Bhutan]]. It is one of the seven [[Central Armed Police Forces]] under the administrative control of the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)\|Ministry of Home Affairs]] (MHA).

	The force was originally set up under the name '''Special Service Bureau''' in 1963 in the aftermath of the [[Sino-Indian War]] to strengthen India's border areas against enemy operations.		The force was originally set up under the name '''Special Service Bureau''' in 1963 in the aftermath of the [[Sino-Indian War]] to strengthen India's border areas against enemy operations.
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	The SSB Battalion, is commanded by an officer of the rank of Commandant and who is assisted by officers of the rank of Second-in-Command, Deputy Commandant and Assistant Commandant. The battalion is further divided into Companies and [[Border outpost\|Border Out-Post (BOP).]] There are seven companies in a battalion, each company consisting of three border outposts. The company is commanded by an Assistant Commandants and the BOP is commanded by Sub-Inspectors.Each BOP consisting several Border check points.		The SSB Battalion, is commanded by an officer of the rank of Commandant and who is assisted by officers of the rank of Second-in-Command, Deputy Commandant and Assistant Commandant. The battalion is further divided into Companies and [[Border outpost\|Border Out-Post (BOP).]] There are seven companies in a battalion, each company consisting of three border outposts. The company is commanded by an Assistant Commandants and the BOP is commanded by Sub-Inspectors.Each BOP consisting several Border check points.

	== Ranks ==		==Personnel==
			=== Ranks ===
	Present rank structure is as follows:		Present rank structure is as follows:

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	\|}		\|}

	==Recruitment==		===Recruitment===
	# '''Assistant Commandants'''—Assistant Commandants are appointed (as officers are appointed and personnel below officer are recruited in any government organization) through a Competitive Examination conducted by Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) along with Assistant Commandants(Comn) recruitment [[conducted]] by SSB.		# '''Assistant Commandants'''—Assistant Commandants are appointed (as officers are appointed and personnel below officer are recruited in any government organization) through a Competitive Examination conducted by Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) along with Assistant Commandants(Comn) recruitment [[conducted]] by SSB.
	Sub Inspectors in GD/TEL/COMN are appointed (as SOs) through a competitive examination conducted by SSC and other special vacancies.		Sub Inspectors in GD/TEL/COMN are appointed (as SOs) through a competitive examination conducted by SSC and other special vacancies.
	Recruitment of constables and Head constables in different branch are also come every year generally.		Recruitment of constables and Head constables in different branch are also come every year generally.

	==Training ~~Centres~~==		===Training centres===
	Both civil and uniformed cadres of SSB are equally trained in various warfare's and other specialised courses such as Guerrilla warfare, Counter-Insurgency, Intelligence, Demolition, Jungle and Snow survival etc. The various training centres within the Force and in the training centres of other organisations/agencies.		Both civil and uniformed cadres of SSB are equally trained in various warfare's and other specialised courses such as Guerrilla warfare, Counter-Insurgency, Intelligence, Demolition, Jungle and Snow survival etc. The various training centres within the Force and in the training centres of other organisations/agencies.

	== List of SSB ~~Chiefs~~ ==		=== List of SSB chiefs ===
	Before 2001, SSB was one of the four organisations under the Directorate General of Security and was headed by a Director. The Director reported to the Principal Director, DGS, who in his turn, reported to DG (Security). On shifting of SSB to the Ministry of Home Affairs, the post of Principal Director, DGS was shifted alongside as Director General, SSB. The post of Director, SSB got re-designated as Additional DG, SSB. Lists of Directors,<ref>[https://ssb.nic.in/index1.aspx?lid=14&lsid=48&pid=18&lev=2&langid=1&Cid=0 List of Directors and DsG, SSB]</ref> Principal Directors<ref>[https://www.ssb.nic.in/WriteReadData/LINKS/showimg%20(3)de12e506-ea33-49c3-8db8-cdca091b21e1.pdf List of Directors, SSB and Principal Directors, DGS]</ref> and Directors General are given below.		Before 2001, SSB was one of the four organisations under the Directorate General of Security and was headed by a Director. The Director reported to the Principal Director, DGS, who in his turn, reported to DG (Security). On shifting of SSB to the Ministry of Home Affairs, the post of Principal Director, DGS was shifted alongside as Director General, SSB. The post of Director, SSB got re-designated as Additional DG, SSB. Lists of Directors,<ref>[https://ssb.nic.in/index1.aspx?lid=14&lsid=48&pid=18&lev=2&langid=1&Cid=0 List of Directors and DsG, SSB]</ref> Principal Directors<ref>[https://www.ssb.nic.in/WriteReadData/LINKS/showimg%20(3)de12e506-ea33-49c3-8db8-cdca091b21e1.pdf List of Directors, SSB and Principal Directors, DGS]</ref> and Directors General are given below.

	~~===~~Director, Special Service Bureau~~===~~		;Director, Special Service Bureau

	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
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	\|}		\|}

	~~===~~Director General, Sashastra Seema Bal~~===~~		;Director General, Sashastra Seema Bal

	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"

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2021-07-12T09:35:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:05, 12 July 2021
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	[[Category:Central Armed Police Forces of India]]		[[Category:Central Armed Police Forces of India]]
	[[Category:Border guarding forces of India]]		[[Category:Border guarding forces of India]]

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'''Sashastra Seema Bal''' ('''SSB''') is a border guarding force of India deployed along its border with [[Nepal]] and [[Bhutan]]. It is one of the [[Central Armed Police Forces]] under the administrative control of the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] (MHA).

The force was originally set up under the name '''Special Services Bureau''' in 1963 in the aftermath of the [[Sino-Indian War]] to strengthen India's border areas against enemy operations. The civil wing of the SSB, comprising 1,800 personnel, was transferred to the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] in 2018.<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/1-800-ssb-personnel-to-move-to-ib-for-special-ops-118121800876_1.html 1,800 SSB personnel to move to IB for special ops], ''Business Standard'', 18 December 2018.</ref>

==History==
The Sashastra Seema Bal was originally set up under the name '''Special Services Bureau''' (also abbreviated SSB) on 20 December 1963, following the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962. The primary task of the force was to provide armed support to the foreign intelligence division of [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]], which later became [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (after its creation in 1968). The secondary objective was to inculcate feelings of national belonging in the border population and assist them in developing their capabilities for resistance through a continuous process of motivation, training, development, welfare programmes and activities in the then [[North-East Frontier Agency|NEFA]], [[North Assam]] (the northern areas of the Indian state of [[Assam]]), [[North Bengal]] (the northern areas of the Indian State of [[West Bengal]]) and the hills of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Ladakh]]. The programme was later extended to [[Manipur]], [[Tripura]], [[Jammu]] in 1965; [[Meghalaya]] in 1975; [[Sikkim]] in 1976; the border areas of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]] in 1989; Manipur, Mizoram and further areas of Rajasthan as well as Gujarat in 1988; South Bengal (the southern areas of West Bengal); [[Nagaland]] in 1989; and the [[Nubra Valley]], [[Rajouri]] and the [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]] district of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in 1991.<ref name="ssb.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://www.ssb.nic.in/index.asp?linkid=59&sublinkid=32 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-05-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090409223116/http%3A//www.ssb.nic.in/index.html |archive-date=9 April 2009}}</ref>

Its primary purpose was to counter an act of aggression by the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]]. The previous thinking had been that, militarily, the Chinese were "superior" to India and in the event of a war, the Chinese might attempt to overwhelm Indian forces. So, in 1963, a unique force was created, which would, in the event of such an attempt by the Chinese to invade and occupy Indian territory, merge with the border population, donning civilian attire, working a [[parallel administration]] and carry out the war of India with the help of [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla tactics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ssb.nic.in/|title=Sashastra Seema Bal, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. Of India|website=ssb.nic.in}}</ref>

The SSB model proved an enormous success, evident by what it had achieved in training the [[Mukti Bahini]] in [[Bangladesh]] and other places, COIN Op's in the north-east and in its ability to provide security at high peaks during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] as well as during the [[Kargil War]].

From the Cabinet, the SSB was transferred to the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] and assigned the duties of manning the [[Nepal]] and [[Bhutan]] borders. The SSB was renamed the Sashastra Seema Bal, in accordance with its new role, and would come under the administrative control of the Ministry of Home Affairs in January 2001. This was done after the Kargil War with the adoption of the "one border one force concept".

The SSB claims to have presented a "benign face" of the government in border areas and that this was appreciated by the people of those areas.<ref>[http://india.gov.in/govt/armedforces.php?id=14 Sashastra Seema Bal], india.gov.in. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507004042/http://india.gov.in/govt/armedforces.php?id=14 |date=7 May 2012 }}</ref>

Pursuant to the recommendations of a group of ministers on reforming the national security system, SSB was declared as a Border Guarding Force and Lead Intelligence Agency (LIA) for Indo-Nepal border (June, 2001) and assigned the task of guarding the 1751 km long Indo-Nepal border along the states of [[Uttarakhand]], (263.7 km with 3 districts), [[Uttar Pradesh]] (599.3 km—with 7 districts), [[Bihar]] (800.4 km—with 7 districts), [[West Bengal]] (105.6 km—with 1 district) and [[Sikkim]] (99 km). In March 2004, SSB was assigned the task of guarding the 699 km stretch of Indo-Bhutan border along the states of Sikkim- (32 km), West Bengal (183 km—with 2 districts), Assam (267 km—with 4 districts) and, [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (217 km—with 2 districts).<ref name="ssb.nic.in"/> Since then SSB was re-christened into Sashastra Seema Bal and reached new heights. SSB is the first border guarding force that has decided to recruit women battalions. It is doing excellent job as Border Guarding Force on Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan Border.

SSB is also engaged in Counter-Insurgency operations in Jammu and Kashmir and Anti-naxal operations in Jharkhand, Bihar and Chhattisgarh. It is also performing internal security duties i.e. Election duties and law and order duties in different parts of India.

SSB celebrated the year 2013 as Golden Jubilee year marking 50 years of its raising. The celebrations have commenced with the Flag-off of a Mount Everest Expedition on 2 April 2013 from Delhi. The team led by Commandant Somit Joshi successfully reached at the peak at about 9:45 a.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) on 21 May 2013 to commemorate the 50th anniversary.

In 2014, the government of India approved the recruitment of women as combat officers in SSB.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-government-approves-women-recruitment-as-combat-officers-in-sashastra-seema-bal-4579919-NOR.html|title=Government approves women recruitment as 'combat officers' in Sashastra Seema Bal|date=13 April 2014}}</ref>

==Role==
[[File:Stamp of India - 2013 - Colnect 477806 - Sashastra Seema Bal.jpeg|thumb|right|305x305px|Sashastra Seema Bal postal stamp issued in 2013]]
The previous role of the Special Service Bureau was to motivate and mobilise India's border population for national security during times of peace as well as war and to promote a sense of security and brotherhood among the population, in furtherance of national integration. Its present-day role consists of preventing cross-border crime and smuggling as well as other anti-national activities.

In pursuit of achieving this mandated task, the SSB has been conferred with certain powers under the Criminal Procedure Code of 1973, the Arms Act of 1959, the NDPS Act of 1985 and the Passport Act of 1967. The [[Government of India]] also contemplates conferring additional powers under the Customs Act of 1962.

These powers are to be exercised within a belt of 15 km in the states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh, running along the Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan borders, as well as in any other area of SSB operation.

==Organisation==

Prior to 2001, the force was known as the Special Service Bureau (SSB). As per its revised role, the uniform wing worked under the operational command of civilian officers. It was in 1985 that a 15% quota of Area Organisers, for promotion to the rank of [[Deputy Inspector General|Deputy Inspector-General]], was given to the Commandants of the uniform wing. The civil wing worked in the Area of Operations (AOPs) along the Indo-Tibet and Indo-Pakistan border. Recruitment in uniform wing would be from among Indian youth of the border area who have undergone advanced training in guerrilla warfare and also selected by the respective operational commander such as by the Divisional Organiser, Area Organiser, Sub-Area Organiser and Circle Organiser.

The Divisional Organiser was equivalent in rank to that of Inspector-General of Police, specifically earmarked for the respective AOPs to which they belonged and were activated by. The repercussions of the closure of the old role have been debated and deliberated in the defence establishments and now the relevance of the old role of SSB has been realised for the security of the border area, as such a role is likely to be revived.
[[File:Sankar Baruah receiving the ceremonial salute from the contingent of participant of 59th All India Police Hockey Championship organized by Sashastra Seema Bal, at Guwahati on March 12, 2011.jpg|alt=|right|thumb|305x305px|The All India Police Hockey Championship, organized by the Sahastra Seems Bal. Above, Sankar Baruah the DG of the Assam Police receives the ceremonial salute.]]
The highest-level headquarters of the force is Force Headquarters (FHQ), also called the Directorate-General of SSB, located in the Indian capital of [[New Delhi]]. Force Headquarters (FHQ) is commanded by an officer of the rank of [[Director General|Director-General]]. The Director-General is assisted by the Additional Director-General. Various Directorates including Operations and Intelligence, Personnel and Training, Administration, Provisioning and Communication, Medical, as well as others, function under the DG. Each Directorate is headed by an IG and assisted by a DIG and other officers.

Frontier Headquarters (FTR HQ) is commanded by an officer of the rank of Inspector-General (IG), who is placed next in the [[command hierarchy|chain of command]] after the FHQ. FTR HQR, in turn, exercises command and control over the sector HQs.

The SSB Battalion, is commanded by an officer of the rank of Commandant and who is assisted by officers of the rank of Second-in-Command, Deputy Commandant and Assistant Commandant. The battalion is further divided into Companies and [[Border outpost|Border Out-Post (BOP).]] There are seven companies in a battalion, each company consisting of three border outposts. The company is commanded by an Assistant Commandants and the BOP is commanded by Sub-Inspectors.Each BOP consisting several Border check points.

== Ranks ==
Present rank structure is as follows:

===Combatised wing===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-1-of-2}}
* '''Gazetted Officers (GOs)'''
# Director-General
# Special Director General
# Inspector-General
# Deputy Inspector-General
# Commandant
# Second-in-Command
# Deputy Commandant
# Assistant Commandant
{{col-2-of-2}}
* '''Non-Gazetted Officers (NGOs)'''
# Inspector
# Sub-Inspector
# Assistant Sub-Inspector
# Head Constable
# Constable
{{col-end}}

==Recruitment==
# '''Assistant Commandants'''—Assistant Commandants are appointed (as officers are appointed and personnel below officer are recruited in any government organization) through a Competitive Examination conducted by Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) along with Assistant Commandants(Comn) recruitment [[conducted]] by SSB.
Sub Inspectors in GD/TEL/COMN are appointed (as SOs) through a competitive examination conducted by SSC and other special vacancies.
Recruitment of constables and Head constables in different branch are also come every year generally.

==Training Centres==
Both civil and uniformed cadres of SSB are equally trained in various warfare's and other specialised courses such as Guerrilla warfare, Counter-Insurgency, Intelligence, Demolition, Jungle and Snow survival etc. The various training centres within the Force and in the training centres of other organisations/agencies.

==See also==
* [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
* [[Central Reserve Police Force]]
* [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]
* [[Central Industrial Security Force]]
* [[Border Security Force]]
* [[Assam Rifles]]
* [[National Security Guard]]
* [[Border outpost]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Home Ministry (India)}}
{{Law enforcement in India}}

[[Category:Paramilitary forces of India]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in India| ]]
[[Category:India–Nepal border]]
[[Category:Bhutan–India border]]
[[Category:Central Armed Police Forces of India]]
[[Category:Border guarding forces of India]]