106.206.63.116 at 09:21, 3 October 2019

2019-10-03T09:21:31Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sanoor
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline = Panchayath.JPG
| image_alt = Weathered National Highway sign for Sanoor
| image_caption = National Highway sign at Sanoor
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udupi]]
| subdivision_type3 = Grama Panchayath
| subdivision_name3 = Sanoor Grama Panchayath
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Karkala]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Udupi]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6328
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| demographics1_title2 = [[Languages of India|Spoken languages]]
| demographics1_info2 = [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Kannada]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Beary language|Beary]]
| demographics_type2 = Ethnicity
| demographics2_title1 = Ethnic groups
| demographics2_info1 = [[Hindu]], [[Jain]], [[Muslim]], [[Christians|Christian]]
| demographics2_title2 = Year of data
| demographics2_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 574 114
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 8258
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Mangalore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1.11 male-female
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 90%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Chickamagalur Loksabha Constituency
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank5_info_sec1 = Karkala Vidhansabha Kshethra(122nd)
| blank6_name_sec1 = Distance from Mysore
| blank6_info_sec1 = {{convert|250|km|mi}} ([[National Highway (India)|road]])
| blank7_name_sec1 = Distance from Bangalore
| blank7_info_sec1 = {{convert|380|km|mi}} (road)
| website =
| footnotes = {{citation needed span|The [[Shambhavi River]] originates here|date=January 2018|reason=Contradicted by [[Shambhavi River]].}} and flows into the [[Arabian Sea]] at [[Mulki, India|Mulky]]
}}

''' Sanoor ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India.<ref name="censusindia">Village code= 1315300 {{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|author=Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com|title=Yahoomaps India :|accessdate=2008-12-18}} Sanoor, Udupi, Karnataka</ref> During the [[British Raj]], the village was headed by the Patels (Patler). Since independence, it has been administered by a [[Mandala (political model)|mandala]] [[Panchayati raj]]. The nearest court is in [[Karkala]], {{convert|5|km}} from the village center. Sanoor has several primary schools and a government pre-university [[College#India|college]]. The [[Tulu language]] is widely spoken; other languages spoken in the village are [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and [[Kannada]]. The [[Bunt (community)|Bunt]] (or Nadava) and [[Billava]] were early ethnic communities, with the [[Marathi people|Marathi]], [[Konkani people|Konkani]] and [[Brahmin]]s arriving later. With [[Portuguese India|Portuguese settlement]], villagers converted to [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]. Local Muslims belong to the [[Mappila|Moplah]] community, are known as [[Beary]] and speak the [[Beary dialect]] of Tulu. The Beary, living in the region for over a thousand years, may be descended from Arab (''baharis''; outsiders, or overseas) traders.

The village economy is based on agriculture and labour. Hamlets are Irvathuru, Pulkeri, Murathangady, Aayere and Thanada.

The weather here is very pleasant with light spells of rain during winter. During Summer, temperatures reach 35 degrees. The monsoon here is plentiful enough to fill the river that dries up at the end of summer.

The village is 4.5 km away from Karkala Town, 47 km away from Mangalore and Udupi

=={{anchor|Name Origin}}Name==
''Sanoor'' means "small village" in [[Kannada]].

==Geography==
[[File:Sanoor main street.jpg|thumb|alt=Dirt-shouldered road with buildings, two trucks and a motorbike|Main street]]
[[File:Murathangadi.jpg|thumb|alt=Road with utility wires and two-storey buildings|Hamlet of Murathangady]]
Sanoor is in the [[Karkala]] [[taluk]] of [[Udupi district]]. The [[Shambhavi River]] originates here{{cn|reason=Contradicted by Shambhavi River article.|date=January 2018}} and flows into the [[Arabian Sea]] at [[Mulki, India|Mulky]]. The nearest coastal town is [[Surathkal]], {{convert|22|km}} away by road. The village is on the slopes of the [[Western Ghats]], and its population is concentrated between hills and beside the river. Its forest type is [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests|tropical wet evergreen]], with [[cashew]] plantations on the lower hills. Sanoor has the district's highest rainfall.

The village is administered by a ''mandala panchayath'' which includes ''panchayaths'' from surrounding villages. Its main street, which runs for about one kilometre, has stores on both sides. A [[hillock]] ends the shopping area, followed by a seed farm which sells subsidised rice, mango and [[jackfruit]] seeds to farmers.

==Demographics==
In the 2001 India [[census]], Sanoor had a population of 6,328 (3,008 males and 3,320 females).<ref name="censusindia" />

==History==
[[File:Sanoor Bhootada Kola.jpg|thumb|alt=Two seated, costumed people with others|Buta Kola]]
The region was originally ruled by the [[Alupa dynasty]]. Between the 13th and 16th centuries, Sanoor was governed by Bhairarasa Odeyas of the [[Kalasa]]-[[Karkala]] kingdom. The village has a Siva temple and a Nada Daiva shrine.

The district has two traditions: [[Buta Kola]] and [[Nagaradhane]]. Buta Kola (spirit worship), a stylised version of the dance of the spirit impersonator, is performed annually at a central shrine.

==Fauna==
Sanoor, in the Western Ghats, is home to many bird, reptile and mammal species. With only small-scale food-related industries, the area is unpolluted. The commonest birds are crows, pipits and partridges. Other birds include kingfishers, [[Asian koel]]s, parakeets, [[black kite]]s, falcons, [[brahminy kite]]s, [[treepie]]s, black woodpeckers, whistling thrushes, [[rock dove]]s, eagle, [[rufous babbler]]s and peacocks.

Mammal and reptile species include mongoose, jungle cat, leopard, porcupine, wolf, wild pig, monkey and monitor lizard. The last tiger was seen in 1975, when it fell into an unused well. The tiger was rescued and moved to the nearby Dharmasthala Zoo. The village hillocks contain the endangered star tortoise and [[pangolin]].

Russell's viper, saw-scaled viper, cobra and [[common krait]] are the four venomous-snake species which are a public concern, and snakebite is still associated with Nagaradhane (snake worship). The krait bite is often painless, and often fatal. Most bites by the other three species are [[dry bite]]s. The quantity of venom the reptile injects is voluntary, although the venom sac is full.{{cn|date=January 2018}}

With deforestation for agriculture, the snake population is increasing. Rats in rice fields are a steady food supply, and humans encounter snakes morning and evening (when the snakes are active).

==Agriculture==
The region's history of rice cultivation is similar to elsewhere in India. With [[Aryan]] migration, the [[Dravidian people]] were pushed southward. Aryan wheat culture is restricted to [[North India]]; [[South India]] retains rice (which may have originated in [[Bengal]]) as their staple food. Agriculture in Sanoor depends on the Shambhavi River for irrigation, and dry land is dependent on timely rainfall. Lands are categorised as wet or dry, and the river is diverted in summer for irrigation. Smaller streams generally dry up in midsummer, and monsoon rains fall from May to August. Up to three [[Paddy field|paddy]] crops are cultivated annually, depending on land type; dry land yields one crop and wet land two or three, depending on irrigation availability.

Chewing [[betel]] leaves with [[Calcium hydroxide|chuna]] and [[areca nut]]s was popular. With growing awareness of its harmful effects, the cultivation of betal vines and the areca nut palm has become isolated. With a scarcity of manpower, the land has been transformed to coconut production (popular in the local cuisine). Rice mills developed in the village during the 1950s, and coconut-oil mills
are still in operation. Focus shifted to the cashew industry around 1990, and rice mills depend on supplies from [[Shimoga]] and [[Thirthahalli]].

Cashews, native to Venezuela and Brazil, were brought to Goa by the Portuguese in the mid-16th century. The nut may have been favoured by Portuguese sailors because of its stability, portability and nutrient density. Cashews were a part of Portuguese cuisine and were used to make [[Feni (liquor)|feni]]. The distilled spirit soon spread throughout the west coast of Goa, Karnataka and Kerala, and sailors brought the cashew to Indonesia and Africa. The slopes of the Western Ghats are favourable for cashews and the native, closely related ''[[semecarpus anacardium]]''.

Sanoor has several cashew-processing plants, each employing several hundred people. Processed cashews are exported and, due to increased domestic demand, raw cashews are imported from Indonesia and Africa when the local supply is exhausted. Sanoor also has a [[cardanol]]-processing plant which extracts [[phenolic lipid]]s from the [[Anacardic acids|anacardic-acid]]-rich cashew shells. The lipids are used in chemical industries which produce coating, abrasive and resinous materials.

Vegetables (mainly jackfruit and [[mango]]es) are primarily consumed locally. Mundappa, [[Totapuri (mango)|Totapuri]] and Neelam are popular mango varieties, and a number of jackfruit varieties are grown.

== Educational institutions ==
[[File:Sanoor_Government_Higher_Primary_School.jpg|thumb|Sanoor Government Higher Primary School]]
The village has several primary schools. The oldest of the school, St Joseph Aided Primary School, was founded in 1875 AD during the colonial era.

Post independence, Government schools came into existence. Shown here are the two main Kannada medium schools, Government Higher Primary school, and St Joseph Aided Primary School, which gives primary education (form 1 to Form 7).
[[File:St Joseph Aided Primary School, Sanoor.jpg|thumb|St Joseph Aided Primary School, Sanoor]]

==Culture==
[[File:Koridakatta.jpg|thumb|alt=A cockfight|The annual Umanatherna Korida Katta]]
[[File:Sanoor kambala.jpg|thumb|alt=Two water buffalo being driven by a man|The annual Kambala ([[water buffalo]] race)]]
[[Yakshagana]], [[Kambala]] and Korida Katta are the three forms of local entertainment. The Yakshagana Bayalata (open-field musical theater) has become uncommon. [[Cockfight#India|cockfighting]] is an example of the "cultural synthesis of 'little' and 'great' cultures".<ref>{{cite book | title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume | first=K. K. | last=Kusuman | publisher=Mittal Publications | year=1990 | pages=127-128 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA128&dq=deities+propitiated+through+cock-sacrifice&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kYDTT4PiL4rc9ATF96XhAw&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=cock&f=false}}</ref> Also known as Kori Katta, it is popular in the village. Kambala (a bull race) is held in the former [[South Canara]].

=={{anchor|Beedi}}Industry==
[[File:Stone carver at Sanoor.jpg|thumb|alt=A man carves stone with an electric tool|Stone-carving in Sanoor]]
Granite hills are prominent in the Sanoor region, and several quarries exist. A stone-carving tradition dates back to the [[Kadambas of Hangal|Kadamba period]]. The South Canara region has several granite temples dating to the 7th to 12th centuries which are primarily built in the Gajaprashta style. In addition to monuments, the quarries produce stone for houses and roads.

[[Beedi]] (slim, hand-rolled, unfiltered cigarettes) manufacturing was a significant part of the local economy until the 1990s emergence of the cashew industry, with Bharat (No. 30) and Ganesh popular brands. The scene of Tendu leaves sack and Beedis transportation in the bicycles were common to those days. Some beedi processing still takes place in Sanoor.

==Transportation==
[[File:Sanoor road map.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption|Road map of Sanoor, with old highway numbers]]

[[National Highway 50 (India)|National Highway 50]], the former NH-13, passes through Sanoor. Other major roads include State Highway-1 (SH-1) connecting Kalasa-Kudremukha and Padubidri. Rural buses originate from the Karkala bus station (city bus stand); routes are named by source and destination, rather than number. The nearest seaport, airport and city bus station are in [[Mangalore]], {{convert|50|km}} away. A rail station in [[Udupi]], part of the [[Konkan Railway]] Thiruvananthapuram-Mumbai route and {{convert|37|km}} from Sanoor, provides service to Goa. Traffic on NH-50 and other roads is heavy, and raised roads with no [[Shoulder (road)|skirting]] pose hazards to pedestrians, animals and reptiles.

=={{anchor|Art}}Jewelry==

Like elsewhere in India, local jewellery is similar to the traditional jewelry of the Udupi and neighbouring Dakshina Kannada, Uttara Kannada, Shimoga and Chikmagalur districts. A woman inherits jewelry or receives it at the time of her wedding or other important occasions. Jewelry is a status symbol, and most families pass it from generation to generation. It includes necklaces, earrings, finger, toe and nose rings, bracelets, [[Arm ring|armlets]], pendants and waistbands. Stone-encrusted jewelry is common, with ''navaratna'' (nine gems) worn for good fortune.

''Kempu bendole'', an ear stud made of red stones (such as rubies) is unique to the region; the ''jimki'', a bell-shaped ear jewel set in coloured stones with pearls at the lower end, is a modern variant. Traditional earwear has evolved from the Karna Kundala type (the ''koppu'') to Vajrada Bendole (the Kudkan Jodi), made of natural or synthetic diamonds.

==See also==

* [[Karkala]]
* [[List of districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://Udupi.nic.in/ Udupi district website]

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

{{Settlements in Udupi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Udupi district]]

Sanoor - Revision history

106.206.63.116 at 09:21, 3 October 2019