https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=SannyasaSannyasa - Revision history2026-08-21T21:57:38ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sannyasa&diff=332877&oldid=prev103.141.93.113 at 20:03, 12 May 20222022-05-12T20:03:26Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:33, 13 May 2022</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Hinduism}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Hinduism}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Raja Ravi Varma - Sankaracharya.jpg|thumb|[[Adi Shankara]] (788-820), founder of [[Advaita Vedanta]], with disciples, by [[Raja Ravi Varma]] (1904)]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Raja Ravi Varma - Sankaracharya.jpg|thumb|[[Adi Shankara]] (788-820), founder of [[Advaita Vedanta]], with disciples, by [[Raja Ravi Varma]] (1904)]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sannyasa</del>''''' ([[Sanskrit]]: [[wikt:संन्यास|संन्यास]]; [[IAST]]: {{IAST|Saṃnyāsa}}) is life of renunciation and the fourth stage within the [[Hindu]] system of four life stages known as ''[[ashrama (stage)|Ashrama]]s'', with the first three being [[Brahmacharya]] (bachelor student), [[Grihastha]] (householder) and [[Vanaprastha]] (forest dweller, retired).<ref name="rks"/> Sannyasa is traditionally conceptualized for men or women in late years of their life, but young brahmacharis have had the choice to skip the householder and retirement stages, renounce worldly and materialistic pursuits and dedicate their lives to spiritual pursuits.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sanyasa</ins>''''' ([[Sanskrit]]: [[wikt:संन्यास|संन्यास]]; [[IAST]]: {{IAST|Saṃnyāsa}})<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, sometimes spelled '''Sannyasa''' or '''Sanyasi''', </ins>is life of renunciation and the fourth stage within the [[Hindu]] system of four life stages known as ''[[ashrama (stage)|Ashrama]]s'', with the first three being [[Brahmacharya]] (bachelor student), [[Grihastha]] (householder) and [[Vanaprastha]] (forest dweller, retired).<ref name="rks"/> Sannyasa is traditionally conceptualized for men or women in late years of their life, but young brahmacharis have had the choice to skip the householder and retirement stages, renounce worldly and materialistic pursuits and dedicate their lives to spiritual pursuits.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sannyasa is a form of [[asceticism]], is marked by renunciation of material desires and prejudices, represented by a state of disinterest and detachment from material life, and has the purpose of spending one's life in peaceful, spiritual pursuits.<ref>S. Radhakrishnan (1922), The Hindu Dharma, International Journal of Ethics, 33(1): 1-22</ref><ref>DP Bhawuk (2011), The Paths of Bondage and Liberation, in Spirituality and Indian Psychology, Springer, {{ISBN|978-1-4419-8109-7}}, pages 93-110</ref> An individual in Sanyasa is known as a ''Sannyasi'' (male) or ''Sannyasini'' (female) in [[Hinduism]],{{refn|group=note|An alternate term for either is sannyasin.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alessandro Monti|title=Hindu Masculinities Across the Ages: Updating the Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlvXAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=L'Harmattan Italia|isbn=978-88-88684-03-1|pages=41, 101–111}}</ref>}} which in many ways parallel to the [[Sadhu]] and Sadhvi traditions of [[Jain monasticism]], the [[bhikkhu]]s and [[Bhikkhunī|bhikkhunis]] of [[Buddhism]].<ref>Harvey J. Sindima (2009), Introduction to Religious Studies, University Press of America, {{ISBN|978-0761847618}}, pages 93-94, 99-100</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sannyasa is a form of [[asceticism]], is marked by renunciation of material desires and prejudices, represented by a state of disinterest and detachment from material life, and has the purpose of spending one's life in peaceful, spiritual pursuits.<ref>S. Radhakrishnan (1922), The Hindu Dharma, International Journal of Ethics, 33(1): 1-22</ref><ref>DP Bhawuk (2011), The Paths of Bondage and Liberation, in Spirituality and Indian Psychology, Springer, {{ISBN|978-1-4419-8109-7}}, pages 93-110</ref> An individual in Sanyasa is known as a ''Sannyasi'' (male) or ''Sannyasini'' (female) in [[Hinduism]],{{refn|group=note|An alternate term for either is sannyasin.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alessandro Monti|title=Hindu Masculinities Across the Ages: Updating the Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlvXAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=L'Harmattan Italia|isbn=978-88-88684-03-1|pages=41, 101–111}}</ref>}} which in many ways parallel to the [[Sadhu]] and Sadhvi traditions of [[Jain monasticism]], the [[bhikkhu]]s and [[Bhikkhunī|bhikkhunis]] of [[Buddhism]].<ref>Harvey J. Sindima (2009), Introduction to Religious Studies, University Press of America, {{ISBN|978-0761847618}}, pages 93-94, 99-100</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Sannyasa'' has historically been a stage of renunciation, [[ahimsa]] (non-violence) peaceful and simple life and spiritual pursuit in Indian traditions. However, this has not always been the case. After the invasions and establishment of Muslim rule in India, from the 12th century through the [[British Raj]], parts of the [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] ([[Gossain]]) and [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] ([[Bairagi (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">caste</del>)|Bairagi]]) ascetics metamorphosed into a military order, where they developed martial arts, created military strategies, and engaged in guerrilla warfare.<ref name=david/> These warrior ''sanyasi'' (ascetics) played an important role in helping European [[colonialism|colonial powers]] establish themselves in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=pinch/></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Sannyasa'' has historically been a stage of renunciation, [[ahimsa]] (non-violence) peaceful and simple life and spiritual pursuit in Indian traditions. However, this has not always been the case. After the invasions and establishment of Muslim rule in India, from the 12th century through the [[British Raj]], parts of the [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] ([[Gossain]]) and [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] ([[Bairagi (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ascetics</ins>)|Bairagi]]) ascetics metamorphosed into a military order, where they developed martial arts, created military strategies, and engaged in guerrilla warfare.<ref name=david/> These warrior ''sanyasi'' (ascetics) played an important role in helping European [[colonialism|colonial powers]] establish themselves in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=pinch/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Etymology and synonyms==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Etymology and synonyms==</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===What happened to renouncers' property and human rights?===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===What happened to renouncers' property and human rights?===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After renouncing the world, the ascetic's financial obligations and property <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rights </del>were <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dealt </del>by the state, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">just like </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dead person</del>.<ref>See {{harv|Olivelle|1993|pp=89–91}}, ''{{IAST|Saṃnyāsa Upaniṣads}}''</ref> Viṣṇu Smriti in verse 6.27, for example, states that if a debtor takes ''Sannyasa'', his sons or grandsons should settle his debts.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/institutesvishn00jollgoog#page/n88/mode/2up Law of Debt] Vishnu Smriti, Julius Jolly (Translator), page 45</ref> As to the little property a Sannyasin may collect or possess after renunciation, Book III Chapter XVI of Kautiliya's [[Arthashastra]] states that the property of hermits (vánaprastha), ascetics (yati, sannyasa), and student bachelors (Brahmachári) shall on their death be taken by their ''guru'', disciples, their ''dharmabhratri'' (brother in the monastic order), or classmates in succession.<ref>[[s:Arthashastra/Book III|Arthashastra - CHAPTER XVI: RESUMPTION OF GIFTS, SALE WITHOUT OWNERSHIP AND OWNERSHIP]] Book III, Wikisource</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After renouncing the world, the ascetic's financial obligations and property were <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">adjudicated </ins>by the state, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in the manner of </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">decedent's estate</ins>.<ref>See {{harv|Olivelle|1993|pp=89–91}}, ''{{IAST|Saṃnyāsa Upaniṣads}}''</ref> Viṣṇu Smriti in verse 6.27, for example, states that if a debtor takes ''Sannyasa'', his sons or grandsons should settle his debts.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/institutesvishn00jollgoog#page/n88/mode/2up Law of Debt] Vishnu Smriti, Julius Jolly (Translator), page 45</ref> As to the little property a Sannyasin may collect or possess after renunciation, Book III Chapter XVI of Kautiliya's [[Arthashastra]] states that the property of hermits (vánaprastha), ascetics (yati, sannyasa), and student bachelors (Brahmachári) shall on their death be taken by their ''guru'', disciples, their ''dharmabhratri'' (brother in the monastic order), or classmates in succession.<ref>[[s:Arthashastra/Book III|Arthashastra - CHAPTER XVI: RESUMPTION OF GIFTS, SALE WITHOUT OWNERSHIP AND OWNERSHIP]] Book III, Wikisource</ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although a renouncer's practitioner's obligations and property rights were reassigned, he or she continued to enjoy basic human rights such as the protection from injury by others and the freedom to travel. Likewise, someone practicing Sannyasa was subject to the same laws as common citizens; stealing, harming, or killing a human being by a Sannyasi were all serious crimes in Kautiliya's Arthashastra.<ref>See for example, [[s:Arthashastra/Book IV|Arthasastra - CHAPTER X: Fines in Lieu of Mutilation of Limbs]] Book IV, Wikisource; see also Book IV, Chapter XI which declared murder of an ascetic as a capital crime.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although a renouncer's practitioner's obligations and property rights were reassigned, he or she continued to enjoy basic human rights such as the protection from injury by others and the freedom to travel. Likewise, someone practicing Sannyasa was subject to the same laws as common citizens; stealing, harming, or killing a human being by a Sannyasi were all serious crimes in Kautiliya's Arthashastra.<ref>See for example, [[s:Arthashastra/Book IV|Arthasastra - CHAPTER X: Fines in Lieu of Mutilation of Limbs]] Book IV, Wikisource; see also Book IV, Chapter XI which declared murder of an ascetic as a capital crime.</ref></div></td></tr>
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