RaushanYoganta: New First Entry V1

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New First Entry V1

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{{Short description|Ancient Meitei folktale}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox folk tale
|Folk_Tale_Name = Sandrembi and Chaisra <br /> (Sanarembi and Chaisra)
|Image_Name = Sandrembi Cheishra.jpg
|Image_Caption = The fight between Sandrembi (true queen) and Chaisra (false queen) in the [[trial by ordeal]]
|Aarne-Thompson Grouping =
|AKA =
|Mythology = [[Meitei mythology]]
|Country =
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Manipur (stripes variant).svg}} [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (historical)
* {{IND}} (present)
|Region = {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}}
|Origin_Date =
|Published_In =
|Related = [[Helloi]], [[Lai Khutsangbi]], [[Thabaton]], [[Uchek Langmeidong]], [[Yenakha Paotapi]]
}}
The legend of '''''Sandrembi and Chaisra''''' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯦꯝꯕꯤ ꯆꯥꯢꯁ꯭ꯔꯥ}}}}) or '''''Sanarembi and Chaisra''''' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯅꯔꯦꯝꯕꯤ ꯆꯥꯢꯁ꯭ꯔꯥ}}}}) is a [[Meitei folktales|folktale]] of the [[Meitei ethnicity]] of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]).<ref name=beck160>{{Cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Brenda E. F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmKu3t-sYi4C&dq=sandrembi+and+chaishra+%28Manipur%29&pg=PA160 |title=Folktales of India |last2=Claus |first2=Peter J. |last3=Goswami |first3=Praphulladatta |last4=Handoo |first4=Jawaharlal |date=1999 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-04083-7 |page=160 |language=en}}</ref> It is a story of the clash between two [[half sister|stepsisters]], Sandrembi (Sanarembi), the elder, and Chaisra, the younger, born to the same father but different mothers.<ref name=beck161>{{Cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Brenda E. F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmKu3t-sYi4C&dq=elder+sandrembi+younger+chaishra&pg=PA161 |title=Folktales of India |last2=Claus |first2=Peter J. |last3=Goswami |first3=Praphulladatta |last4=Handoo |first4=Jawaharlal |date=1999 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-04083-7 |page=161 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=meitei349>{{Cite book |last1=Meitei |first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhUHEAAAQBAJ&dq=sanarembi+folktale&pg=PA349 |title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Sarit K. |last3=Arunkumar |first3=M. C. |date=2020 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-000-29629-7 |page=349 |language=en}}</ref> Sandrembi, the [[protagonist]], is a young lady, living in forsaken environment and in dire circumstances that are changed into a remarkable fortune.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakravarty |first=Kalyan Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OrwnAAAAYAAJ&q=sanarembi |title=Bhāratīya Parivāra: Manushya Ke Astitva Ke Lie Vaikalpika Soca |date=1994 |publisher=[[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya|Indirā Gāndhī Rāshṭrīya Mānava Saṅgrahālaya]] |page=186 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lal |first1=Ananda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DftkAAAAMAAJ&q=sanarembi |title=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre |last2=Lal |first2=Reader in English Ananda |date=2004 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-564446-3 |page=496 |language=en}}</ref>
She is portrayed as a person having the nature of God like mind.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Moirangthem Kirti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lL8gAAAAMAAJ&q=sanarembi |title=Religious Developments in Manipur in the 18th and 19th Centuries |date=1980 |publisher=Manipur State Kala Akademi |page=316 |language=en |author-link=Moirangthem Kirti Singh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=MacDonald |first1=Margaret Read |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J33YAAAAMAAJ&q=sandrembi |title=The Storyteller's Sourcebook: A Subject, Title, and Motif Index to Folklore Collections for Children, 1983-1999 |last2=Sturm |first2=Brian W. |date=2001 |publisher=[[Gale Group]] |isbn=978-0-8103-5485-2 |page=293 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The story of Sandrembi and Chaisra is considered a perfect combination of ''"[[Cinderella]]"'' and ''"[[The Love for Three Oranges (fairy tale)|The Three Oranges]]"''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Handoo |first1=Jawaharlal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDkSAQAAIAAJ&q=sandrembi+chaisra |title=Folklore and Discourse |last2=Siikala |first2=Anna-Leena |date=1999 |publisher=Zooni Publications |isbn=978-81-7342-054-2 |pages=180, 181, 183 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Amos |first=Dan Ben |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMI4DzpymSIC&dq=sandrembi+chaisra&pg=PA762 |title=Folktales of the Jews, V. 3 (Tales from Arab Lands) |date=2011 |publisher=[[Jewish Publication Society]] |isbn=978-0-8276-0871-9 |page=762 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Key-Note Address: Oral Narratives of North East India |first=Dr. S. |last=Sanatombi |title=Oral Narratives of Manipur |editor=Chirom Rajketan Singh |location=Kakching, Manipur |publisher=Kha Manipur College |date=2016 |page=3 |quote=Both tales ["Sandrembi Chaisra" and "Teji and Teja"] can be identified with the international Type Index AT510 ["Cinderella"] + AT408 ["The Love for Three Oranges"] of [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index|Aarne-Thompson]].}}</ref>

== Story ==
=== Beginning ===
In an era called Haya Chak, [[King Sentreng|King ''Sentreng Apanba'']] ruled the realm of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]). ''Khulen Nganba'', one of the King's nobleman, had two good ladies, the senior lady named ''Yangkhuleima (aka Yangkhureima, Yaibireima or Yaipileima)'' and the junior lady named ''Sangkhuleima (aka Sankhureima)''.{{efn|The names of the two ladies are rhyming words and are often confused with each other. So, in the subsequent passages, the terms "elder lady" ("senior lady") and "younger lady" ("junior lady") are used to refer to the two to avoid confusion.}} The elder lady had a daughter named ''Sandrembi (Sanarembi)'' (''and also boy'' in another version of the story) and the younger lady had only one daughter named ''Chaisra (aka Cheisra)''.<ref name=beck161/><ref name=meitei349/> Nobleman Khulen Nganba died after some time. And so the two widows sold vegetables and fishes caught from {{langnf|mni|Shilempat|Shilem lake}} in the market to earn their living. The younger widow was jealous of the elder widow. And so, she always planned for ways to harm the elder lady. One day, it so happened that the elder lady caught many fish but the younger lady caught some snakes and reptiles and not a single fish. While both the widows were taking rest under a [[fig]] tree, the younger widow, getting envious of the elder lady's lucky catch, hatched an evil plan to kill her. This, the younger lady climbed up the fig tree to pluck some fruits.<ref name=meitei349/> Once or twice she dropped the ripped fig fruits to the elder lady who enjoyed of the juicy fruits. And finally, the younger lady made the elder lady close her eyes and open her mouth wide telling her to swallow the most delicious fruit which she said she was about to drop down. Then, the younger lady poured the snakes from her fish basket. The poor elder woman swallowed them and died immediately due to snake bite. The younger lady came down and pushed the dead body of the elder lady into the deep water of the lake. The corpse transformed into a [[tortoise]] (or [[turtle]]) unknown to anyone. The younger lady told everyone about the tragic death of the elder widow was due to drowning in the lake. In another version of the story, the younger lady told others that the stubborn elder lady didn't want to return home and chose to catch fish further until sunset.<ref name=beck161/>

=== Childhood ===
The younger widow and her daughter ''Chaisra (Cheisra)'' mistreated ''Sandrembi (Shanarembi)'' after her mother's death. One night, Sandrembi saw her mother in her dream, revealing the truth behind her tragic death. Her mother told her to bring the tortoise from the lake and keep it inside a pitcher for five consecutive days without any break at which only she could re-assume her human form. Sandrembi did so but before the completion of the five days, Chaisra discovered the tortoise and so, she insisted her mother to make Sandrembi cook the tortoise meat for her. The stepmother forced poor Sandrembi to boil the tortoise. Sandrembi tried to take away the fuel stick on hearing the tortoise mother's words from the boiling pan/pot but she could not save her tortoise mother before them.<ref name=beck163>{{Cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Brenda E. F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmKu3t-sYi4C&dq=sandrembi&pg=PA163 |title=Folktales of India |last2=Claus |first2=Peter J. |last3=Goswami |first3=Praphulladatta |last4=Handoo |first4=Jawaharlal |date=1999 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-04083-7 |page=163 |language=en}}</ref>

Chaisra and her mother devoured the tortoise meat to their heart's content and threw away the bones in the verandah. Again the tortoise mother told Sandrembi in her dream to keep the tortoise bones undisturbed inside a basket by covering it with a cloth for 7 consecutive days. Sandrembi did so. However, before the completion of the said period, out of her anxiety as well as curiosity, Sandrembi opened the basket and as it disturbed the normal process of regaining the human shape, the tortoise mother came out in the form of a [[Old World sparrow|sparrow]] and flew away.<ref name=beck163/>

=== Married life and death ===
Many years died and the two stepsisters grew up. Sandrembi, became beautiful and accomplished but not nicely dressed up. Chaisra became ugly although properly dressed. Once a King ("Crown Prince" in another version of the story) came for hunting and saw the two maidens fetching water by a riverside.<ref name=beck163/> Knowing the quality of Sandrembi's beauty and elegance, though not wearing nice clothes, the king immediately took Sandrembi away with him (after some days or weeks in other versions of the story). She was made the Queen after a ceremonial marriage. She spent her life ("with her brother" in another version of the story) with joy in the palace. A son was also born to her, named ''Machi Sana Melei Khomba'' in [[Meitei language|Meitei]] sacred lores. Her stepmother and her stepsister Chaisra were still jealous of her luck. So, the two planned to kill Sandrembi. They invited her for a dinner in their house. Sandrembi came to her parental house with the permission of the King. After the dinner, Chaisra, according to their plan, dropped Sandrembi's dresses under a bed ("in a hole" in another version of the story). When Sandrembi went under the bed to bring the clothes out, her stepmother poured the hottest water over Sandrembi's body.<ref name=sandrembi>{{Cite web|title=Sandrembi and Chaisra|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Folk_Tales.Sandrembi_and_Chaisra|access-date=2021-09-03|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> Poor Sandrembi died and her soul (or corpse in another version of the story) got transformed into a pigeon and flew away. Chaisra, disguising as Sandrembi in the Queen's dress, went to the palace and behaved as if she was the real Sandrembi. The suspected king told her in anger, "You are not my queen whose face is as fair as the lily. You are disfigured." Chaisra answered that she contracted mental and physical agony when she wept for her son. The king noticed Chaisra's long nose, deep eyes and bushy eyelids, which are contrasting to Sandrembi's features. When asked about her sudden ugliness, Chaisra told him that crying and rubbing her eyes all her way due to missing the king make her ugly. In spite of his suspicion, the King wanted suitable opportunity to detect if she was a false queen.<ref name=sandrembi/>

=== Words of the pigeon ===
In the meantime, the pigeon (transformation of Sandrembi after her death) flew into the Royal Garden, perched on a tree branch and addressed to the Royal Gardener ("grass cutter" in another version of the story) concerning the forgetfulness of the King about Queen Sandrembi, animal epidemic in the kingdom, grievances of the Prince and loss of the gardener's own sickle along with a warning for reporting these words to the King. The king, on getting the report, came to the pigeon with grains of paddy in his hands. The King kept the supernatural bird in his palace. Even as a bird, she took away the dirty things from the Prince's eyes. During the King's absence, Chaisra killed the bird and prepared a nice meal from the meat.<ref name=sandrembi/> Upon knowing that the meat was that of the talking pigeon, the king refused to consume it and buried it behind the Royal Kitchen.<ref name=sandrembi/>

=== Fruit lady ===
The remains of the meats and the bones of the pigeon in the ground grew up as a lucious fruit plant and it bore full of fruits overnight ("only one fruit" in another version). Chaisra gave the lucious fruit as a gift to a monk ("servant" in another version of the story). The man kept the fruit inside a jar in his house since that fruit was not yet ripen enough to be eaten. Later, it so happened to him that fruit disappeared when the knife was available in many times and knife disappeared when the fruit was found in other times. One early morning, he went out for work. Returning home, he was surprised to find that his cottage had been washed and his meal had been cooked by someone. He kept the mystery concealed for some days and was determined to find it out by any means. One day, long before the first streak of sun light came, he woke up and pretended to be gone some distance away and secretly entered the cottage silently and peeped into his own room. At sunrise, he saw a beautiful woman coming out of the jar (where he kept the fruit) and roaming in kitchen for house work. "It is a fruit maiden", he muttered. Recognising her as Queen Sandrembi, he took her to the king. There was a quarrel between Sandrembi and Chaisra, on the issue of the identity of the real Queen. The obstinate Chaisra denied the whole story and called Sandrembi to be a "fruit maiden".<ref name=sandrembi/>

=== Trial by ordeal ===
{{Further|Trial by ordeal}}
At long last, the king decided to settle the case by appealing to a divine ordeal. The two had to fight a duel with swords. As per the code, the [[defendant]] was allowed to use a bright and sharp sword but the [[plaintiff]] (Sandrembi) had to use a rusty knife ("wooden knife" in another version of the story) for on her part laid the [[Burden of proof (philosophy)|burden of proof]]. It was thought that if justice was really on her, she would win in spite of using a rusty sword. Chaisra had no belief in the [[trial by ordeal]] and was hopeful that she would be able to kill her rival with one stroke. Her demand for use of the bright sword was a legitimate one. Sandrembi had the faith in her, "If I am innocent, may Chaisra's sword become harmless to me." In the arena, while Chaisra hewed and hacked at her with her sharp sword, Sandrembi remained unharmed. Suddenly, the blunt sword, of its own accord, slipped out of Sandrembi's hand and chopped off Chaisra's neck. In another version of the story, there was no fighting between them. Sandrembi, the elder pardoned Chaisra, the younger. Both of them lived together as chief queen and younger queen respectively in great happiness.<ref name=sandrembi/><ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Padma Shri M. Kirti |date=1993 |title=Folk Culture of Manipur |location=New Dehli |publisher=Manas Publications |pages=24-28 |isbn=9788170490630 |url=http://dspace.cus.ac.in/jspui/handle/1/5987}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Folktales of Manipur |first1=B. Jayantakumar |last1=Sharma |first2=Chirm |last2=Rajketan |translator=Kamaljit Chirom |publisher=Cultural Research Centre Manipur |date=2014 |orig-year=2011 |pages=16–25 |chapter=Sanarembi and Chaishra}}</ref>

== Editions ==
* In 1978, the story of Sandrembi and Chaisra was reproduced into a book by N. Manijao.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kabui |first=Gangmumei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pf_muabVNIC&q=sandrembi+chaisra |title=The History of the Zeliangrong Nagas: From Makhel to Rani Gaidinliu |date=2004 |publisher=Spectrum Publications |isbn=978-81-87502-76-0 |page=354 |language=en}}</ref>
* In 1993, the folktale of Sandrembi and Chaisra was re-written by Memchaubi and was published by Aribam Samarendra.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sandrembi Cheishra Book Review By James Oinam|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Sandrembi_Cheishra_Book_Review_By_James_Oinam|access-date=2021-09-03|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Sangkhuleima and Yangkhuleima.jpg
File:Sangkhuleima pouring the snakes over Yangkhuleima.jpg
File:Sangkhuleima stealing the fishes of Yangkhuleima after killing her.jpg
File:Sandrembi getting her mother Yangkhuleima in the form of a tortoise.jpg
File:Sandrembi getting panic on seeing her tortoise mother Yangkhuleima about to die.jpg
File:His Highness and his subjects.jpg
File:Sandrembi and Chaisra going to fetch water.jpg
File:Sandrembi and Chaisra going to fetch water 2.jpg
File:Sandrembi being taken away by His Highness while Cheisra got jealous of this.jpg
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[List of Meitei folktales]]
* [[The King of the Snakes]]
* [[The Younger Sister Marries the Snake]]
* [[Schalanggor (Monguor folktale)|Schalanggor]]

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite web |title=Sandrembi Chaishra: A Manipuri Folk Tale by Bonny Elangbam |url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/57657932-sandrembi-chaishra-a-manipuri-folk-tale |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=Goodreads |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=Sandrembi Chaishra: A Manipuri Folk Tale |url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/57657932-sandrembi-chaishra-a-manipuri-folk-tale |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=Goodreads |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ibomacā |first=Ẏūmalembama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCxHuwEACAAJ&q=sandrembi |title=Come Out Sandrembi, We Will Make a Grandiose Home for You |date=2017 |publisher=Manipur State Kala Akademi |isbn=978-81-908813-1-9 |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=The Forgotten Sandrembi By Omila Thounaojam |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.The_Forgotten_Sandrembi_By_Omila_Thounaojam |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=www.e-pao.net}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Sandrembi Cheisra}}
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Sandrembi&sa.x=0&sa.y=0 Sandrembi & Chaisra] at {{URL|e-pao.net}}
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[[Category:ATU 400-459]]
[[Category:ATU 500-559]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about fairies]]
[[Category:False hero]]
[[Category:Female characters in fairy tales]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about sisters]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about princes]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about princesses]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about talking animals]]
[[Category:Fictional doves and pigeons]]
[[Category:Fictional orphans]]
[[Category:Fictional queens]]
[[Category:Fruit]]
[[Category:Love stories]]
[[Category:Meitei folklore]]
[[Category:Meitei literature]]
[[Category:Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Recurrent elements in fairy tales]]
[[Category:Romance characters]]
[[Category:Sanamahism]]
[[Category:Tortoises]]
[[Category:Trial by ordeal]]
[[Category:Turtles in literature]]
[[Category:Turtles in popular culture]]
[[Category:Women in Meitei culture]]

Sandrembi and Chaisra - Revision history

RaushanYoganta: New First Entry V1