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{{Short description|Ancient kingdom of South India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
[[File:Raja Gambhira Sambhuvarayar.jpg|thumb|Raja Gambhira Sambhuvarayar I ]]{{Infobox country
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Sambuvaraya dynasty
|common_name = Sambuvaraya
|era = Middle Ages
|status =
|event_start =
|year_start = 12th century CE
|date_start =
|date_event1 =
|event_end =
|year_end = 1375 CE
|date_end =
|p1 = Pandyan dynasty
|flag_p1 =
|s1 = Vijayanagar Empire
|flag_s1 =
|image_flag =
|flag_type =
|image_coat =
|image_map =
|image_map_caption =
|capital = Rajagambhiram, Padaveedu
| common_languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
|government_type = Monarchy
|leader1 = Raja Gambhira Sambhuvaraya
|year_leader1 = 1236 - 1268 CE
|leader2 = Mankonda Sambhuvaraya
|year_leader2 = 1322 - 1337 CE
|leader3 = Rajanarayana Sambhuvaraya
|year_leader3 = 1337 - 1373 CE
|leader4 = Rajanarayana Sambhuvaraya II
|year_leader4 = 1356 - 1375 CE
|title_leader =
|legislature =
|stat_year1 = 10th century CE
|stat_area1 =
}}

The '''Sambuvarayar''' (Tamil: சம்புவராயர்) chieftains once ruled the [[Tondaimandalam]] region of South India. Among them was ''Edirili Chola Sambhuvaraya'', a vassal under [[Rajadhiraja Chola II]] and [[Kulothunga Chola III]], who ruled the northern part of Tondaimandalam, now comprising the districts of [[Vellore]], [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Kancheepuram]], [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]], [[Thiruvallur|Tiruvallur]], [[Nellore district|Nellore]], and [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]. Later during the 14th century when the [[Telugu Cholas]], [[Hoysala]] and [[Pandya]] kingdoms went into decline, the Sambuvarayas ruled their regions independently. Two chiefs of the family namely, Venrumankonda Sambuvaraya (1322 CE) and Rajanarayana Sambuvaraya (1337 CE), issued records in their own regnal years.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture|author=K.V. Raman|publisher=Abhinav Publications, 2003 - 206 pages|pages=25, 26}}</ref>
[[File:Sambuvarayar Coins.png|thumb|Sambuvarayar Coins]]

==Origin==
The early Sambuvarayas chiefs originally ruled the region of Oyma Nadu , now a part of present day Tindivanam taluk of Viluppuram district under the imperial Cholas.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&q=chola+peasant+warriors&pg=PA54|series=The New Cambridge History of India |title=Vijayanagara|authorlink=Burton Stein |first=Burton |last=Stein|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=54|isbn=9780521266932}}</ref> The Sambuvaraya capital was at Padaveedu, now known as [[Padavedu]] in [[Polur]] [[taluk]], [[Tiruvannamalai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tnarch.gov.in/excavation/pad.htm |title=Padavedu |publisher=State Department of Archaeology, Tamil Nadu |access-date=2015-05-04}}</ref> Padaveedu (also spelt Padavedu) is the site of the popular Sri Renukambal Temple.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-45814659|title = 'Flexitarian' diets key to feeding people in a warming world|work = BBC News|date = 10 October 2018}}</ref>.The Sambuvarayas belonged to the [[Vanniyar]] community , and had the title 'Nalayiravan' , as they controlled a subordinate army of 4000 soldiers in their initial days.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://archive.org/details/epigraphia-indica/epigraphia-indica-vol-28/page/n248/mode/1up?q=Sambuvaraya |title = Epigraphia Indica volume 28|author = Chhabra, B.ch.|publisher = Manager of publications, Delhi , 1953|pages = 565}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/oxford-collected-essays-noboru-karashima-ancient-to-medieval-south-indian-societ/page/74/mode/1up?q=pallis|title= Ancient to Medieval - South Indian society in transition|author = Noboru,Karashima|publisher = Oxford University Press, 2009|pages=301}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Govindasamy|first=M.S|title=The Role of Feudatories in Later Chola History|page = 188| year=1979|publisher=Annamalai University Press|language=English}}</ref>.

==Rajagambhiram fort==
The vassal had constructed a hill fort, Rajagambhiram, at present day Padaveedu, to watch and control the movements of the northern enemies. The fort has four gates in four directions. The northern gate was now called as Shanta gate. The other gates were damaged. While the eastern gate was in a dilapidated condition, the western gate on which was found the inscription has been completely damaged. This gate was named after Puvandai alias Cholakon, one of the soldier in the military service of Edhirili Chola Sambhuvaraya. One [[hero stone]] has been erected on the plains, north of the Shanta gate.

The fort was constructed with granite with a perimeter extending to {{convert|2|km|mi}}. This fort once had residences and `pandals' for warriors who were posted for duties. Holes had been made on the rock surface in such a way as to erect round tents. One could see nine tent areas on the top of the hill. Besides, four water tanks had been created to provide drinking water. Two natural water ponds were also available in the fort. Near the big tank a mortar with one foot depth and one foot diameter was dug and used. The area also revealed clear traces of [[Shiva]] and [[Ganesha|Vinayaka]] temples. Stone blocks, bricks each measuring 10 inches x 7 inches, lime mortar and sand were used in the construction of the fort walls.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Padavedu Excavation|publisher=State Department of Archaeology, Madras, India|year=1993|location=Madras|first=Natana|last=Kasinathan|url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0042358/TVA_BOK_0042358_Padavedu_Excavation_1993.pdf|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref>

== Decline ==

The Sambuvarayas lost power and went into decline with the rapid expansion of the [[Vijayanagar empire]] in the 14th century. Rajanarayana Sambuvaraya allied with the Vijayanagar ruler [[Harihara I]] against the [[Madurai Sultanate|Sultanate of Madura]] but was later killed by Harihara's brother [[Bukka Raya I]] who sought to bring most of South India under his rule.<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of India |first1=Hermann |last1=Kulke |author-link1=Hermann Kulke |first2=Dietmar |last2=Rothermund |author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-41532-919-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&pg=PA189 |page=189}}
</ref>

==See also==
*[[Pallava]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.davidgodman.org/asaints/kvallalan1.shtml Sambuvaraya lineage king Vallalan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090325014734/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/03/20/stories/2009032051400500.htm Temple built by Sambuvaraya king]

[[Category:Tamil monarchs]]

Sambuvarayar - Revision history

Yogiindia: adding new info with sources!