Dsabhishek at 20:17, 1 October 2023

2023-10-01T20:17:54Z

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{{Short description|Meitei language term for Manipur}}
{{About|a [[Meitei language]] term|the Meitei language daily newspaper|Sanaleipak (newspaper)}}
{{Distinguish|Sanamahi|Sana Konung|Kangla Sanathong{{!}}Sanathong}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

{{Infobox name
| name = Sanaleipak
| image = SANALEIBAK.jpg
| caption =
| romanisation = Sanaleipak
| pronunciation = /sa-nā-lei-pāk/
| gender =
| masculine = no
| feminine = yes
| meaning = golden land, golden country, land of gold
| motto =
| region = [[Manipur]]
| language = [[Meitei language]] ([[Manipuri language]])
| languageorigin = [[Meitei language]] ([[Manipuri language]])
| origin =
| alternative spelling = Sanaaleipaak
| nickname =
| shortform =
| petname =
| variant forms = Sanaleibak, Sanaaleibaak, Sana Leipak, Sanaa Leipaak, Sana Leibak, Sanaa Leibaak
| related names =
| cognate =
| anglicisation =
| name day =
| derived =
| derivative =
| derivation =
| seealso =
| popularity = used in state official song [[Sana Leibak Manipur]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sanaleipak''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Latn|/sa-nā-lei-pāk/}}|}}), also spelled as '''Sanaleibak''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Latn|/sa-nā-lei-bāk/}}|}}), is a [[Meitei language]] name of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA105&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOgPjfiNOBAxUOdPUHHY54BbMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=105 |language=en}}</ref> Its literal meaning is rendered as "the golden land",<ref>—{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT181&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |pages=181 |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA110&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOgPjfiNOBAxUOdPUHHY54BbMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=110 |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Noni |first=Arambam |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=OzjbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA234&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOgPjfiNOBAxUOdPUHHY54BbMQuwV6BAgKEAY#v=onepage&q=Sanaleibak&f=false |title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur |last2=Sanatomba |first2=Kangujam |date=2015-10-16 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-27066-9 |pages=234 |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA99&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOgPjfiNOBAxUOdPUHHY54BbMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=99 |language=en}}</ref> "the golden country",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muthukumaraswamy |first=M. D. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Xsrgg1Mel8UC&pg=PA73&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAoQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Folklore, Public Sphere, and Civil Society |last2=Kaushal |first2=Molly |date=2004 |publisher=NFSC www.indianfolklore.org |isbn=978-81-901481-4-6 |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref> "the land of jewels",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanaleibak Manipur - Give Peace a Chance |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/sanaleibak-manipur-give-peace-a-chance |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref> "the land of gold", etc. in Meitei.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Nalini |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-AtBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT105&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOgPjfiNOBAxUOdPUHHY54BbMQuwV6BAgHEAc#v=onepage&q=sanaleibak&f=false |title=Gods, Giants and the Geography of India |date=2021-09-03 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-91028-27-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Chandan Kumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=uXznDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT52&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Fixed Borders, Fluid Boundaries: Identity, Resources and Mobility in Northeast India |last2=Banerjee |first2=Reshmi |date=2020-05-25 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-08055-1 |pages=52 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Time |first=Pratidin |date=2022-11-24 |title=TASTE OF MANIPUR: Ethnic Delicacies In Guwahati |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/standpoint/taste-of-manipur-ethnic-delicacies-guwahati |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Pratidin Time |language=en}}</ref>

It is synonymous with {{langnf|mni|Lai Leibak|land of god}},<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=T. S. P. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kMNiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOgPjfiNOBAxUOdPUHHY54BbMQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Apology |date=2018-05-31 |publisher=[[Partridge Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-5437-0188-3 |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref> {{langnf|mni|[[Meeteileibak]]|land of [[Meeteis]]}}, {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|land of [[Kangla]]}},<ref>{{Cite book |last=Noni |first=Arambam |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=OzjbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA234&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOgPjfiNOBAxUOdPUHHY54BbMQuwV6BAgKEAY#v=onepage&q=Sanaleibak&f=false |title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur |last2=Sanatomba |first2=Kangujam |date=2015-10-16 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-27066-9 |pages=234 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Doon |first=Vikas |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=uviTEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=North East |last2= |first2= |publisher= |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref> Poireipak, Meitrabak,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shimray |first=U. A. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eBPRzDO-9KEC&pg=PA56&dq=sanaleipak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjymIiqm9OBAxWwyTgGHbZaAA4Q6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Naga Population and Integration Movement: Documentation |date=2007 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-181-6 |pages=56 |language=en}}</ref> Tillikoktong, KonnaChak, etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajkumar |first=Falguni |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=VR-pEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT21&dq=sanaleipak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjymIiqm9OBAxWwyTgGHbZaAA4Q6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Breaking Barriers in Post-independence India: A Journey out of the Northeast |date=2023-03-24 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-85962-1 |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview of meanings ==
The term "Sanaleipak" has strong relationship with the notion of development and welfare of people of the realm, having blessings to lead to the golden way of life. It has reference to the overall growth, fulfilment of desires and enactment of proper justice.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muthukumaraswamy |first=M. D. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Xsrgg1Mel8UC&pg=PA73&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAoQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Folklore, Public Sphere, and Civil Society |last2=Kaushal |first2=Molly |date=2004 |publisher=NFSC www.indianfolklore.org |isbn=978-81-901481-4-6 |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref>

Like the gold is precious and symbolises prosperity, strength, brightness, weightage, pride and satisfaction, according to the knowledge of enlightened [[Meitei people]], sanaleipak is a land of {{langnf|mni|asee ana leitaba|no death and disease}}, {{langnf|mni|shaathong lanthong thingba|the doors were closed to beasts and battles}}, {{langnf|mni|ahong achao thokpa|existence of happiness, prosperity and abundance of food}} and {{langnf|mni|nupee nupa pukning loushing thokpa|the minds of women and men freed from care and tension}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muthukumaraswamy |first=M. D. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Xsrgg1Mel8UC&pg=PA73&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAoQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Folklore, Public Sphere, and Civil Society |last2=Kaushal |first2=Molly |date=2004 |publisher=NFSC www.indianfolklore.org |isbn=978-81-901481-4-6 |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref>

According the concept of sanaleipak, the state is dwelled by people who are social and collective, rather than individualistic, either in case of their personalities or their interests.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muthukumaraswamy |first=M. D. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Xsrgg1Mel8UC&pg=PA73&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAoQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Folklore, Public Sphere, and Civil Society |last2=Kaushal |first2=Molly |date=2004 |publisher=NFSC www.indianfolklore.org |isbn=978-81-901481-4-6 |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref>

The name "Sanaleipak", which means "the land of gold" or "land of gold", is given to [[Manipur]], not because it has a lot of the gold mines, but because it is a place well known for its happiness, richness, and widespread availability of foods, including but not limited to fishes and vegetables.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT181&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref>

Other than the rendering of the meaning of Sanaleipak into those of welfare and physical well being, it has other meanings too.
It may also have strong references to the sound strength of any body actively having connection with the mankind and cosmic forces, starting from the coronation rites and rituals of a king upto the fertility of a man.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muthukumaraswamy |first=M. D. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Xsrgg1Mel8UC&pg=PA75&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAoQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Folklore, Public Sphere, and Civil Society |last2=Kaushal |first2=Molly |date=2004 |publisher=NFSC www.indianfolklore.org |isbn=978-81-901481-4-6 |pages=75 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Time |first=Pratidin |date=2022-11-24 |title=TASTE OF MANIPUR: Ethnic Delicacies In Guwahati |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/standpoint/taste-of-manipur-ethnic-delicacies-guwahati |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Pratidin Time |language=en}}</ref>

== Mentions in ancient texts ==
{{See|Ancient Meitei literature}}
The term "Sanaleibak" was mentioned in an 11th-12th century [[ancient Meitei language]] written constitution named [[Loiyumba Shinyen]] as ''"Poyrei Kanglei Meitei Sanaleibak"'', a prosaic name of the [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]), regarding administration of justice.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=vO-vtI8NuxIC&pg=PA10&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOgPjfiNOBAxUOdPUHHY54BbMQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Manipur: Treatise & Documents |date=1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-399-5 |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref>

== In state official song ==
{{Main|Sana Leibak Manipur}}

== In literature ==
{{See|Ancient Meitei literature|Meitei mythology|Meitei folklore}}
"Sanaleibak" finds its mention in the popular sayings and songs of [[Meitei literature]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT181&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref>
It was also mentioned in the works of numerous versifiers and minstrels, while paying tributes to and chanting glories of the land of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT181&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref>

One such instance is the following:
{{Quote|
"Chingna Koina Pansaaba 
Chingmina Koina Pan ngaakpa 
Sanaleibak Manipur"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT181&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
Its English translation is:
{{Quote|
"Fortified by the hills 
Defended by the hill inhabitants 
A golden land of Manipur"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT181&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
The above passage describes the [[geography of Manipur]] in an accurate manner. In Manipur, the central [[Imphal Valley]], the dwelling place of the [[Meiteis]], is surrounded from all sides, by multiple ranges of hills and mountains, occupied by multiple [[hill tribes of Northeast India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT181&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref>

== In politics ==
{{See|Politics in Manipur}}

In 2021, [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Sapam Nishikant of [[Keishamthong Assembly constituency]], asserted that Manipur will become a ''Sanaleipak'' only when politicians began working having a proper vision, without any corruption.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two ex-IMC Councillors join Team Nishikant Nishikant Sapam advocates honesty, corruption-free politics |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/12/7/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Dec-6-Nishikant-Singh-Sapam-has-said-that-the-most-important-element.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2022, during an election campaign for [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], politician [[Nongthombam Biren Singh]], asserted<ref>{{Cite web |title=Will give Sanaleibak in return, claims CM |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/2/14/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Feb-13-If-the-people-of-the-State-give-absolute-majority-to-BJP-in.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Will give Sanaleibak in return, claims CM : 14th feb22 |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=3..140222.feb22 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=}}</ref>
{{Quote|
"If the people of the State give absolute majority to BJP in the upcoming [[12th Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], the saffron party will strive to realise the vision of a 'Sanaleibak Manipur' (Land of Gold)."
|[[Nongthombam Biren Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Will give Sanaleibak in return, claims CM |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/2/14/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Feb-13-If-the-people-of-the-State-give-absolute-majority-to-BJP-in.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Will give Sanaleibak in return, claims CM : 14th feb22 |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=3..140222.feb22 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=}}</ref>}}

[[Manipur People's Party]] (MPP) has strong political association with the daily newspaper named "Sanaleibak".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=A. Prafullokumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=b3TwS0WRn5kC&pg=PA175&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAUQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Elections and political dynamics |date=2009 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-279-0 |pages=175 |language=en}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[Sana Leibak Manipur]], the state official song of Manipur, was showcased by the Rhythms of Manipur, in the 9th North East Festival organized in [[Guwahati]] from to 10th January of 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rhythms of Manipur showcase 'Sana Leibak Manipur' at NE Fest |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/1/12/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Jan-11-Rhythms-of-Manipur-presented-the-State-song-of-Manipur-penne.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kangla]]
* [[Kanglasha]]
* [[Nongshaba]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* [https://imphalreviews.in/conduct-civilization-and-law-on-decorum-liberty-and-the-rule-of-law-in-sanaleipak-2/ Conduct, Civilization and Law: On Decorum, Liberty and the Rule of Law in Sanaleipak]
== External links ==
{{Portal bar|Arts|Asia|Books|Geography|History|India|Language|Law|Linguistics|Literature|Philosophy|Poetry|Politics|Writing}}

[[Category:Manipur]]
[[Category:Meitei language]]
[[Category:Sanaleipak]]

Sanaleipak - Revision history

Dsabhishek at 20:17, 1 October 2023