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{{Short description|Former royal palace in Kangla, India}}
{{About|a historic royal residence in the [[Kangla Fort]]|the village in [[Thoubal district]]|Sanggaiyumpham, Thoubal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Sanggai Yumpham
| native_name = {{meitei|label=no|ꯁꯡꯒꯥꯏ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ|p=no|b=yes}}
| native_name_lang = mni
| logo =
| logo_size =
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| image = {{Multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width = 300
| image1 = Kangla Fort, Manipur, India 3.jpg
| image2 = Southwestern wall of the Sanggai Yumpham inside the citadel of the Kangla fort in Imphal.jpg
| image3 = Southern passageway to the outside of the citadel of the Kangla fort in Imphal.jpg
| image4 = Southern passageway to the inners of the citadel of the Kangla fort in Imphal.jpg
| image5 = Kangla Fort, Manipur, India 2.jpg
| image6 = The southern exit gate to the outside of the citadel of the Kangla fort in Imphal.jpg
| image7 = Southern wall of the citadel of the Kangla fort in Imphal.jpg
| image8 = Southern gateway to the citadel of the Kangla fort in Imphal.jpg
| size = 280
| spacing = 1
| position = centre
| border = 0
| color = white
}}
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| former_names = {{langx|omp|Sangkai Empham}}
| alternate_names =
| etymology =
| status = partially demolished
| cancelled =
| topped_out =
| building_type =
| architectural_style = [[Meitei architecture]]
| classification =
| location = inside the [[Kangla Fort]]
| address =
| location_city = [[Imphal]]
| location_country = [[Manipur Kingdom]]
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| groundbreaking_date =
| construction_start_date = 1611 A.D.
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* 1st demolition – during the [[Chahi-Taret Khuntakpa]]
* 2nd demolition – during the [[Anglo Manipur War]] on 27 April 1891

| cost =
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| client = [[Ningthouja dynasty]]
| owner = [[Government of Manipur]]
| governing_body = Kangla Fort Board
| affiliation =
| height = {{convert|14 to 20|feet|metre}}
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| material = [[brick]]
| size = {{convert|600 x 600|feet|metre}}
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{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
The '''Sanggāi Yumpham''' {{meitei|ꯁꯡꯒꯥꯏ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ}}, ({{langx|omp|Sangkai Eempham}}) was the [[citadel]], a fortified royal residence within the [[Kangla Fort]], [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brara |first=N. Vijaylakshmi |url=https://archive.org/details/politicssocietyc00brar/page/76/mode/2up?q=Royal+Residence+Citadel |title=Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East |date=1998 |publisher=Delhi; New York : [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-564331-2 |pages=76–77 |language=en}}</ref> It is preserved as an archaeological site as well as a tourist attraction.<ref>{{Cite book |last=India |first=Archæological Survey of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40ohcsF3OToC&q=sanggai+yumpham |title=Indian Archaeology |date=2002 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]], [[Government of India]] |page=182 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Rajya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AePP2beWGIsC&q=sanggai+yumpham |title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report |date=2007-12-13 |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha|Council of States]] [[Secretariat (administrative office)|Secretariat]] |page=130 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2011-12 - A REVIEW |url=https://asi.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/INDIAN%20ARCHAEOLOGY-A%20Review%202011-12%20submitted%20to%20DG,ASI.pdf |website=asi.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jtuAAAAMAAJ&q=sanggai+yumpham |title=Traditional Customs and Rituals of Northeast India: Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, Assam |date=2002 |publisher=Vivekananda Kendra Institute of Culture |page=126 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The construction of the Citadel of the [[Kangla Fort]] in [[Imphal]] started in 1611, during the era of reign of King [[Khagemba]].<ref name=epao1/><ref name=lisam>{{Cite book |last=Lisam |first=Khomdan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=citadel+kangla&pg=PA581 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur |date=2011 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2 |page=581 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Kangla Fort]] was destroyed and abandoned multiple times during Burmese invasions, especially during the [[Chahi-Taret Khuntakpa]], or Seven Years' Devastation (1819–1826). Later, the citadel was re-constructed during the reign of [[Chandrakirti Singh]] in 1873.{{r|lisam|p=580}}

As a result of the [[Anglo Manipur War]] of 1891, on 27 April 1891, General Maxwell annexed the [[Kangla]] and the citadel was demolished simultaneously.{{r|lisam|p=742}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TftcAAAAIAAJ&dq=citadel+kangla&pg=RA2-PA22 |title=Civic Affairs |date=1977 |publisher=P. C. Kapoor at the Citizen Press |page=22 |language=en}}</ref>

== Features ==
{{Multiple image|perrow = 3|total_width = 300
| image1 = Western pillars of the southern entrance to the citadel of the Kangla fort in Imphal.jpg
| image2 = Eastern pillars of the southern entrance to the citadel of the Kangla fort in Imphal.jpg
| image3 = Northwestern wall of the Sanggai Yumpham inside the citadel of the Kangla fort in Imphal.jpg
| image4 = Inner roof of the southern entrance to the citadel of the Kangla fort in Imphal.jpg
| image5 = Inner walls of the citadel of the Kangla fort in Imphal.jpg
| size = 280
| spacing = 1
| position = centre
| border = 0
| color = white
}}
The citadel is inside the fort's inner brick wall. It measures around {{convert|600 x 600|ft|m}}, and its walls are {{convert|14 to 20|ft|m}} high. There are four guarding pillars in the 4 corners of 4 directions.
The southern passageway door leads to the Govindajee Temple.<ref name=special>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-13 |title=Special features of Kangla - Naoroibam Indramani |newspaper=Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2018/05/13/special-features-kangla-naoroibam-indramani-4/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=epao1>{{Cite web |title=Kangla The ancient Capital of Manipur |url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Kangla.Kangla_The_ancient_Capital_of_Manipur |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>
It built of bricks. It houses many holy sites, including the coronation site of [[Pakhangba]].{{efn|It may refer to the coronation site of Meitei king [[Nongda Lairen Pakhangba]] or of divine God king [[Pakhangba]].}} It has three main entrance gates, two on the western side, one facing the Royal Coronation Hall and one facing the [[Durbar (court)|darbar hall]], and one on the southern side that leads to a passageway to the Shree Govindajee Temple.<ref name=epao1/><ref name=special/><ref name=lisam/>

{{Multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width = 300
| image1 = The southern passage way to the outside of the citadel in the Kangla Fort in Imphal.jpg
| image2 = The southern exit passage way to the outside of the citadel of the Kangla Fort in Imphal.jpg
| size = 280
| spacing = 1
| position = centre
| border = 0
| color = white
| footer = The southern exit passage way to the outside of the citadel of the [[Kangla Fort]] in [[Imphal]]. From Sanggai Yumpham, the enclosure of the citadel (royal residence), the passage way leads to the Shri [[Govinda]]jee Temple and Lord [[Wangpulen]] Shrine (Sacred site of Lord [[Wangbren]]) of [[Kangla]].
}}

It is surrounded by five walls of the [[Kangla Fort]]. The innermost wall is the only one that is standing still today. There is one octagonal [[watchtower]] at every corner of the wall, serving as [[Picket (military)|sentry]] posts. Its entire perimeter has military installations ([[Fortification|emplacement]]s) of around 500 defender soldiers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kangla The Living Historical Symbol of Manipur |url=http://easternpanorama.in/index.php/tidbits/212-2019/jan-2019-issue/4200-11thjanuarytourism2019 |website=easternpanorama.in |publisher=[[Eastern Panorama]] |quote=The Citadel, which housed the royal residence, was the nerve administration. Five walls surrounded the royal palace. The innermost wall is the only structure that remains standing today. Each corners of the wall were interspersed with octagonal shaped watchtowers, serving as sentry posts. The entire perimeter of the Citadel had emplacements for upto 500 defenders.}}</ref>

There was an old bridge built over the [[Imphal River]] from the passageway between the Sanggai Yumpham and the Govindajee Temple inside the [[Kangla]]. Later, it got deteriorated in 1891. During the 28th meeting of the Kangla Fort Board, on 15 December 2018, [[Nongthombam Biren Singh]], the [[Chief Minister of Manipur]], took a decision that a new bridge will be constructed similar to the features of the old bridge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eastern Kangla bridge to be reconstructed: 04th jun19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=13..040619.jun19 |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kangla Sanathong]]
* [[Statue of Meidingu Nara Singh]]
* [[Hijagang]]
* [[Pakhangba Temple, Kangla]]
* [[Manung Kangjeibung]]
* [[Museums in Kangla]]
* [[Kangla Nongpok Torban]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Sanggai Yumpham, Kangla}}
* {{Cite web |title=The site of Kangla from which the potteries and bricks were excavated |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-site-of-Kangla-from-which-the-potteries-and-bricks-were-excavated_fig2_242219964}}
* {{Cite web |title=Minutes of Standing Committee, CABA 2008-09 - Archaeological ... |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/18645612/minutes-of-standing-committee-caba-2008-09-archaeological- |access-date=2022-09-29 |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=Digging up Manipur's archaeological past: An interaction with Dr. O.K. Singh |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/8/28/11-The-geomorphology-of-the-Manipur-valley-profile-shows-gradual-sloping-in-elevation-from-west-to-east-direction-on-one-hand-and-north-to-south-direction-on-the-other-And-there-is-credible-evidenc.html |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}

{{Authority control}}

{{coord missing|Manipur}}

[[Category:Meitei architecture]]
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Manipur]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Imphal]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Meitei royalty]]
[[Category:Palaces in Manipur]]

Sanggai Yumpham - Revision history

Glorywebs: Adding A Data