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{{For|the sociological process in which lower-caste people imitate upper-caste customs|Sanskritisation (sociology)}}{{Short description|Sanskrit influence on other languages}}
[[File:Manipravala.JPG|thumb|314x314px|[[Manipravalam]], a heavily Sanskritised style of [[Tamil language|Tamil]], written in [[Tamil-Grantha script]].]]
'''Sanskritisation''' is the process of introducing features from [[Sanskrit]], such as [[vocabulary]] and [[grammar]], into other languages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramaswamy |first=Sumathi |date=1999 |title=Sanskrit for the Nation |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/sanskrit-for-the-nation/53E89BD4A2BFA304D2CCD131BA5C1782 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=339–381 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X99003273 |s2cid=145240374 |issn=1469-8099|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is sometimes associated with the "[[Hinduisation]]" of a linguistic community.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Hindi/Urdu/Hindustani in the Metropolises: Visual (and Other) Impressions |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-03566-7/18 |title=Defining the Indefinable: Delimiting Hindi |date=2014 |access-date=2023-10-29 |publisher=Peter Lang|doi=10.3726/978-3-653-03566-7/18 |isbn=9783631647745 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>Punnoose, Reenu, and Muhammed Haneefa. "[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4529992 Problematising Hindi as the'Self'and English as the'Other'.]" ''Economic & Political Weekly'' 53.7 (2018).</ref> Many languages throughout [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] were greatly influenced by Sanskrit (or its descendant languages, the [[Prakrit|Prakrits]] and modern-day [[Indo-Aryan languages]]) historically.<ref>Chakraborty, Shibashis. [https://www.academia.edu/45078705/_The_Role_of_Specific_Grammar_For_Interpretation_in_Sanskrit_ "The Role of Specific Grammar for Interpretation in Sanskrit"]. ''Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science, 9 (2)'' (2021): 107-187.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Burrow |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWDhKTj1SBYC&pg=PA62 |title=The Sanskrit Language |date=2001 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1767-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bronkhorst |first=Johannes |date=2010-01-01 |title=The spread of Sanskrit |url=https://www.academia.edu/46040987 |journal=From Turfan to Ajanta. Festschrift for Dieter Schlingloff on the Occasion of His Eightieth Birthday}}</ref>

Sanskritisation often stands in opposition to the [[Persianisation]] or [[Englishization|Englishisation]] of a language within South Asia,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolton |first1=Kingsley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yT33ebcOBkC&pg=PA290 |title=World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics |last2=Kachru |first2=Braj B. |date=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-31507-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Calabrese |first1=Rita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=naDWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 |title=Variation and Change in Postcolonial Contexts |last2=Chambers |first2=J. K. |last3=Leitner |first3=Gerhard |date=2015-10-13 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-8493-8 |language=en}}</ref> as occurs with the [[Hindustani language]], which in its Sanskritised, Persianised, and English-influenced registers becomes [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], and [[Hinglish]]/[[Urdish]] respectively.<ref name="Coleman2014">{{cite book |last1=Coleman |first1=Julie |title=Global English Slang: Methodologies and Perspectives |date=10 January 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-93476-9 |page=130 |language=en |quote=Within India, however, other regional forms exist, all denoting a mixing of English with indigenous languages. ''Bonglish'' (derived from the slang term ''Bong'' 'a Bengali') or ''Benglish'' refers to 'a mixture of Bengali and English', ''Gunglish'' or ''Gujlish'' 'Gujarati + English', ''Kanglish'' 'Kannada + English', ''Manglish'' 'Malayalam + English', ''Marlish'' 'Marathi + English', ''Tamlish'' or ''Tanglish'' 'Tamil + English' and ''Urdish'' 'Urdu + English'. These terms are found in texts on regional variations of Indian English, usually in complaint-tradition discussions of failing standards of language purity.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tull |first=Herman |date=2011 |title=Language in South Asia. Edited by Braj B. Kachru, Yamuna Kachru, and S. N. Sridhar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. xxiv, 608 pp. $120.99 (cloth); $50.00 (paper). |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/S002191181000361X |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=279–280 |doi=10.1017/s002191181000361x |s2cid=163424137 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kachru |first=Yamuna |date=2006 |title=Mixers lyricing in Hinglish: blending and fusion in Indian pop culture |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0083-2919.2006.00461.x |journal=World Englishes |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=223–233 |doi=10.1111/j.0083-2919.2006.00461.x |issn=0883-2919|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kachru |first=Braj B. |date=1994 |title=Englishization and contact linguistics |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00303.x |journal=World Englishes |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=135–154 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00303.x |issn=0883-2919|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Support for Sanskritisation in South Asia runs highest among [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalists]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fishman |first1=Joshua A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OBoSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA226 |title=Handbook of Language & Ethnic Identity |last2=García |first2=Ofelia |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539245-6 |language=en}}</ref>

Sanskritisation of the names of people and places is also commonplace in India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Staal |first=J. F. |date=1963 |title=Sanskrit and Sanskritization |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2050186 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=261–275 |doi=10.2307/2050186 |jstor=2050186 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shah |first=A.M. |date=2005 |title=Sanskritisation Revisited |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23620499 |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=238–249 |jstor=23620499 |issn=0038-0229}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Kapur |first=Anu |title=Sanskritization of place names |date=2019 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780429057687-4/sanskritization-place-names-anu-kapur |work=Mapping Place Names of India |pages=78–87 |access-date=2023-10-30 |publisher=Routledge India |doi=10.4324/9780429057687-4 |isbn=978-0-429-05768-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== History ==

=== Ancient era ===
{{Excerpt|Sanskrit#Influence on other languages}}

=== Modern era ===
{{See also|Hindi–Urdu controversy|Hindi#Sanskrit}}
During the medieval era, the Indian languages had taken in a lot of Perso-Arabic influences as a result of Muslim invasions, particularly in the [[Northwestern South Asia|northwestern subcontinent]];<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kachru |first1=Braj B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA103 |title=Language in South Asia |last2=Kachru |first2=Yamuna |last3=Sridhar |first3=S. N. |date=2008-03-27 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-46550-2 |language=en}}</ref> colonial-era education policies, [[religious nationalism]], and the influence of some of the more Sanskritised Indian languages played a role in Hindus and Muslims increasingly separating in terms of their linguistic influences,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatia |first=Tej K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJOXzRXsSK0C&pg=PA101 |title=A History of the Hindi Grammatical Tradition: Hindi-Hindustani Grammar, Grammarrians, History and Problems |date=1987 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-07924-3 |language=en}}</ref> with Hindus tending towards the usage of Sanskrit words and the [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic]] [[Devanagari]] script for writing [[Hindi]] & Muslims opting for a more [[Perso-Arabic literature|Perso-Arabic]] vocabulary & [[Nastaliq]] [[Arabic script]] for writing [[Urdu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rai |first=Alok |date=1995 |title=Making a Difference: Hindi, 1880-1930 |url=https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/11901 |journal=Annual of Urdu Studies |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">Ganpat Teli, M.Phil. [https://www.academia.edu/8054389/Revisiting_the_Making_of_Hindi_as_a_National_Language "Revisiting the Making of Hindi as a ‘National’ Language"], M.Phil.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Das |first=Sisir Kumar |title=Standardisation of Hindi and Bengali |date=1978 |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/253130 |access-date=2023-10-29 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |language=en}}</ref>

Since the 1947 [[Partition of India]], the Indian government, which at one point considered making Sanskrit the national language, instead has sought to further Sanskritise Hindi,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ludden |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEUdPqYQjhoC&pg=PA100 |title=Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India |date=1996 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-1585-4 |language=en}}</ref> considering it to be easier for Indians to learn,<ref>McCartney, Patrick. [https://www.academia.edu/6274287/The_Sanitising_Power_of_Spoken_Sanskrit "The sanitising power of spoken Sanskrit"]. ''Himāl South Asian'' (2014).</ref> and as a way of distancing Hindi from the Urdu spoken in the newly formed country of Pakistan (though Urdu continues to have official status in several Indian states, such as [[Uttar Pradesh]]).<ref name="Benedikter2009">{{cite book |last1=Benedikter |first1=Thomas |title=Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India |date=2009 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-643-10231-7 |page=82 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nijhawan |first=Shobna |date=2018-07-03 |title=Defining the Indefinable: Delimiting Hindi |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00856401.2018.1489763 |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |language=en |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=702–704 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2018.1489763 |s2cid=149573096 |issn=0085-6401|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sanskrit has been used to form [[Sanskritism|new words]] to describe modern concepts and technologies in several South Asian languages by forming [[Calque|calques]] based on English words.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hock |first=Hans Henrich |date=1992 |title=A note on English and modern Sanskrit |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1992.tb00061.x |journal=World Englishes |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2–3 |pages=163–171 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.1992.tb00061.x |issn=0883-2919|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=D'Souza |first=Jean |date=1987 |title=English in India's language modernization |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1987.tb00177.x |journal=World Englishes |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=63–70 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.1987.tb00177.x |issn=0883-2919|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In addition, Sanskrit words that have been nativised into other languages have been mixed with words from other language families, such as the [[Dravidian languages]], to form new words.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Crowd-sourced Technical Texts can help Revitalise Indian Languages |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325847040 |journal=ResearchGate}}</ref>

Cultural debates have emerged over how much Sanskrit should appear in Hindi and how acceptable Persian and English influences should be,<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's War on Urdu |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/indias-war-on-urdu/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Yamuna Kachru. [https://www.academia.edu/7145522/Convergence_and_Syntactic_Reanalysis_The_case_of_so_in_Dakkhini#page=165 "Corpus planning for modernization: Sanskritization and Englishization of Hindi"]. ''Studies in the Linguistic Sciences'', Vol. 19, No. 1, Spring 1989, pages 153-164</ref> with [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalists]] favouring Sanskritised Hindi,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sau |first=Ranjit |date=1999 |title=From Sanskritisation to Hindi-Isation and Hindu-Isation: The 13th Lok Sabha |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4408522 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=34 |issue=42/43 |pages=2979–2983 |jstor=4408522 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> opposing Urdu in part because of its association with [[Islam in India|Islam]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-16 |title=The curious case of Urdu |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/the-curious-case-of-urdu/article38492210.ece |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> and some [[Hindutva boycott of Hindi cinema|boycotting]] the Hindi-language [[Bollywood]] film industry for featuring too much Urdu and English vocabulary in its movies.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Is the Hindu Nationalist 'Boycott Bollywood' Campaign Impacting the Box Office? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/09/is-hindu-nationalists-boycott-bollywood-campaign-impacting-the-box-office/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The siege of Bollywood |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2021/02/25/the-siege-of-bollywood |access-date=2023-10-27 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

== De-Sanskritisation ==
{{Excerpt|De-Sanskritisation|Linguistics|subsections=yes}}

== See also ==

* [[Sanskrit revival]]
* [[Sanskritism]]
* [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)]]
* [[Linguistic purism]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
*{{cite book|last=Oberlies|first=Thomas|title=A Grammar of Epic Sanskrit |publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location=Berlin New York|year=2003|isbn=978-3-11-014448-2}}
*{{cite journal|last=Pollock|first=Sheldon|s2cid=35550166|title=The Death of Sanskrit|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=43|issue=2|year=2001|pages=392–426|jstor=2696659}}
{{Sanskrit language topics}}{{Linguistic influence}}
[[Category:Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Linguistic influence]]

Sanskritisation (linguistics) - Revision history

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