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	==External links==		==External links==
	{{stack\|~~{{Portal\|India\|Water\|Renewable energy}}~~}}		{{stack\|}}
	{{Commons category\|Narmada Dam Project}}		{{Commons category\|Narmada Dam Project}}
	* [http://narmada.org Friends of River Narmada]		* [http://narmada.org Friends of River Narmada]

82.30.61.80: Added some punctuation.

2021-08-29T10:32:13Z

Added some punctuation.

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Sardar Sarovar Dam
| name_official = Sardar Sarovar Dam
| image_caption = The Sardar Sarovar Dam on Narmada river
| image_alt = 15
| location_map_caption =
| location = Navagam, [[Kevadia]], [[Narmada District]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|21|49|49|N|73|44|50|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| status = Operational
| construction_began = April 1987
| opening = 17 September 2017
| demolished =
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Gujarat]]
| operator = Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited
| dam_type = [[Gravity dam]]
| dam_crosses = [[Narmada River]]
| dam_height_foundation = {{convert|163|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_length = {{convert|1210|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume =
| spillway_count = 30 (Chute spillway (auxilliary) – 7 : 18.30 m x 18.00 m, Service Spillway – 23 : 18.30 m x 16.75 m)
| spillway_type = Ogee
| spillway_capacity = {{convert|86944|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| res_name = Sardar Sarovar Reservoir
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|9.460|km3|acre.ft|lk=out|abbr=on}}
| res_capacity_active = {{convert|5.760|km3|acre.ft|lk=out|abbr=on}}
| res_capacity_inactive = {{convert|3.700|km3|acre.ft|lk=out|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment = {{convert|88,000|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_surface = {{convert|375.33|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_length = {{convert|214|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| res_max_width = {{convert|16.10|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth = 140m
| res_elevation = {{convert|138|m|abbr=on}}
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator = Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines = Dam: 6 × 200 [[megawatt|MW]] [[Francis pump-turbine]]<br />Canal: 5 × 50 MW [[Kaplan-type]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Pumped-Storage Hydroelectric Plants — Asia-Pacific|url=http://www.industcards.com/ps-asia-pacific.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208130029/http://www.industcards.com/ps-asia-pacific.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2012|publisher=IndustCards|access-date=20 January 2012}}</ref>
| plant_capacity = 1,450 MW
| plant_annual_gen = Varies from 1 Billion kWh in surplus rainfall year to 0.86 Billion kWh in deficit year.
| website = {{url|www.sardarsarovardam.org/}}
| extra =
| image = Sardar Sarovar Dam 1.jpg
| image_size =
| location_map = India Gujarat
| location_map_size =
| dam_height = 138.68 meters
}}
[[File:Sardar Sarovar Dam 3.jpg|thumb|Sardar Sarovar Dam on [[Narmada River]]]]
The '''Sardar Sarovar Dam''' is a concrete gravity dam built on the [[Narmada river]] in Navagam near [[Kevadiya]], [[Narmada District]] , Gujarat in India. Four Indian states, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan, receive water and electricity supply from the dam. The foundation stone of the project was laid out by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on 5 April 1961. The project took form in 1979 as part of a development scheme funded by the [[World Bank]] through their [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]], to increase irrigation and produce hydroelectricity, using a loan of US$200 million.<ref name="wb1985">{{cite book |title=Original report – Narmada dam development project |date=6 February 1985 |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington DC |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/159651468034814390/pdf/multi-page.pdf |access-date=4 April 2019}}</ref> The construction for dam begun in 1987, but the project was stalled by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 1995 in the backdrop of [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]] over concerns of displacement of people. In 2000–01 the project was revived but with a lower height of 111 metres under directions from SC, which was later increased in 2006 to 123 metres and 139 metres in 2017.<ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sardar-sarovar-dam-years-of-dispute-finally-full-height-narmada-river-narendra-modi-4848513/</ref> The dam was inaugurated in 2017 by Prime minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="Huffingtonpost">{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/amp/2017/09/17/modi-to-inaugurate-worlds-second-largest-dam-on-his-birthday_a_23212068/|title=Modi Inaugurates World's Second Biggest Dam On His Birthday|date=17 September 2019|newspaper=Huffingtonpost|access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref> The water level in the Sardar Sarovar Dam at [[Kevadia]] in [[Narmada district]] reached its highest capacity at '''138.7 metres''' on 15 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sardar-sarovar-dam-water-level-touches-its-highest-mark/articleshow/71140009.cms|title=Sardar Sarovar dam water level touches its highest mark|date=15 September 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sardar-sarovar-dam-water-level-touches-its-highest-mark-pm-modi-to-visit-site-on-sept-17-2309971.html|title=Sardar Sarovar Dam Water Level Touches its Highest Mark, PM Modi to Visit Site on Sept 17|website=News18|access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref>

One of the 30 dams planned on river Narmada, Sardar Sarovar Dam (SSD) is the largest structure to be built. It is the second [[Gravity dam|largest concrete dam in the world]] in terms of the volume of concrete used in its construction, after the [[Grand Coulee dam]] across [[River Columbia]], US.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-narendra-modi-to-inaugurate-worlds-second-biggest-sardar-sarovar-dam-on-september-17-4843132/ | title= PM Modito inaugurate world's second biggest dam on September 17 | date=14 September 2017 | newspaper=The Indian Express | agency=Indo-Asian News Service | access-date=31 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/narendra-modi-inaugurates-sardar-sarovar-dam-170917123309247.html | title=Narendra Modi inaugurates Sardar Sarovar Dam | date=17 September 2017 | publisher=Al Jazeera | access-date=31 December 2018 }}</ref> It is a part of the Narmada Valley Project, a large [[hydraulic engineering]] project involving the construction of a series of large [[irrigation]] and [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] multi-purpose dams on the Narmada river. Following a number of controversial cases before the [[Supreme Court of India]] (1999, 2000, 2003), by 2014 the Narmada Control Authority had approved a series of changes in the final height – and the associated displacement caused by the increased reservoir, from the original {{convert|80|m|abbr=on}} to a final {{convert|163|m|abbr=on}} from foundation.<ref name="go" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Sardar Sarovar Power Complex|url=http://www.nca.gov.in/power_index.htm|publisher=Narmada Control Authority|access-date=20 January 2012}}</ref> The project will irrigate more than {{convert|18000|km2|abbr=on}}, most of it in drought prone areas of [[Kutch]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]].

The dam's main power plant houses six 200 MW [[Francis pump-turbine]]s to generate electricity and include a [[pumped-storage]] capability. Additionally, a power plant on the intake for the main canal contains five 50 MW [[Kaplan turbine]]-generators. The total installed capacity of the power facilities is 1,450 MW.<ref name="wboriginal">{{cite web |title=World bank projects in India – Narmada development |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/159651468034814390/India-Narmada-River-Development-Gujarat-Sardar-Sarovar-Dam-and-Power-Project |publisher=World Bank |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404052006/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/159651468034814390/India-Narmada-River-Development-Gujarat-Sardar-Sarovar-Dam-and-Power-Project |archive-date=4 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Geographical location==
To the south west [[Malwa]] plateau, the dissected hill tracts culminate in the Mathwar hills, located in [[Alirajpur]] district of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Below these hills Narmada river flows through a long, terrific gorge. This gorge extends into Gujarat where the river is tapped by the Sardar Sarovar dam.

==Narmada Canal==
{{main|Narmada Canal}}
The dam irrigates {{convert|17920|km²|abbr=on}} of land spread over 12 districts, 62 talukas, and 3,393 villages (75% of which is drought-prone areas) in [[Gujarat]] and {{convert|730|km²|abbr=on}} in the arid areas of [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]] and [[Jalore]] districts of [[Rajasthan]]. The dam provides drinking water to 9490 villages and 173 urban centers in Gujarat; and 1336 villages & 3 towns in Rajasthan. The dam
also provides flood protection to riverine reaches measuring {{convert|30000|ha|abbr=on}} covering 210 villages and [[Bharuch]] city and a population of 400,000 in Gujarat.<ref name="support">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.supportnarmadadam.org/features-narmada-canal-india.htm
| title = Main Features of the Dam
| publisher = supportnarmadadam.org
| access-date = 15 April 2010}}
</ref> [[Saurashtra Narmada Avtaran Irrigation]] is a major program to help irrigate a lot of regions using the canal's water.

=== Solar power generation ===
{{Main article|Canal Solar Power Project}}
In 2011, the government of Gujarat announced plans to generate solar power by placing solar panels over the canal, making it beneficial for the surrounding Villages to get power and also help to reduce the evaporation of water. The first phase consists of placing panels along a 25 km length of the canal, with capacity for up to, 25 MW of power.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_soon-solar-power-panels-on-narmada-canal-narendra-modi_1594864|title=Soon, solar power panels on Narmada canal:Modi|work=dna}}</ref>

==Controversy==
{{Main|Narmada Bachao Andolan}}

The dam is one of India's most controversial, and its environmental impact and net costs and benefits are widely debated.<ref name="Leech">
{{Cite news
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/mar/03/india-narmada-dams
| title = The Narmada Dambusters are wrong
| last = Leech
| first = Kirk
| newspaper = [[The Guardian]]
| date = 3 March 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130906053609/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/mar/03/india-narmada-dams
| archive-date = 6 September 2013
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name="Verghese">
{{Cite news
| url = https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/the-verdict-and-after-18964
| title = The verdict and after
| last = Verghese
| first = Boobli George
| author-link = B. G. Verghese
| newspaper = DownToEarth
| date = 30 November 2000
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171112193908/http://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/the-verdict-and-after-18964
| archive-date = 12 November 2017
| url-status = unfit
}}</ref><ref name="Patkar">
{{Cite news
| url = https://thewire.in/environment/politics-over-narmada-once-again
| title = Politics Over Narmada, Once Again
| last = Patkar
| first = Medha
| newspaper = [[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]
| date = 15 June 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190710153953/https://thewire.in/environment/politics-over-narmada-once-again
| archive-date = 10 July 2019
| url-status = live
}}</ref> The [[World Bank]] was initially funding SSD, but withdrew in 1994 at the request of the Government of India when the state governments were unable to comply with the loan's environmental and other requirements.<ref>{{Cite book|author=World Bank |year=1995 |chapter=Annex 2: Government Cancellation of Bank Loan |title=Project Completion Report: India: Narmada River Development — Gujarat: Sardar Sarovar Dam and Power Project: Annexes to Part I, and Part III |page=148 (page 23 of 61 of Annex 2) }}</ref> The Narmada Dam has been the centre of controversy and protests since the late 1980s.<ref name=Scudder>{{Citation|last=Scudder |first=Thayer |author-link=Thayer Scudder |year=2003 |title=India's Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP) |series=unpublished manuscript |url=http://docshare04.docshare.tips/files/13861/138617771.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527180625/http://docshare04.docshare.tips/files/13861/138617771.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

One such protest takes centre stage in the Spanner Films documentary ''[[Drowned Out]]'' (2002), which follows one tribal family who decide to stay at home and drown rather than make way for the Narmada Dam.<ref name=drowned>{{cite web|url=http://tv.oneworld.net/2009/07/28/drowned-out-the-first-10-mintues/ |title=Drowned Out: The first 10 minutes of Drowned Out |publisher=OneWorldTV |date=28 July 2009}}</ref>
An earlier documentary film is called ''[[A Narmada Diary]]'' (1995) by [[Anand Patwardhan]] and Simantini Dhuru. The efforts of [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]] ("Save Narmada Movement") to seek "social and environmental justice" for those most directly affected by the Sardar Sarovar Dam construction feature prominently in this film. It received the ([[Filmfare Award for Best Documentary]]-1996).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frif.com/cat97/k-o/a_narmad.html|title=A Narmada Diary|access-date=13 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221235854/http://www.frif.com/cat97/k-o/a_narmad.html|archive-date=21 February 2008}}</ref>

The figurehead of much of the protest is [[Medha Patkar]], the leader of the [[Narmada Bachao Andolan|NBA]]<ref name=frn>Friends of River Narmada. Retrieved 9 July 2007 [http://www.narmada.org/sardarsarovar.html The Sardar Sarovar Dam: a Brief Introduction]</ref> The movement was cemented in 1989, and received the [[Right Livelihood Award]] in 1991.
[[File:Sardar Sarovar Dam 4.jpg|thumb|Frontview of Sardar Sarovar Dam]]

In an opinion piece in ''[[The Guardian]]'', the campaign led by the NBA activists was accused of holding up the project's completion and of even physically attacking local people who accepted compensation for moving.<ref name="Leech" />

Support for the protests also came from Indian author [[Arundhati Roy]], who wrote "The Greater Common Good", an essay reprinted in her book ''The Cost of Living'', in protest of the Narmada Dam Project.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Roy
| first = Arundhati
| author-link = Arundhati Roy
| title = The Greater Common Good
| publisher = Friends of River Narmada
| date = April 1999
| url = http://www.narmada.org/gcg/gcg.html
| access-date = 29 May 2009}}</ref> In the essay, Roy states:<blockquote>Big Dams are to a Nation's "Development" what Nuclear Bombs are to its Military Arsenal. They are both weapons of mass destruction. They're both weapons Governments use to control their own people. Both Twentieth Century emblems that mark a point in time when human intelligence has outstripped its own instinct for survival. They're both malignant indications of civilisation turning upon itself. They represent the severing of the link, not just the link—the understanding—between human beings and the planet they live on. They scramble the intelligence that connects eggs to hens, milk to cows, food to forests, water to rivers, air to life and the earth to human existence.</blockquote>

==Height increases==
[[File:Sardar Sarovar Dam 2006, India.jpg|thumb|The Sardar Sarovar Dam undergoing height increase in 2006]]
[[File:Sardar Sarovar Dam 2.jpg|thumb|Sardar Sarovar Dam after height increase]]
* In February 1999, the Supreme Court of India gave the go ahead for the dam's height to be raised to {{convert|88|m|abbr=on}} from the initial {{convert|80|m|abbr=on}}.
* In October 2000 again, in a 2-to-1 majority judgment in the Supreme Court, the government was allowed to construct the dam up to {{convert|90|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name=go>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/978064.stm|title=BBC News — SOUTH ASIA — Go-ahead for India dam project|publisher=BBC}}</ref>
* In May 2002, the Narmada Control Authority approved increasing the height of the dam to {{convert|95|m|abbr=on}}.
* In March 2004, the Authority allowed a {{convert|15|m|abbr=on}} height increase to {{convert|110|m|abbr=on}}.
* In March 2006, the Narmada Control Authority gave clearance for the height of the dam to be increased from {{convert|110.6|m|abbr=on}} to {{convert|121.9|m|abbr=on}}. This came after 2003 when the Supreme Court of India refused allow the height of the dam to increase again.
* In August 2013, heavy rains raised the reservoir level to {{Convert|131.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}, which forced 7,000 villagers upstream along the Narmada River to relocate.<ref>{{cite news|title=7000 villagers relocated after water level in Narmada dam crosses 130m|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/7000-villagers-relocated-after-water-level-in-narmada-dam-crosses-130m/1159828/|access-date=25 August 2013|newspaper=Express News Service|date=25 August 2013}}</ref>
* On June 2014, Narmada Control Authority gave the final clearance to raise the height from {{convert|121.9|m|abbr=on}} metres to {{convert|138.6|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=NCA permits raising Narmada dam height after eight years|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NCA-permits-raising-Narmada-dam-height-after-eight-years/articleshow/36436408.cms|access-date=12 June 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=12 June 2014}}</ref>
* The Narmada Control Authority decided on 17 June 2017 to raise the height of the Sardar Sarovar Dam to its fullest height 163-metre by ordering the closure of 30 gates.
* The water level in the Sardar Sarovar Dam at [[Kevadia]] in [[Narmada district]] reached its highest capacity at '''138.7 metres''' on 15 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sardar-sarovar-dam-water-level-touches-its-highest-mark/articleshow/71140009.cms|title=Sardar Sarovar dam water level touches its highest mark|date=15 September 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sardar-sarovar-dam-water-level-touches-its-highest-mark-pm-modi-to-visit-site-on-sept-17-2309971.html|title=Sardar Sarovar Dam Water Level Touches its Highest Mark, PM Modi to Visit Site on Sept 17|website=News18|access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|33em}}

==References==
* Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam. (01/2002) Retrieved 7 September 2007 [http://www.sardarsarovardam.org/ Narmada for People and Environment]
* Dam-Affected Resettlement in Gujarat, by Chhandasi Pandya. Retrieved 13 July 2007 [http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=10 Article]
* {{Cite web|title=Second Interim Report of the Committee for Assessment of Survay / Studies / Planning and Implementation, of the Plans on Environmental Safeguard Measures for Sardar Sarovar & Indira Sagar Projects |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/SECOND%20INTERIM%20REPORT%20OF%20THE%20COMMITTEE%20FOR%20ASSESSMENT%20OF%20SURVEY.doc }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100512052556/http://aidindia.org/main/content/view/1226/457/ Association for India's Development website]

==External links==
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Water|Renewable energy}}}}
{{Commons category|Narmada Dam Project}}
* [http://narmada.org Friends of River Narmada]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110808110036/http://nvda.nic.in/ Official Website of NVDA – Narmada Valley Development Authority]
* [http://www.sardarsarovardam.org Official website of Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited]
* [http://newsrack.in/Browse.do?owner=subbu&issue=narmada&catID=7 Regularly updated news clippings about Narmada dams]
* Concluding letter from Independent Review (also known as Morse Committee) constituted by World Bank in 1992 to assess Sardar Sarovar Dam Project [https://web.archive.org/web/20071222120804/http://www.math.tifr.res.in/~vvaish/shared/index.php?Adir= djvu format] or in [https://web.archive.org/web/20071222120804/http://www.math.tifr.res.in/~vvaish/shared/index.php?Adir= pdf format].

{{Gujarat}}
{{Hydrography of Gujarat}}
{{Narmada basin}}
{{Narmada River dams}}

[[Category:Dams completed in 2006]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2006]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Economy of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jalore district]]
[[Category:Dams in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations in India]]
[[Category:Dams on the Narmada River]]
[[Category:Tapi district]]
[[Category:Vallabhbhai Patel]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Gujarat]]

Sardar Sarovar Dam - Revision history

CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

82.30.61.80: Added some punctuation.