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	The text refers to the functional organs as ''karmenḍriyas'' (organs of action).<ref name=knaiyarintro/> These are of two types, external and internal, suggests the text. The external organs of action include the mouth as the organ of speech; the hands to lift; the legs to walk, the organs of excretion to remove bodily waste, and the organs of procreation to enjoy.<ref name=Text/>		The text refers to the functional organs as ''karmenḍriyas'' (organs of action).<ref name=knaiyarintro/> These are of two types, external and internal, suggests the text. The external organs of action include the mouth as the organ of speech; the hands to lift; the legs to walk, the organs of excretion to remove bodily waste, and the organs of procreation to enjoy.<ref name=Text/>

	The internal organs of action are called ''[[Antahkarana\|Anṭaḥkaraṇa]]'', comprising four types namely: [[Manas (early Buddhism)\|Manas]] or [[mind]] for ''[[Sankalpa]]-vikalpa'' (free will and doubt); Buddhi or intellect for discernment and understanding; [[Ahamkara]] or ego for sense of self (egoism); and [[citta\|chitta]] or mental faculty for memory.<ref name=knaiyarintro/> The body parts where these four antahkaranas reside, asserts the text, are as follows: mind is at the end of the throat; intellect behind the face; ego in the heart; and chitta emanates from the navel.<ref name=Text/>		The internal organs of action are called ''[[Antahkarana\|Anṭaḥkaraṇa]]'', comprising four types namely: [[Manas (early Buddhism)\|Manas]] or [[mind]] for ''Sankalpa-vikalpa'' (free will and doubt); Buddhi or intellect for discernment and understanding; [[Ahamkara]] or ego for sense of self (egoism); and [[citta\|chitta]] or mental faculty for memory.<ref name=knaiyarintro/> The body parts where these four antahkaranas reside, asserts the text, are as follows: mind is at the end of the throat; intellect behind the face; ego in the heart; and chitta emanates from the navel.<ref name=Text/>

	===Physiology of the body===		===Physiology of the body===

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{{Infobox Upanishad
| image = Theosophia Practica - Gichtel.jpg
| caption = The Sarira (body) and elements
| alt =
| Devanagari = शरीरक or शारीरक
| Sanskrit_transliteration =
| meaning = Body
| composition_date =
| authors =
| type = Samanya
| Veda = [[Krishna Yajurveda]]
| Brahmana =
| Aranyaka =
| chapters =
| verses =
| philosophy =
| commentary =
| verse =
| previous =
| next =
}}
The '''''Sariraka Upanishad''''' (Sanskrit: शारीरक उपनिषत्, [[IAST]]: Śārīraka Upaniṣad) is one of the minor [[Upanishads]] and is listed at 62 (in the serial order in the [[Muktika]] enumerated by [[Rama]] to [[Hanuman]]{{Sfn|Deussen| Bedekar | Palsule (tr.)|1997|p=556}}) in the modern era [[anthology]] of 108 Upanishads. Composed in [[Sanskrit]],{{Sfn|Ramamoorthy|Nome|2000|p=19}}<ref name=Text>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/tmu/tmu17.htm|title=Śārīraka-Upanishaḍ of Kṛshṇa-Yajurveḍa|access-date=24 October 2015|publisher=Sacred Texts.com}}</ref> it is one of the 32 Upanishads that belongs to the [[Krishna Yajurveda]], and is classified as one of the Samanya (general),{{Sfn|Tinoco|1997|p=87}} and is one of several dedicated mystical physiology Upanishads.<ref name=aiyar113>KN Aiyar, Thirty Minor Upanishads, University of Toronto Archives, {{oclc|248723242}}, pages vii, 113–115 [https://archive.org/stream/thirtyminorupani00xxxxuoft#page/n129/mode/2up Archive]</ref><ref>Alex Wayman (1982), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1398480 Reviewed Work: Thirty Minor Upanishads, including the Yoga Upanishads by K. Narayansvami Aiyar], Philosophy East and West, Vol. 32, No. 3, pages 360–362</ref>

The Upanishad, along with [[Garbha Upanishad]], focuses on what is the relation between human body and human soul, where and how one relates to the other, and what happens to each at birth and after death.<ref name=pauldeussen283/> These questions and various theories are mentioned in the earliest Upanishads of [[Hinduism]], the theories evolve, but Sariraka and other mystical physiology Upanishads are dedicated to this discussion.<ref name=pauldeussen283/> The texts, states [[Paul Deussen]] have been revised in later era and their corrupted content is inconsistent across known manuscripts.<ref name=pauldeussen283>Paul Deussen (1966), The Philosophy of the Upanishads, Dover, {{ISBN|978-0486216164}}, pages 283–296</ref>

The text asserts that the human body is a composite of elements from earth, water, air, space (''akash''), and energy (''agni'', fire); and that the human soul (''[[jiva|jīva]]'') is "the lord of the [human] body".<ref name=aiyar113/> It then describes how human sensory organs arise from these, how functions such as human will, doubt, memory, intellect, copulation, speech, anger, fear, delusion, right conduct, compassion, modesty, non-violence, [[dharma]] and other aspects of life arise.<ref name=aiyar113/> The Sariraka Upanishad states that [[Prakriti]] (inert but always changing nature) consists of eight native forms, fifteen functional modifications, for a total of twenty-three [[tattva]]. It adds that the twenty fourth tattva in human body is ''avyakta'' (undifferentiated cosmic matter), asserting the individual soul functions as [[Kshetrajna]] ("the lord of the body") and the [[Purusha]] (indestructible universal principle, unchanging cosmic soul) is different and greater than the twenty four ''tattvas''.<ref name=aiyar113/>

==Etymology==
The term ''śārīraka'' literally means "relating to the constitution of body and its parts" and "doctrine about the body and soul".<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=DI&beginning=0+&tinput=shariraka&trans=Translate&direction=AU śārīraka] and [http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=DI&beginning=0+&tinput=sharira+&trans=Translate&direction=AU śārīra], Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany</ref> The text is also called '''Sharirakopanishad''' (Sanskrit: शारीरकोपनिषत्).

==Structure==
The text consists of one chapter, which begins with a long prose prologue presenting a theory of human physiology, followed by eight verses.<ref name=sanskritshariraka>[http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/shaariiraka.html?lang=sa ॥ शारीरकोपनिषत् ॥] Sanskrit text of Shariraka Upanishad, SanskritDocuments Archives (2009)</ref> Verses 1 through 4, as well as 6 through 7 are metric, while the 5th verse is longer and presents the theory of three [[Guṇa]]s and four states of consciousness.<ref name=sanskritshariraka/> The last verse asserts that [[Purusha]] is supreme.<ref name=aiyar113/>

==Contents==
===What constitutes the body?===
The Upanishad opens with the declaration that a body is a composite of ''[[Prithvi|pṛiṭhvī]]'' or earth and four primordial elements (''[[Mahābhūta|mahābhūṭas]]'') – [[agni]] or fire, [[vayu]] or air, [[Ap (water)|apas]] or water, and [[akasha]] or cosmic space.<ref name=knaiyarintro>KN Aiyar, Thirty Minor Upanishads, University of Toronto Archives, {{oclc|248723242}}, page 113, [https://archive.org/stream/thirtyminorupani00xxxxuoft#page/n129/mode/2up Archive]</ref> It asserts that whatever is hard in any living body is the essence of earth; that which is fluid part is the essence of water; the hot in a body is the essence of fire; that which moves is essence of air; and the openings or pores in the body is of the essence of cosmic space.<ref name=knaiyarintro/>

===Jñānenḍriyas: the sensory organs===
Shariraka Upanishad refers to the sensory organs as ''jñānenḍriyas'' (organs to know).<ref name=knaiyarintro/> It links them to the elements as follows: the ear is attributed to space and both as essential to the sense of sound; the skin as essence of vayu, for touch; the eye is associated with fire with characteristics to know form; the tongue as essence of water, for taste; and nose as essence of earth, for smell.<ref name=knaiyarintro/>

===Karmenḍriyas: the organs of action===
The text refers to the functional organs as ''karmenḍriyas'' (organs of action).<ref name=knaiyarintro/> These are of two types, external and internal, suggests the text. The external organs of action include the mouth as the organ of speech; the hands to lift; the legs to walk, the organs of excretion to remove bodily waste, and the organs of procreation to enjoy.<ref name=Text/>

The internal organs of action are called ''[[Antahkarana|Anṭaḥkaraṇa]]'', comprising four types namely: [[Manas (early Buddhism)|Manas]] or [[mind]] for ''[[Sankalpa]]-vikalpa'' (free will and doubt); Buddhi or intellect for discernment and understanding; [[Ahamkara]] or ego for sense of self (egoism); and [[citta|chitta]] or mental faculty for memory.<ref name=knaiyarintro/> The body parts where these four antahkaranas reside, asserts the text, are as follows: mind is at the end of the throat; intellect behind the face; ego in the heart; and chitta emanates from the navel.<ref name=Text/>

===Physiology of the body===
The Sariraka Upanishad maps the various empirical physiology and sensory functions to its theory of constitutional elements as follows:<ref name=sanskritshariraka/><ref name=knaiyar114>KN Aiyar, Thirty Minor Upanishads, University of Toronto Archives, {{oclc|248723242}}, pages 113–114</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Elements and human anatomy, physiology
|-
! Element!! [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] name !![[Physiology]] !! Functional role
|-
| Earth||[[Prithvi]] ||Bone, skin, nadis (vessels), nerves, hair and flesh || Sound, touch, form, taste, smell
|-
| Water|| [[Ap (water)|Apas]] ||Blood, phlegm, urine, ''shukra'' (semen) and sweat || Sound, touch, form, taste
|-
| Fire||[[Agni]]||Hunger, thirst, need for rest, greed and need to copulate || Sound, touch, form
|-
| Air||[[Vayu]]||Walking, eyelid movement, vocal cords, scratching || Sound, touch
|-
| Space||[[Akash]]||Desire, anger, avarice, delusion and fear || Sound
|}

===Psyche and character===
The Upanishad adopts the [[Samkhya]] theory of three [[Guṇa]]s or innate qualities, as being present in all beings. These three ''gunas'' are called: ''{{IAST|[[sattva]]}}'' (goodness, constructive, harmonious), ''{{IAST|[[rajas]]}}'' (passion, active, confused), and ''{{IAST|[[tamas (philosophy)|tamas]]}}'' (darkness, destructive, chaotic).<ref name=aw>Alban Widgery (1930), The principles of Hindu Ethics, International Journal of Ethics, Vol. 40, No. 2, pages 234–237</ref>

{{Quote|
<poem>
अहिंसा सत्यमस्तेयब्रह्मचर्यापरिग्रहाः <nowiki>। अक्रोधो गुरुशुश्रुषा शौचं सन्तोष आर्जवम् ॥ १॥
अमानित्वमदम्भित्वमास्तिकत्वमहिंस्रता । एते सर्वे गुणा ज्ञेयाः सात्त्विकस्य विशेषतः ॥ २॥</nowiki>

[[Ahimsa|Non-violence]], truthfulness, non-stealing, [[Brahmacharya]], [[Aparigraha]], [[Akrodha|non-anger]], serving the [[Guru]], [[shaucha]] (purity in mind and body), [[santosha]] (contentment), [[Arjava]], abstinence from arrogance, simplicity (non-pompousness), [[astika]] (faith in Self, belief in God), and avoiding being cause of injury to others – these [[Guṇa]] (qualities, character, psyche) are generally known in particular as Sattvic.
</poem>
|Sariraka Upanishad|1.1–1.2<ref name=sanskritshariraka/><ref name=knaiyar114/>}}

The focus on "I", without consideration of its effect on other living beings, such as "I am the actor, I am the enjoyer" are considered [[Rajas]]ic ''guna'' by those who have realized [[Brahman]] knowledge, states the text.<ref name=sanskritshariraka/><ref name=knaiyar114/> The [[Tamas (philosophy)|Tamas]]ic ''guna'' are those related to the psyche that continues sloth, theft, craving, delusion and destruction.<ref name=knaiyar114/> Those with preponderance of [[Sattvic]] nature seek spirituality, divine and self-knowledge, asserts the Sariraka Upanishad in verse 1.5, while those with dominating Rajas psyche seek knowledge of [[dharma]], while those who seek destructive knowledge are Tamasic.<ref name=sanskritshariraka/><ref name=knaiyar114/>

===Four states of consciousness===
The text posits the same four states of consciousness or ''avasthas'' as found in [[Mandukya Upanishad]] and Buddhist texts.<ref>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814691}}, pages 605–637</ref><ref>Richard King (1995), Early Advaita Vedānta and Buddhism: The Mahāyāna Context of the Gauḍapādīya-kārikā, SUNY Press, page 300, footnote 140</ref><ref>Michael Comans (2000), The Method of Early Advaita Vedānta: A Study of Gauḍapāda, Śaṅkara, Sureśvara, and Padmapāda, Motilal Banarsidass, pages 97–98</ref> It defines the four states as ''Jāgraṭa'' (waking state), ''Svapna'' (dreaming state), ''Sushupṭi'' (dreamless sleeping state), and ''[[Turiya]]'' (pure consciousness).<ref name=Text/> The text then attempts to link its physiology theory to explain these four states of consciousness as follows: in the Jāgraṭa state the 14 organs of the body which come into play are five organs of sense, five organs of action, and the four internal organs. Svapna or dreaming state shuts off all ten external organs, and only the four internal organs are operative states the Upanishad. In Sushupṭi, everything is silent, except [[Citta|chiṭṭa]] or mind only. Ṭuriya avastha is exclusively about [[jiva]] (life force, soul immersed in itself).<ref name=sanskritshariraka/><ref name=knaiyar114/>

===Soul and Purusha===
The liberated person is one, states the Sariraka Upanishad, who is aware of Turiya-state [[jiva]] (soul),<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/topic/jiva Jiva] Encyclopædia Britannica (2013), Quote: "Jiva, in Indian philosophy and religion, and particularly in Jainism and Hinduism, a living sentient substance akin to an individual soul."</ref> while awake, or while dreaming, or while dreamless sleeping. This is the [[Jīvāṭmā]] and [[Paramāṭmā]] state of a person.<ref name=knaiyar114/> The Upanishad state that soul is the Ksheṭrajña, or "the lord of the body".<ref name=sanskritshariraka/><ref>KN Aiyar, Thirty Minor Upanishads, University of Toronto Archives, {{oclc|248723242}}, page 114 [https://archive.org/stream/thirtyminorupani00xxxxuoft#page/n131/mode/2up Archive], Quote: "(...) jiva is said to be the Ksheṭrajña (the lord of the body)"</ref> The subtle elements of a body are seventeen, eight are Prakritis, fifteen are functional modifications of the eight Prakritis. The Upanishad summarises the 24 tattvas which includes ''Avyakta'' (the "undifferentiated matter"), as five organs of sense, and eight pertaining to prakriti or nature which further includes 15 modified forms.<ref name=Text/> In verse 1.8, the text states that the [[Purusha]] is different and above than the twenty four ''tattvas''.<ref name=aiyar113/><ref name=sanskritshariraka/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last1= Deussen |first1=Paul |last2= Bedekar |first2=V.M. (tr.)|last3= Palsule (tr.)|first3=G.B. |title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1467-7}}
*{{cite book|last1= Ramamoorthy|first1=Dr. H.|last2=Nome|title=The Song of Ribhu: The English Translation of the Tamil Ribhu Gita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BX6Kt4f9NqwC&pg=PR19|year=2000|publisher=Society of Abidance in Truth|isbn=978-0-9703667-0-2}}
*{{cite book|last= Tinoco |first=Carlos Alberto |title=Upanishads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xoNEM63hZEC&pg=PA87|year=1997|publisher=IBRASA|isbn=978-85-348-0040-2}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book|last= Gajendragadkar|first=K. V. Gajendragadkar|title=Neo-upanishadic Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6olLAAAAIAAJ|year=1959|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}
*{{cite book|last= Goyala |first=Śrīrāma |title=A Religious History of Ancient India, Upto C. 1200 A.D.: Smarta, epic-Pauranika and Tantrika Hinduism, Christianity and Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hLHXAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Kusumanjali Prakashan}}
*{{cite book|last=Iyengar|first= Prashant S.|title=Cittavijñana de las Yogasanas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7NKOnQtZagC&pg=PT58|date=2 May 2013|publisher=Leer-e|isbn=978-84-15902-15-7}}
*{{cite book|last= Prasoon |first=Prof.S.K. |title=Indian Scriptures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvmAwVXPKbQC&pg=PT85|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1007-8}}
{{Mukhya Upanishads}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

[[Category:Upanishads]]
[[Category:Sanskrit texts]]

Sariraka Upanishad - Revision history

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