https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Sandalwood_oilSandalwood oil - Revision history2026-11-06T02:54:44ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood_oil&diff=532469&oldid=prevFredricKeeton9: Made new data.2026-01-15T15:15:40Z<p>Made new data.</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Essential oil}}<br />
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[[Image:SandalwoodEssOil.png|thumb|right|200px|A glass vial containing pure Sandalwood Essential Oil]]<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}<br />
'''Sandalwood oil''' is an [[essential oil]] obtained from the [[steam distillation]] of chips and billets cut from the heartwood of various species of [[sandalwood]] trees, mainly ''[[Santalum album]]'' (Indian sandalwood)<ref name=Kapoor2001/> and ''[[Santalum spicatum]]'' (Australian sandalwood).<ref name=acne-soe/><br />
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Sandalwood oil is used in [[perfume]]s, [[cosmetics]], sacred [[unguent]]s, and as a mild food flavouring.<ref name=Kapoor2001>{{ cite book | author = Kapoor LD | title = Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants | volume = 2 | series = Herbal Reference Library Series | publisher = CRC Press | location = Boca Raton, Florida | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-8493-2929-6 }}</ref><br />
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==Main constituents==<br />
Sandalwood oil contains more than 90% [[sesquiterpene|sesquiterpenic]] [[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohol]]s of which 50–60% is the [[tricyclic]] [[α-Santalol|α-santalol]]. [[β-Santalol]] comprises 20–25%.<ref name=acne-soe>{{cite web |url=http://scienceofacne.com/sandalwood-essential-oil/ |title=Sandalwood Essential Oil |year=2015 |website=The Science of Acne |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224053817/http://thescienceofacne.com/sandalwood/ |archive-date=2015-02-24 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal |vauthors=Krotz A, Helmchen G | title = Total Syntheses, Optical Rotations and Fragrance Properties of Sandalwood Constituents: (−)-(''Z'')- and (−)-(''E'')-β-Santalol and Their Enantiomers, ''ent''-β-Santalene | journal = Liebigs Ann Chem | year = 1994 | volume = 1994 | issue = 6 | pages = 601–609 | doi = 10.1002/jlac.199419940610 }}</ref><br />
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The composition of the oil will depend on the species, region grown, age of tree,<ref name=acne-soe/> and possibly the season of harvest and details of the extraction process used.<br />
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Current [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) standards for ''S. album'' oil are 41–55% α-santalol and 16–24% β–santalol (ISO 3518: 2002E).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fpc.wa.gov.au/content_migration/about_us/media/releases/20060328B.aspx |title=Preliminary oil results from a 14-year-old Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album) plantation at Kununurra, WA |date=2006-03-28 |website=Forest Products Commission |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304180731/http://www.fpc.wa.gov.au/content_migration/about_us/media/releases/20060328B.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref><br />
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==Traditional uses==<br />
Due to its highly coveted fragrance, the essential oil produced from sandalwood is often used in [[aromatherapy]], and is also added to soaps, [[cosmetics]] and perfumes (usually combined with floral, resinous and spicy notes)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Сандаловое эфирное масло (Oleum Santali) |url=https://oleumsantali.ru/ |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=oleumsantali.ru}}</ref>. It is used in [[Ayurvedic]] medicine for the treatment of both [[Somatic nervous system|somatic]] and mental disorders, including common colds, bronchitis, fever, [[urinary tract infection]]s, and inflammation.<ref name=pmid16783696/> A study investigating the effects of inhalation of East Indian sandalwood oil and its main compound, α-santalol, on human physiological parameters found that the compounds elevated pulse rate, skin conductance, and [[systolic blood pressure]].<ref name=pmid16783696>{{cite journal | last1 = Heuberger | first1 = E | last2 = Hongratanaworakit | first2 = T | last3 = Buchbauer | first3 = G | title = East Indian Sandalwood and alpha-santalol odor increase physiological and self-rated arousal in humans | journal = Planta Medica | year = 2006 | volume = 72 | issue = 9 | pages = 792–800 | doi = 10.1055/s-2006-941544 | pmid = 16783696 }}</ref> <br />
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There is also religious significance associated with sandalwood oil and it is used in many different religions around the world, including [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Zoroastrianism]].{{cn|date=July 2022}}<br />
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==Production==<br />
{{See also |Sandalwood#Production|Sandalwood#Distillation}}<br />
The oil is distilled from the wood of the entire tree including stump and roots.<ref>{{cite web |author=Tony Page |author2=Hanington Tate |author3=Joseph Tungon |author4=Michael Tabi |author5=Phyllis Kamasteia |url= http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/14881/mn151_vanuatu_sandalwood_growers_guide_for_san_46020.pdf |title= Vanuatu sandalwood: growers' guide for sandalwood production in Vanuatu |publisher= Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research |page= 47 |year= 2012 |access-date= 9 May 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022931/http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/14881/mn151_vanuatu_sandalwood_growers_guide_for_san_46020.pdf |archive-date= 2016-03-05 }}</ref> Australian sandalwood (''S. spicatum'') is unique in that the white [[sapwood (wood)|sapwood]] does not require removal before distilling the oil, while Indian Sandalwood (''S. album'') does require removal of the sapwood prior to distillation.<ref name=waspfaq>{{cite web | title=Frequently Asked Questions | website=WA Sandalwood Plantations | url=https://www.wasandalwood.com/faq | access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref><br />
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== Fragrance ==<br />
Sandalwood oil is used extensively for its woody-floral scent. Sandalwood oil can also, under certain conditions, have a creamy or even pickled aroma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Парфюмерный словарь - Термины из парфюмерии. |url=https://slovarparfum.ru/ |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=slovarparfum.ru}}</ref> It pairs well with other wood or floral scents such as violet, rose, tuberose, clove, and oakmoss.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author1=Burdock, George A |author2=Carabin, Ioana G |date=Summer 2007|title=Safety assessment of sandalwood oil|journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology|volume=46|issue=2|pages=421–432|doi=10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.092|pmid=17980948}}</ref> But since the wood is so rare and expensive, cosmetic companies use synthetic substitutes of similar structure and scent.<br />
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There are several synthetic [[odorants]] with odor similar to sandalwood oil, used as lower-cost alternatives for perfumes, emollients, and skin cleaning agents. Common synthetic substitutes include [[Bacdanlol]], Brahmanol, [[Ebanol]], [[Firsantol]], Sandalore, and [[Sandaxol]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Cancellieri | first=Maria C. | last2=Maggioni | first2=Davide | last3=Di Maio | first3=Lorenzo | last4=Fiorito | first4=Daniele | last5=Brenna | first5=Elisabetta | last6=Parmeggiani | first6=Fabio | last7=Gatti | first7=Francesco G. | title=Biocatalytic approaches for a more sustainable synthesis of sandalwood fragrances | journal=Green Chemistry | volume=26 | issue=10 | date=2024 | issn=1463-9262 | doi=10.1039/D4GC00746H | doi-access=free | pages=6150–6159 | url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/gc/d4gc00746h| hdl=11311/1265004 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><br />
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Two of these, [[Sandalore]] and [[Brahmanol]], have been found to be [[agonist]]s of the cutaneous [[olfactory receptor]] [[OR2AT4]], with potential therapeutic benefits for wound healing. Natural sandalwood oil, and other synthetic sandalwood odorants, did not have the same effect.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Busse | first=Daniela | last2=Kudella | first2=Philipp | last3=Grüning | first3=Nana-Maria | last4=Gisselmann | first4=Günter | last5=Ständer | first5=Sonja | last6=Luger | first6=Thomas | last7=Jacobsen | first7=Frank | last8=Steinsträßer | first8=Lars | last9=Paus | first9=Ralf | last10=Gkogkolou | first10=Paraskevi | last11=Böhm | first11=Markus | last12=Hatt | first12=Hanns | last13=Benecke | first13=Heike | title=A Synthetic Sandalwood Odorant Induces Wound-Healing Processes in Human Keratinocytes via the Olfactory Receptor OR2AT4 | journal=Journal of Investigative Dermatology | volume=134 | issue=11 | date=2014 | doi=10.1038/jid.2014.273 | doi-access=free| pmid = 24999593 | pages=2823–2832 | url=http://www.jidonline.org/article/S0022202X15365386/pdf}}</ref><ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25865-skins-ability-to-smell-seems-to-help-it-heal-itself/ New Scientist magazine, Skin's ability to 'smell' seems to help it heal itself, 8 July 2014]</ref><br />
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== Safety ==<br />
There hasn't been extensive research conducted on the safety of sandalwood oil. But because there haven't been any significant adverse effects documented in [[scientific literature]], it continues to be used cosmetically and in food. A few studies were found to identify sandalwood oil's potential toxic effects, but it was determined to be safe at the present levels that the oil is used in food as flavorings.<br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Isobornyl cyclohexanol]], a synthetic sandalwood oil<br />
* [[Sandalore]], a synthetic sandalwood odorant<br />
* [[Mysore Sandalwood Oil]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{Wood products}}<br />
{{Non-timber forest products}}<br />
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[[Category:Essential oils]]<br />
[[Category:Santalum|*]]</div>FredricKeeton9