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← Older revision		Revision as of 17:10, 30 April 2021
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	[[Category:Sanskrit\| ]]		[[Category:Sanskrit\| ]]
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	Sanskrit's status, function, and place in India's cultural heritage are recognized by its inclusion in the [[Constitution of India]]'s [[Languages with official status in India#Eighth Schedule to the Constitution\|Eighth Schedule languages]].<ref name="GazzolaWickström2016">{{cite book\|last1=Gazzola\|first1=Michele\|last2=Wickström\|first2=Bengt-Arne\|title=The Economics of Language Policy\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4snDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA469\|year=2016\|publisher=MIT Press\|isbn=978-0-262-03470-8\|pages=469– \|quote=The Eighth Schedule recognizes India's national languages as including the major regional languages as well as others, such as Sanskrit and Urdu, which contribute to India's cultural heritage. ... The original list of fourteen languages in the Eighth Schedule at the time of the adoption of the Constitution in 1949 has now grown to twenty-two.}}</ref><ref name="Groff2017-lead">{{cite book \|last=Groff \|first=Cynthia \|title=The Ecology of Language in Multilingual India: Voices of Women and Educators in the Himalayan Foothills \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLc7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 \|year=2017 \|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK \|isbn=978-1-137-51961-0 \|pages=58– \|quote=As Mahapatra says: “It is generally believed that the significance for the Eighth Schedule lies in providing a list of languages from which Hindi is directed to draw the appropriate forms, style and expressions for its enrichment” ... Being recognized in the Constitution, however, has had significant relevance for a language's status and functions.}}</ref> However, despite attempts at revival,<ref>{{Cite news \|date=22 December 2014 \|title=Indian village where people speak in Sanskrit\|language=en-GB \|work=BBC News\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30446917\|access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=sreevastan-thehindu-sanskrit/> there are no first language speakers of Sanskrit in India.<ref name="Ruppel2017"/><ref name=sreevastan-thehindu-sanskrit/><ref name="KachruKachru2008-1">{{cite book\|last=Annamalai\|first=E. \|editor=Braj B. Kachru \|editor2=Yamuna Kachru \|editor3=S. N. Sridhar \|title=Language in South Asia \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA223 \|year=2008 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-1-139-46550-2 \|pages=223– \|chapter=Contexts of multilingualism \|quote=Some of the migrated languages ... such as Sanskrit and English, remained primarily as a second language, even though their native speakers were lost. Some native languages like the language of the Indus valley were lost with their speakers, while some linguistic communities shifted their language to one or other of the migrants’ languages.}}</ref> In each of India's recent decadal censuses, several thousand citizens have reported Sanskrit to be their mother tongue,{{efn\|6,106 Indians in 1981, 49,736 in 1991, 14,135 in 2001, and 24,821 in 2011, have reported Sanskrit to be their mother tongue.<ref name=sreevastan-thehindu-sanskrit/>}} but the numbers are thought to signify a wish to be aligned with the prestige of the language.<ref name=sreevastan-thehindu-sanskrit>{{cite book \|title=Where are the Sanskrit speakers? \|last=Sreevastan \|first=Ajai \|work=The Hindu \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/where-are-the-sanskrit-speakers/article6299433.ece \|date=10 August 2014 \|location =Chennai \|access-date=11 October 2020 \|quote=Sanskrit is also the only scheduled language that shows wide fluctuations — rising from 6,106 speakers in 1981 to 49,736 in 1991 and then falling dramatically to 14,135 speakers in 2001. “This fluctuation is not necessarily an error of the Census method. People often switch language loyalties depending on the immediate political climate,” says Prof. Ganesh Devy of the People's Linguistic Survey of India. ... Because some people “fictitiously” indicate Sanskrit as their mother tongue owing to its high prestige and Constitutional mandate, the Census captures the persisting memory of an ancient language that is no longer anyone's real mother tongue, says B. Mallikarjun of the Center for Classical Language. Hence, the numbers fluctuate in each Census. ... “Sanskrit has influence without presence,” says Devy. “We all feel in some corner of the country, Sanskrit is spoken.” But even in Karnataka's Mattur, which is often referred to as India's Sanskrit village, hardly a handful indicated Sanskrit as their mother tongue.}}</ref><ref name=patrick-mccartney-5-10-20>{{citation\|last=McCartney\|first=Patrick\|title=Searching for Sanskrit Speakers in the Indian Census\|url=https://thewire.in/culture/india-census-sanskrit\|date=May 10, 2020\|access-date=November 24, 2020\|publisher=The Wire}} Quote: "What this data tells us is that it is very difficult to believe the notion that Jhiri is a “Sanskrit village” where everyone only speaks fluent Sanskrit at a mother tongue level. It is also difficult to accept that the lingua franca of the rural masses is Sanskrit, when most the majority of L1, L2 and L3 Sanskrit tokens are linked to urban areas. The predominance of Sanskrit across the Hindi belt also shows a particular cultural/geographic affection that does not spread equally across the rest of the country. In addition, the clustering with Hindi and English, in the majority of variations possible, also suggests that a certain class element is involved. Essentially, people who identify as speakers of Sanskrit appear to be urban and educated, which possibly implies that the affiliation with Sanskrit is related in some way to at least some sort of Indian, if not, Hindu, nationalism."</ref><ref name=patrick-mccartney-5-11-20>{{citation\|last=McCartney\|first=Patrick\|title=The Myth of 'Sanskrit Villages' and the Realm of Soft Power\|url=https://thewire.in/society/sanskrit-soft-power\|date=May 11, 2020\|access-date=November 24, 2020\|publisher=The Wire}} Quote: "Consider the example of this faith-based development narrative that has evolved over the past decade in the state of Uttarakhand. In 2010, Sanskrit became the state's second official language. ... Recently, an updated policy has increased this top-down imposition of language shift, toward Sanskrit. The new policy aims to create a Sanskrit village in every “block” (administrative division) of Uttarakhand. The state of Uttarakhand consists of two divisions, 13 districts, 79 sub-districts and 97 blocks. ... There is hardly a Sanskrit village in even one block in Uttarakhand. The curious thing is that, while 70% of the state's total population live in rural areas, 100pc of the total 246 L1-Sanskrit tokens returned at the 2011 census are from Urban areas. No L1-Sanskrit token comes from any villager who identifies as an L1-Sanskrit speaker in Uttarakhand."</ref><ref name=censusofindia2011>{{citation \|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf \|publisher=Census of India, 2011 \|title=Distribution of the 22 Scheduled Languages – India / States / Union Territories – Sanskrit \|page=30 \|access-date=4 October 2020}}</ref> Sanskrit has been taught in traditional [[gurukulas]] since ancient times; it is widely taught today at the secondary school level. The oldest Sanskrit college is the [[Benares Sanskrit College]] founded in 1791 during [[Company rule in India\|East India Company rule]].<ref name="Seth2007">{{cite book \|last=Seth \|first=Sanjay \|title=Subject Lessons: The Western Education of Colonial India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QU9glkC4ceMC&pg=PA171 \|date= 2007 \|publisher=Duke University Press \|isbn=978-0-8223-4105-5 \|pages=171–}}</ref> Sanskrit continues to be widely used as a ceremonial and ritual language in Hindu and Buddhist [[stotra\|hymns]] and [[mantra\|chants]].		Sanskrit's status, function, and place in India's cultural heritage are recognized by its inclusion in the [[Constitution of India]]'s [[Languages with official status in India#Eighth Schedule to the Constitution\|Eighth Schedule languages]].<ref name="GazzolaWickström2016">{{cite book\|last1=Gazzola\|first1=Michele\|last2=Wickström\|first2=Bengt-Arne\|title=The Economics of Language Policy\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4snDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA469\|year=2016\|publisher=MIT Press\|isbn=978-0-262-03470-8\|pages=469– \|quote=The Eighth Schedule recognizes India's national languages as including the major regional languages as well as others, such as Sanskrit and Urdu, which contribute to India's cultural heritage. ... The original list of fourteen languages in the Eighth Schedule at the time of the adoption of the Constitution in 1949 has now grown to twenty-two.}}</ref><ref name="Groff2017-lead">{{cite book \|last=Groff \|first=Cynthia \|title=The Ecology of Language in Multilingual India: Voices of Women and Educators in the Himalayan Foothills \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLc7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 \|year=2017 \|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK \|isbn=978-1-137-51961-0 \|pages=58– \|quote=As Mahapatra says: “It is generally believed that the significance for the Eighth Schedule lies in providing a list of languages from which Hindi is directed to draw the appropriate forms, style and expressions for its enrichment” ... Being recognized in the Constitution, however, has had significant relevance for a language's status and functions.}}</ref> However, despite attempts at revival,<ref>{{Cite news \|date=22 December 2014 \|title=Indian village where people speak in Sanskrit\|language=en-GB \|work=BBC News\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30446917\|access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=sreevastan-thehindu-sanskrit/> there are no first language speakers of Sanskrit in India.<ref name="Ruppel2017"/><ref name=sreevastan-thehindu-sanskrit/><ref name="KachruKachru2008-1">{{cite book\|last=Annamalai\|first=E. \|editor=Braj B. Kachru \|editor2=Yamuna Kachru \|editor3=S. N. Sridhar \|title=Language in South Asia \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA223 \|year=2008 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-1-139-46550-2 \|pages=223– \|chapter=Contexts of multilingualism \|quote=Some of the migrated languages ... such as Sanskrit and English, remained primarily as a second language, even though their native speakers were lost. Some native languages like the language of the Indus valley were lost with their speakers, while some linguistic communities shifted their language to one or other of the migrants’ languages.}}</ref> In each of India's recent decadal censuses, several thousand citizens have reported Sanskrit to be their mother tongue,{{efn\|6,106 Indians in 1981, 49,736 in 1991, 14,135 in 2001, and 24,821 in 2011, have reported Sanskrit to be their mother tongue.<ref name=sreevastan-thehindu-sanskrit/>}} but the numbers are thought to signify a wish to be aligned with the prestige of the language.<ref name=sreevastan-thehindu-sanskrit>{{cite book \|title=Where are the Sanskrit speakers? \|last=Sreevastan \|first=Ajai \|work=The Hindu \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/where-are-the-sanskrit-speakers/article6299433.ece \|date=10 August 2014 \|location =Chennai \|access-date=11 October 2020 \|quote=Sanskrit is also the only scheduled language that shows wide fluctuations — rising from 6,106 speakers in 1981 to 49,736 in 1991 and then falling dramatically to 14,135 speakers in 2001. “This fluctuation is not necessarily an error of the Census method. People often switch language loyalties depending on the immediate political climate,” says Prof. Ganesh Devy of the People's Linguistic Survey of India. ... Because some people “fictitiously” indicate Sanskrit as their mother tongue owing to its high prestige and Constitutional mandate, the Census captures the persisting memory of an ancient language that is no longer anyone's real mother tongue, says B. Mallikarjun of the Center for Classical Language. Hence, the numbers fluctuate in each Census. ... “Sanskrit has influence without presence,” says Devy. “We all feel in some corner of the country, Sanskrit is spoken.” But even in Karnataka's Mattur, which is often referred to as India's Sanskrit village, hardly a handful indicated Sanskrit as their mother tongue.}}</ref><ref name=patrick-mccartney-5-10-20>{{citation\|last=McCartney\|first=Patrick\|title=Searching for Sanskrit Speakers in the Indian Census\|url=https://thewire.in/culture/india-census-sanskrit\|date=May 10, 2020\|access-date=November 24, 2020\|publisher=The Wire}} Quote: "What this data tells us is that it is very difficult to believe the notion that Jhiri is a “Sanskrit village” where everyone only speaks fluent Sanskrit at a mother tongue level. It is also difficult to accept that the lingua franca of the rural masses is Sanskrit, when most the majority of L1, L2 and L3 Sanskrit tokens are linked to urban areas. The predominance of Sanskrit across the Hindi belt also shows a particular cultural/geographic affection that does not spread equally across the rest of the country. In addition, the clustering with Hindi and English, in the majority of variations possible, also suggests that a certain class element is involved. Essentially, people who identify as speakers of Sanskrit appear to be urban and educated, which possibly implies that the affiliation with Sanskrit is related in some way to at least some sort of Indian, if not, Hindu, nationalism."</ref><ref name=patrick-mccartney-5-11-20>{{citation\|last=McCartney\|first=Patrick\|title=The Myth of 'Sanskrit Villages' and the Realm of Soft Power\|url=https://thewire.in/society/sanskrit-soft-power\|date=May 11, 2020\|access-date=November 24, 2020\|publisher=The Wire}} Quote: "Consider the example of this faith-based development narrative that has evolved over the past decade in the state of Uttarakhand. In 2010, Sanskrit became the state's second official language. ... Recently, an updated policy has increased this top-down imposition of language shift, toward Sanskrit. The new policy aims to create a Sanskrit village in every “block” (administrative division) of Uttarakhand. The state of Uttarakhand consists of two divisions, 13 districts, 79 sub-districts and 97 blocks. ... There is hardly a Sanskrit village in even one block in Uttarakhand. The curious thing is that, while 70% of the state's total population live in rural areas, 100pc of the total 246 L1-Sanskrit tokens returned at the 2011 census are from Urban areas. No L1-Sanskrit token comes from any villager who identifies as an L1-Sanskrit speaker in Uttarakhand."</ref><ref name=censusofindia2011>{{citation \|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf \|publisher=Census of India, 2011 \|title=Distribution of the 22 Scheduled Languages – India / States / Union Territories – Sanskrit \|page=30 \|access-date=4 October 2020}}</ref> Sanskrit has been taught in traditional [[gurukulas]] since ancient times; it is widely taught today at the secondary school level. The oldest Sanskrit college is the [[Benares Sanskrit College]] founded in 1791 during [[Company rule in India\|East India Company rule]].<ref name="Seth2007">{{cite book \|last=Seth \|first=Sanjay \|title=Subject Lessons: The Western Education of Colonial India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QU9glkC4ceMC&pg=PA171 \|date= 2007 \|publisher=Duke University Press \|isbn=978-0-8223-4105-5 \|pages=171–}}</ref> Sanskrit continues to be widely used as a ceremonial and ritual language in Hindu and Buddhist [[stotra\|hymns]] and [[mantra\|chants]].

			==Notes==
			{{notelist}}

	==References==		==References==

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Sanskrit - Revision history

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