Mvn.ind: adding a pg initial version

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adding a pg initial version

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{{More citations needed|date=July 2012}}
[[File: Mohenjodaro Sindh.jpeg|thumb|[[Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro]]]]
[[File:Lothal - ancient well.jpg|thumb|A [[water well]] in [[Lothal]]]]
[[File:Dholavira1.JPG|thumb|Water reservoir, with steps, at [[Dholavira]], Gujarat, India]]

The ancient [[Indus Valley Civilization]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] (located in present-day eastern-[[Pakistan]] and north-[[India]]) was prominent in infrastructure, [[hydraulic engineering]], and had many [[water supply]] and [[sanitation]] devices that are the first known examples of their kind.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

==General==
Most houses of Indus Valley were made from mud, dried mud bricks, or clay bricks of a standardised size. The urban areas of the Indus Valley civilization included public and private baths. Many of the buildings at Mohenjo-Daro had two or more stories. They also had a sophisticated drainage system to dispose waste materials out of town.

The earliest evidence of urban sanitation was seen in [[Harappa]], [[Mohenjo-daro]], and the recently discovered [[Rakhigarhi]]. This urban plan included the world's first urban sanitation systems. Within the city, individual homes or groups of homes obtained water from wells.

Devices such as [[shadoof]]s and [[sakia]]s were used to lift water to ground level.

[[Stepwell]]s have mainly been used in the Indian subcontinent.

Several courtyard houses had both a washing platform and a dedicated toilet/waste disposal hole. The toilet holes would be flushed by emptying a jar of water, drawn from the house's central well, through a clay brick pipe, and into a shared brick drain, that would feed into an adjacent soak pit ([[cesspit]]). The soak pits would be periodically emptied of their solid matter, possibly to be used as fertilizer. Most houses also had private [[water well|wells]]. [[City walls]] functioned as a barrier against [[flood]]s.

== Drainage system ==
Ruins like Mohenjo-Daro in [[Sindh]] and [[Dholavira]] in [[Gujarat]] had settlements with some of the ancient world's most sophisticated sewage systems. They included drainage channels, rainwater harvesting, and street ducts.

Sewage was disposed of through underground drains built with precisely laid bricks, and a sophisticated water management system with numerous reservoirs was established. In the drainage systems, drains from houses were connected to wider public drain laid along the main streets. The drains had holes at regular intervals which were used for cleaning and inspection. The water from bathrooms on the roofs and upper stories was carried through enclosed terracotta pipes or open chutes that emptied into the street drains.<ref>Rodda, J. C., and Ubertini, Lucio (2004). The Basis of Civilization – Water Science? pg 161. [[International Association of Hydrological Sciences]] (International Association of Hydrological Sciences Press 2004).</ref> The Indus valley's drainage system existed 4,500 years ago.

==Mohenjo-daro==
{{Main article|Mohenjo-daro}}
[[File:Great bath view Mohenjodaro.JPG|thumb|The Great Bath]]
[[Mohenjo-daro]], located in [[Sindh]], Pakistan, is one of the best excavated and studied settlements from this civilization.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} The [[Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro|Great Bath]] might be the first of its kind in the pre-historic period. This ancient town had more than 700 wells.<ref name=singh>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A history of ancient and early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century|year=2008|publisher=[[Pearson Education]]|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|pages=151–155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=great+bath}}</ref> The so-called "Great Granary" is the largest building at Mohenjo-daro and shows the use of granaries in the Indus Valley Civilisation.

==Dholavira==
{{Main|Dholavira}}
[[File:Dholavira-layout-en.svg|thumb|300px|Layout of Dholavira]]
[[Dholavira]], located in [[Gujarat]], [[India]] (c. 3000-1500 BC),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dholavira: a Harappan City|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1645/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> had a series of water storage tanks and step wells, and its water management system has been called "unique".<ref name=singh155>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A history of ancient and early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|page=155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=great+bath}}</ref> Dholavira had at least five baths and the size of one is comparable with the Great Bath of Mohenjo-daro.<ref>{{cite web|last=harappa.|first=com|title=Ancient Indus Valley Sites|url=http://www.harappa.com/har/harsites5.html|work=Harappa.com|publisher=Harappa.com|access-date=4 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630184453/http://www.harappa.com/har/harsites5.html|archive-date=2013-06-30}}</ref>

==Lothal==
{{Main|Lothal}}
[[File:Lothal Plan.png|thumb|right|Plan of Lothal]]
[[File:Lothal - bathroom structure.jpg|thumb|The bathroom-toilet structure of a house in Lothal]]

[[Lothal]], [[Gujarat]] (c. 2350–1900 BC), excavation of the site has identified two wells in the city, one in the [[acropolis]] and the other by the dock. In addition, more than a dozen houses of the acropolis possessed their own internal bathing platform which drained into a covered communal sewer constructed of brickwork held together with a gypsum-based mortar and which emptied into a cesspit outside the town's wall.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Indus Valley Tradition (c.6500–1900 BCE)|date=2015|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/archaeology-of-south-asia/indus-valley-tradition-c65001900-bce/75DA428D28B2C45658729A50AC509163|work=The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE–200 CE|pages=101–278|editor-last=Coningham|editor-first=Robin|series=Cambridge World Archaeology|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-02063-3|access-date=2022-02-20|editor2-last=Young|editor2-first=Ruth}}</ref> A relatively large house in the acropolis had a bathing platform with an attached latrine, that fed into a separate open drain, and discharged into the town's dock. The Lower town hosts a number of soak pots, large sunken jars with a hole in the bottom, to permit liquids to drain, which were regularly emptied and cleaned.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maya plumbing: First pressurized water feature found in New World|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100504155421.htm|publisher=Penn State|access-date=26 March 2014|date=May 5, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|editor-last1=Angelakis|editor-first1=Andreas N.|editor-last2=Rose|editor-first2=Joan B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbgrBQAAQBAJ&dq=%22Saifullah+Khan%22+Chapter+2+Sanitation+and+wastewater+technologies+in+Harappa/Indus+valley+civilization&pg=PR6|title=Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies through the Centuries|date=2014-09-14|publisher=IWA Publishing|isbn=978-1-78040-484-4|pages=35–39|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==

* Ancient water supply and sanitation
** [[History of water supply and sanitation]]
** [[Johad#Similar|Ancient water conservation in India]]
** [[History of stepwells in Gujarat]]
** [[Sanitation in ancient Rome]]
** [[Water resources in India#Topic|Important water resource topics of India]]

* [[Indus Valley Civilization]]
** [[Harappan architecture|Indus Valley Civilization architecture]]
** [[List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
** [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indus Valley civilization}}
{{Wikiquote}}

[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation]]
[[Category:History of water supply and sanitation]]
[[Category:Water supply and sanitation in India]]
[[Category:Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]
[[Category:Inventions of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]

Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation - Revision history

Mvn.ind: adding a pg initial version