>Kridha: Added temple page link

2021-07-02T12:30:02Z

Added temple page link

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{{EngvarB|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Faith primary|date=March 2017}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
'''Sanatana Goswami''' ({{lang-sa|सनातन गोस्वामी}}, {{IAST3|Sanātana Gosvāmī}}; 1488–1558) was a principal follower of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]. Sanatana wrote a number of important works in the [[bhakti]] tradition of [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] and was the seniormost of the influential [[Six Goswamis of Vrindavan]], among whom was his brother [[Rupa Goswami]].

==Biography==
===Family lineage===
Sanatana's lineage can be traced to [[Indian State]] of [[Karnataka]] and [[Naihati]] in the district of [[North 24 Parganas]] in present-day [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The former generations of ''Sanatana Goswami'' according to ''Bhakti-ratnakara'':<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Cakravarti |author-first=Sri Narahari |year=2009 |translator=Kusakratha dasa |editor=Grahila dasa |title=Bhakti-ratnakara |location=India |pages=33–42}}</ref>

'''Sarvajna Jagatguru''' was a famous [[brahmana]], great scholar in all [[Vedas]], respected [[Yajurveda|Yajur]]-vedi of the Baradvaja caste, and king of [[Karnataka]] in [[South India]], adored by all other contemporary kings. Sarvajna's son, '''Aniruddha''', was spirited, famous, a proficient scholar of the Vedas, and a favorite of the reigning kings at the time. Aniruddha's sons, '''Rupesvara''' (eldest) and '''Harihara''', were well respected due to their virtuous qualities. Rupesvara was famed as a scholar of the scriptures, while Harihara became a master in the art and science of weapons. Both brothers inherited the administration of the state after their father died, but Harihara soon snatched all the power, causing Rupesvara and his wife to travel to Paulastha-desa, where Sikharesvara befriended him and convinced him to settle there.

Rupesvara's son, '''Padmanabha''', was a genius and easily learned the four Vedas making him famous. He had impeccable character and was genuinely absorbed in love of [[Jagannath|Lord Jagannatha]]. He left Sikharabhumi and settled on the bank of the [[Ganges]] in the village Navahatta (present-day [[Naihati]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]),<ref name = "Mitra351">Mitra, Satishchandra (1914), ''Jashohar- Khulnar Itihas Vol.1'', p 351</ref> where he had eighteen daughters and five sons. His five sons were '''Purusottama''' (eldest), '''Jagannatha''', '''Narayana''', '''Murari''', and '''Mukunda''' (youngest), where Purusottama and Mukunda were the best in experience and character. Mukunda's son, '''Kumara''', was a great brahmana and highly virtuous. He privately engaged in oblations and purificatory penances. Becoming very disturbed by family difficulties, he left his birthplace Navahatta (present-day [[Naihati]], [[West Bengal]]) with his followers and settled in the village [[Chandradwip|Bakla Chandradvipa]] in [[East Bengal]] (now [[Bangladesh]]). He built a house in the village [[Faridpur District|Fateyabad]] in [[Jessore]] for the convenience of communications with devotees and traveling [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavas]].

Among Kumara's many sons, '''Sanatana''' (eldest), '''[[Rupa Goswami|Rupa]]''' (middle), and '''Vallabha''' (youngest) were the life of the Vaishnava community and great devotees, all three becoming well known for their academic genius and devotion, and they lived in the village Ramakeli in [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]] (present-day [[Maldah District|Maldah]], [[West Bengal]]).
Alternatively, it is said that Rup Goswami's ancestors migrated from [[Karnataka]] to [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]] (present-day [[Maldah District|Maldah]], [[West Bengal]])<ref name = "Ray72">Ray, Shankarnath (1958), ''Bharater Sadhak Vol. 11'', p 72</ref> and lived in the village Ramkeli, near [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]] for generations.

===Birth===
He was born in around 1488 CE as the son of Mukunda, the private secretary of the Sultan of [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]], [[Jalaluddin Fateh Shah]] (ruled 1481–1487). Sanatana was the eldest son of Mukunda, and his younger brothers were [[Rupa Goswami|Rupa]] and Vallabha (Anupama). There seems to be some controversy amongst biographers about Sanatana Goswami's birthplace. Some opine that he was born in ''Navahatta'' (present-day [[Naihati]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]) while others believe that he was born in [[Chandradwip|Bakla Chandradvipa]] or in [[Faridpur District|Fateyabad Pargana]], [[Jessore]], [[East Bengal]] (now Bangladesh).<ref name = "Bidyabhushan9">Bidyabhushan,Rasik Mohan, (1927), ''Shrimath Rup-Sanatan Vol. 1'', p 9</ref> Some biographers believe that he was born in Ramakeli in the district of [[Maldah District|Maldah]], [[West Bengal]].

===Early years===
Sanatana and his brothers studied [[Nyaya]] (rhetortic) and [[Vedanta]] from the famous logician Vasudeva Sarvabhauma Bhattacharya. They also studied under Sarvabhauma's brother, Madhusudana Vidyavacaspati, from whom Sanatana took initiation in his childhood.

On the death of his father, Sanatana was forced to take up the post of Sakara Mallik (treasurer) to the new ruler of Bengal, [[Alauddin Husayn Shah|Alauddin Hussein Shah]] (ruled 1493–1519), while his brother Rupa was given the post of Dabir-i-khas (private secretary).{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}

===First meeting with Chaitanya Mahaprabhu===
{{Refimprovesection|date=June 2020}}

Sanatana and his brothers were residents of Ramakeli ( in present-day [[Maldah District|Maldah]], [[West Bengal]]) and it was here, in 1514 CE, that they met [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] for the first time beneath kadamba and tamäl trees when Mahaprabhu was travelling through [[Maldah|Gauda]] on his way to [[Vrindavan]]. The meeting changed their lives. After meeting them, Chaitanya gave them the names Rupa, Sanatana and Anupama. Sanatana advised Mahaprabhu, {{Cquote|quote=''Dear Lord, you are going to Vrindavan with an entourage of hundreds and thousands of people, and this is not a fitting way to go on a pilgrimage. (Chaitanya Charitamrita 2.1.224)''}} As a result of this advice, Mahaprabhu put off going to [[Vrindavan]] and turned back after going a little further, as far as Kanair Natshala.
Due to this meeting, the brothers decided to renounce the world and join Chaitanya and his entourage. Rupa resigned from his post, but Sanatana's resignation was refused by the Sultan. Sanatana stopped coming to court and feigned sickness. But when the Sultan sent his personal physicians to treat Sanatana they returned and reported that Sanatana was in perfectly good health. The Sultan personally visited Sanatana and tried to convince him to continue to render his governmental duties and accompany him on a military campaign against the neighbouring state of [[Odisha]]. Upon Sanatana's refusal, Hussein Shah had him thrown into [[prison]].

While in prison, Sanatana received a letter from his brother Rupa telling him that Chaitanya Mahaprabhu had left [[Puri]] to go to [[Vrindavan]] and that Rupa and Anupama had decided to meet him there. Sanatana managed to bribe the jailer with money Rupa had sent him for emergencies. Sanatana then crossed the [[Ganges River]] and made his way towards Vrindavan.

===Chaitanya Mahaprabhu in Varanasi===
As Sanatana made his way to [[Vrindavan]] he learned that Chaitanya Mahaprabhu had already left Vrindavan and was then residing in [[Varanasi]]. There Sanatana met Chaitanya, who imparted to him instructions pertaining to ''sambandha-jnana'' (knowledge of the self and one's relationship with God). Chaitanya taught that the constitutional identity of each soul is to be an eternal servant of God. Chaitanya explained his teachings to Sanatana by summarizing them in three categories: ''sambandha'' (one's relationship with Godhead), ''abhidheya'' (the method for reviving that relationship), and ''prayojana'' (the ultimate attainment of the supreme goal of life). After instructing Sanatana in the sambandha aspect of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology, Chaitanya instructed him to go to Vrindavan, where Sanatana visited the sites connected to Krishna's pastimes.

When Sanatana later went to [[Puri]] and met Chaitanya once more, Chaitanya gave him four direct instructions:{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}
# To write books teaching [[Bhakti yoga]], the process of devotion to [[Krishna]]
# To discover and excavate the places in Vrindavan where Krishna had his pastimes
# To establish the service of the [[deity]] ([[murthi]]s) of Krishna in Vrindavan
# To compile a book establishing the proper behavior for devotees of Krishna in order to create the foundations of a Vaishnava society.

===Vrindavan===
Sanatana Goswami returned to [[Vrindavan]], where he located various lost holy places. He also established the worship of the deity of Madana-mohana. Soon after Sanatana discovered the deity, a rich officer in the [[Mughal Empire|Moghul]] army named Krishna Dasa Kapura built a temple for Madana-mohan. This later became one of the seven principal temples of Vrindavan. The temple is called [[Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan|Radha Madan Mohan Temple]].

Sanatana Goswami disappeared in the year 1558 CE. His [[samādhi]] (tomb) is located next to the Madana-mohana temple.

==Literary works==
Sanatana Goswami wrote four important books in Sanskrit on [[Gaudiya Vaishnava]] philosophy:

* ''Brihat-bhagavtamrita'' ("The Great Nectar of the Lord’s Devotees")
This work of 2,500 verses is divided into two parts. The first section explains the ontological hierarchy of the devotees of Krishna. The second section deals with the soul's journey to the eternal realm of Krishna. Narrated as stories, both sections explain many aspects of Gaudiya Vaishnava philosophy. Sanatana also wrote for this book his own commentary, called the ''Dig-darshini.''
* ''Hari-bhakti-vilasa'' ("Performance of Devotion to Hari")
This book was a joint work between Sanatana Goswami and Gopala Bhatta Goswami. Compiled on the order of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, the book deals with the rituals and conduct of Gaudiya Vaisnavas. Sanatana also wrote an auto-commentary on ''Hari-bhakti Vilasa.''
* ''Krishna-lila-stava'' ("Glorification of the Pastimes of Krishna")
Krishna-lila-stava consists of 432 verses tracing Krishna's pastimes as told in the [[Bhagavata Purana]], from the beginning of the 10th Canto up through the vanquishing of Kamsa. Krishna-lila-stava is also sometimes referred to as the Dasama-charita.
* ''Brihad Vaishnava Toshani'' ("That which brings Great Joy to the Devotees of Krishna")
The ''Brihad Vaishnava Toshani'' is Sanatana's extensive commentary on the Tenth Canto of the Bhagavata Purana. This commentary is also known as the ''Dasama-tipanni.''

==Bibliography==
*Swami, Bhānu. ''{{IAST|Śrī Bṛhad-bhāgavatāmṛta}}.'' Includes the full translation of the ''{{IAST|Dig-darśinī}}'' commentary, 2018.
*Dasa, Gopiparanadhana. ''{{IAST|Śrī Bṛhad-bhāgavatāmṛta}} of {{IAST|Śrīla Sanātana Goswāmī}}.'' Includes the [[Devanagari]] text, a roman transliteration, word-for-word meanings, English translation, and a summary of the ''{{IAST|Dig-darśinī}}'' commentary. Los Angeles: [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust|The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]], 2002. 3 volumes: {{ISBN|0-89213-348-1}}.
*Dasa, Gopiparanadhana. ''{{IAST|Śrī Kṛṣņa-līlā-stava}} of {{IAST|Śrīla Sanātana Goswāmī}}.'' Includes the [[Devanagari]] text, a roman transliteration, word-for-word meanings, English translation, and commentary. Los Angeles: [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust|The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]], 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-84599-056-5}}.
*Tirtha, Swami B.B.,'' Sri Caitanya and His Associates,'' 2002, Mandala Publishing, San Francisco. {{ISBN|1-886069-28-X}}
* Mahayogi, Swami B.V., ''Lives of the Saints,'' translated from Gaura Parsada Citravali, unpublished work.
* ''Bhakti-ratnakara'' (Bengali), Narahari Chakravarti, Pub. By Gaudiya Mission, Kolkata, 1986.
* Narayana Goswami Maharaja, Sri Srimad Bhaktivedanta; 'Sri Brihad Bhagavatamrita' of Srila Sanatana Goswami {{ISBN|978-1-935428-32-9}}

==See also==
*[[Govardhan hill]]
*[[Gopala Bhatta Goswami|Gopal]]
*[[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]]
*[[Krishnology]]
*[[Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.radhakunda.com/personalities/sanatana_gosvami.html Sanatana Goswami] (radhakunda.com)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070117072311/http://www.iskcon.com/about/parampara/sanatan_goswami.html Srila Sanatana Goswami] (iskcon.com)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070219220743/http://www.radhadamodarmandir.com/six-goswamis/govardhan.html The Govardhan Sila of Sanatana Goswami] (radhadamodarmandir.com)
{{Caitanya sampradaya}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goswami, Sanatana}}
[[Category:Gaudiya religious leaders]]
[[Category:16th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:People from Jessore District]]
[[Category:1488 births]]
[[Category:1558 deaths]]
[[Category:Devotees of Krishna]]
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]

Sanatana Goswami - Revision history

>Kridha: Added temple page link