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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plant in the mistletoe family Santalaceae}}
{{automatic taxobox
|image = Sandalwood.jpg
|image_caption = The branches of a young ''[[Santalum paniculatum]]'' on the [[Hawaii (island)|island of Hawai{{okina}}i]]
|taxon = Santalum
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = See text
|synonyms = * ''Eucarya'' [[Thomas Mitchell (explorer)|T.Mitch.]]
* ''Fusanus'' [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
}}

'''''Santalum''''' is a genus of woody [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Santalaceae]] family, the best known and commercially valuable of which is the Indian [[sandalwood]] tree, ''[[Santalum album|S. album]]''. Members of the genus are [[tree]]s or [[shrub]]s. Most are root [[Parasitic plant|parasites]] which [[Photosynthesis|photosynthesize]] their own food, but tap the roots of other species for water and inorganic [[Plant nutrition|nutrients]]. Several species, most notably ''S. album'', produce highly aromatic wood, used for scents and [[perfume]]s and for [[Herbalism|herbal medicine]]. About 25 known species range across the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]], [[Australasian realm|Australasian]], and [[Oceanian realm]]s, from [[India]] through [[Malesia]] to the Pacific Islands, as far as [[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]] and the [[Juan Fernández Islands]] off the coast of [[South America]].

Indian sandalwood (''S. album'') is found in the [[tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|tropical dry deciduous forests]] of India, the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]] of [[Indonesia]], and [[Arnhem Land]] of northern [[Australia]]. It is the only species of the genus found on the [[Asia]]n mainland, and may have been introduced to India from the Lesser Sundas centuries ago. Indian sandalwood has been stripped from most of India's forests, and is now rare in the wild. Five species, including ''S. album'', are native to Australia. ''[[Santalum acuminatum|S. acuminatum]]'', known as the sweet quandong or native peach, produces a shiny bright red fruit used increasingly in Australia for jams, jellies, [[chutney]]s, and pies. Four species, commonly called ''{{okina}}iliahi'', are [[Endemism|endemic]] to Hawai{{okina}}i. ''[[Santalum fernandezianum|S. fernandezianum]]'', endemic to the [[Juan Fernández Islands]] off the coast of [[Chile]], was also [[overexploited]] for its aromatic wood, and may now be [[Extinction|extinct]].

''Santalum'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species, including ''[[Endoclita|Endoclita malabaricus]]''.

==Cultivation==
The initial challenges to cultivating ''Santalum'' are numerous, not only due to its [[germination]] and growth needs, but also the amount of growing time required for the tree to properly mature. Germination of ''Santalum'' [[seed]]s is not completely understood. Seeds cannot be effectively stored, and must be planted upon harvesting them from a fruiting tree. Even in doing this, the seeds may not germinate. As such, growing saplings can be quite labour-intensive.

Furthermore, although ''Santalum'' trees [[photosynthesis|photosynthesize]] on their own, the trees are [[hemiparasitic]], with roots that seek out and tap the root systems of surrounding trees for water and nutrients. As such, each sapling is usually grown next to four or five host trees. [[Pruning]] of host trees is also needed at times, since ''Santalum'' trees require much sunlight for growth.

To produce commercially valuable sandalwood with high levels of fragrance oils, the trees have to be at least 40 years of age, but 80 or above is preferred. As such, those who begin cultivation of ''Santalum'' likely will not live to reap the rewards of their work. However, inferior sandalwood that has been cut or toppled at 30 years old can still fetch a decent price due to the demand for real sandalwood.

Beyond these initial difficulties, growing sandalwood is not difficult, since it becomes more resistant to environmental stresses, pests, and diseases as it matures.

==Species==
* ''[[Santalum acuminatum|S. acuminatum]]'' [[Alphonse Pyrame de Candolle|A.DC.]] — desert quandong, sweet quandong, native peach ([[Australia]])
* ''[[Santalum album|S. album]]'' [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] — Indian sandalwood, white sandalwood, ''chandana'' ([[India]], [[Indonesia]], northern Australia)
* ''[[Santalum austrocaledonicum|S. austrocaledonicum]]'' [[Eugène Vieillard|Vieill.]] ([[New Caledonia]], [[Vanuatu]])<ref>{{GRIN | ''Santalum austrocaledonicum'' | 450430 | accessdate = 2009-04-05}}</ref>
* ''[[Santalum boninense|S. boninense]]'' (Nakai) Tuyama ([[Bonin Islands]], [[Japan]])
* ''[[Santalum ellipticum|S. ellipticum]]'' [[Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré|Gaudich.]] — ''{{okina}}iliahialo{{okina}}e'', coast sandalwood ([[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]])<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/data/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Santalum_ellipticum.pdf |title=ʻiliahi-a-lo e, coast sandalwood |first=Elbert L. |last=Little Jr. |author2=Roger G. Skolmen |publisher=[[United States Forest Service]] |year=1989}}</ref>
* ''[[Santalum fernandezianum|S. fernandezianum]]'' [[Rodolfo Armando Philippi|Phil.]] ([[Juan Fernández Islands]])
* ''[[Santalum freycinetianum|S. freycinetianum]]'' [[Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré|Gaudich.]] — ''{{okina}}iliahi'' (Hawai{{okina}}i)<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/data/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Santalum_freycinetianum.pdf |title=ʻIliahi, Freycinet sandalwood |first=Elbert L. |last=Little Jr. |author2=Roger G. Skolmen |publisher=[[United States Forest Service]] |year=1989}}</ref><ref name="RNGR">{{cite web|url=http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/PDF.2004-03-16.2407/file |format=[[PDF]] |first=James A. |last=Allen |title=''Santalum freycinetianum'' Gaudich. |work=Tropical Tree Seed Manual |publisher=Reforestation, Nurseries & Genetics Resources |date=2003-01-01 |accessdate=2009-03-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116115650/http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/PDF.2004-03-16.2407/file |archivedate=January 16, 2009 }}</ref>
* ''[[Santalum haleakalae|S. haleakalae]]'' [[William Hillebrand|Hillebr.]] — ''{{okina}}iliahi'' (Hawai{{okina}}i)
* ''[[Santalum lanceolatum|S. lanceolatum]]'' [[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|R.Br.]] — northern sandalwood (Australia)
* ''[[Santalum macgregorii|S. macgregorii]]'' F.Muell ([[Papua New Guinea]], [[Indonesia]])
* ''[[Santalum murrayanum|S. murrayanum]]'' [[Charles Austin Gardner|C.A.Gardner]] — bitter quandong (Australia)
* ''[[Santalum obtusifolium|S. obtusifolium]]'' (Australia)
* ''[[Santalum paniculatum|S. paniculatum]]'' [[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]] & [[George Arnott Walker-Arnott|Arn.]] — ''{{okina}}iliahi'' (Hawai{{okina}}i)
* ''[[Santalum salicifolium|S. salicifolium]]'' — willowleaf sandalwood
* ''[[Santalum spicatum|S. spicatum]]'' (R.Br.) [[Alphonse Pyrame de Candolle|A.DC.]] — Australian sandalwood (Australia)
* ''[[Santalum yasi|S. yasi]]'' [[Berthold Carl Seemann|Seem.]] - ''yasi'' ([[Fiji]], [[Niue]]) [[Tonga]]- ''Ahi'' <ref>{{GRIN | ''Santalum yasi'' | 414290 | accessdate = 2009-04-05}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{APNI|name =''Santalum'' L.|id= 6830 }}
*{{FloraBase||name =''Santalum'' L.|id= 21329 }}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.users.centralonline.com.au/aqia/ Australian Quandong Industry Association]
* [http://farrer.riv.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/APOL31/sep03-3.html Australian Plants online: ''Santalum'']
* [http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/santalum.htm Hawaiian Native Plants: ''Santalum'']
* {{Cite journal |url=http://www.agroforestry.net/tti/Santalum-Haw-sandalwood.pdf |title=Santalum ellipticum, S. freycinetianum, S. haleakalae, and S. paniculatum (Hawaiian sandalwood) |first=Mark D. |last=Merlin |author2=Lex A.J. Thomson |author3=Craig R. Elevitch |date=April 2006 |publisher=The Traditional Tree Initiative}}
* {{cite web |url=http://old.kcc.hawaii.edu/campus/tour/plants/piliahi.htm |title=ʻIliahi
|work=Native Hawaiian Plants |publisher=[[Kapiolani Community College|Kapiʻolani Community College]] |accessdate=}}
* {{Cite journal |url=http://www.agroforestry.net/tti/Santalum-a-y-sandalwood.pdf |title=Santalum austrocaledonicum and S. yasi (sandalwood) |first=Lex A. J. |last=Thomson |date=April 2006 |publisher=The Traditional Tree Initiative}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q339027}}

[[Category:Santalum| ]]
[[Category:Santalales genera]]

Santalum - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article