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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the moschatel family Adoxaceae}}
{{Redirect|Black elderberry|the species native to North America sometimes known by the same name|Sambucus canadensis}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Sambucus nigra 004.jpg
|image_caption = Shrub in flower
|genus = Sambucus
|species = nigra
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| range_map = Sambucus nigra range.svg
| range_map_caption = Distribution in Europe
| range_map2 = Sambucus nigra canadensis & cerulea range map 2.png
| range_map2_caption = Natural range of North American subspecies: ''[[Sambucus cerulea|S.{{nbsp}}cerulea]]'' (dark/light blue) and ''[[Sambucus canadensis|S.{{nbsp}}canadensis]]'' (green/red)
}}

'''''Sambucus nigra''''' is a [[species complex]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Adoxaceae]] [[native plant|native]] to most of Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Sambucus&SPECIES_XREF=nigra&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK=|title=Flora Europaea Search Results|website=Rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> Common names include '''elder''', '''elderberry''', '''black elder''', '''European elder''', ''' European elderberry''', '''European black elderberry''' and '''tramman''' ([[Isle of Man]]).<ref>{{ITIS |id= 35324 |taxon= ''Sambucus nigra''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SANI4|title=Plants Profile for Sambucus nigra (black elderberry)|website=Plants.usda.gov|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> It grows in a variety of conditions including both wet and dry fertile soils, primarily in sunny locations. The plant is widely grown as an [[Ornamental plant|ornamental]] shrub or small tree. Both the flowers and the berries have a long tradition of culinary use, primarily for cordial and wine.<ref name=RHSAZ/>

Although elderberry is commonly used in [[dietary supplement]]s and [[traditional medicine]], there is no [[evidence-based medicine|scientific evidence]] that it provides any benefit for maintaining health or treating diseases.<ref name="nccih">{{cite web |title=European elder |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/european-elder |publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=4 September 2021 |date=1 August 2020}}</ref>

==Description==

Elderberry is a [[deciduous]] [[shrub]] or small [[tree]] growing to {{convert|6|m|ft|0}} tall and wide,<ref name= RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Michael and Vikram |isbn= 978-1405332965}}</ref> rarely reaching {{cvt|10|m|ft|0}} tall. The bark, light gray when young, changes to a coarse gray outer bark with lengthwise furrowing, [[lenticel]]s prominent.<ref>Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968 ''Excursion Flora of the British Isles Second Edition'' Cambridge.{{ISBN| 0-521-04656-4}}</ref> The [[leaves]] are arranged in opposite pairs, {{Convert|10–30|cm|abbr=off|frac=2}} long, pinnate with five to seven (rarely nine) leaflets, the leaflets {{convert|5–12|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}} long and {{Convert|3–5|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}} broad, with a serrated margin. The young stems are hollow.<ref>Vedel, H. and Lange, J. 1971. ''Trees and Bushes in Wood and Hedgerow''. p. 196. Methuen and Co. Ltd. {{ISBN|0416-61780-8}}</ref>

The [[Plant reproductive morphology#Variations|hermaphroditic]] [[flower]]s have five stamens,<ref name= "Parnell 12">Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. ''Webb's An Irish Flora''. Cork University Press. {{ISBN|978-185918-4783}}</ref> which are borne in large, flat [[corymb]]s 10–25 cm in diameter in late spring to mid-summer. The individual flowers are ivory white, {{convert|5–6|mm|frac=32}} in diameter, with five petals, and are pollinated by flies.

The [[fruit]] is a glossy, dark purple to black [[berry (botany)|berry]] 3–5 mm diameter, produced in drooping clusters in late autumn.<ref name=RHSAZ /> The dark color of elderberry fruit occurs from its rich [[polyphenol|phenolic]] content, particularly from [[anthocyanin]]s.<ref name="drugs">{{cite web |date=4 August 2021 |title=Elderberry |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/elderberry.html |access-date=4 September 2021 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref>

{{gallery|mode=packed
|Flowers Black Elder.jpg|Flowers
|Sambucus nigra2.jpg|Fruit cluster
|Elder growing on Sycamore, Dalry, Scotland.JPG|Growing as an [[epiphyte]] on a [[sycamore]]
}}

== Taxonomy ==

===Subspecies===
{{See also|Sambucus}}

There are several other closely related species, native to Asia and North America, which are similar, and sometimes treated as [[subspecies]] of ''Sambucus nigra'', including [[Sambucus canadensis|''S. nigra'' subsp. ''canadensis'']]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=7320 |title=Sambucus mexicana |publisher=Calflora |access-date=2012-07-16}}</ref> and [[Sambucus cerulea|''S. nigra'' subsp. ''cerulea'']].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=10348 |title=Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea |publisher=Calflora |access-date=2012-07-16}}</ref>

=== Etymology ===
The Latin [[specific epithet]] ''nigra'' means "black", and refers to the deeply dark colour of the berries.<ref name=RHSLG>{{cite book | last=Harrison |first=Lorraine | title=RHS Latin for Gardeners | year=2012 |publisher=Mitchell Beazley | location=United Kingdom | isbn=978-1845337315 }}</ref> The English term for the tree is not believed to come from the word "old", but from the [[Middle English|Anglo Saxon]] ''æld'', meaning fire, because the hollow stems of the branches were used as [[bellows]] to blow air into a fire.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elder (Sambucus nigra) - British trees - |url=https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/visiting-woods/trees-woods-and-wildlife/british-trees/native-trees/elder/ |access-date=3 November 2017 |publisher=Woodland Trust |language=en}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==

''Sambucus nigra'' is native to [[Europe]] as far east as [[Turkey]].<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |title=''Sambucus nigra'' L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=10 February 2022 |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30122169-2 }}</ref> It is native in, and common throughout, the [[British Isles]].<ref name="BRC">{{cite web |title=''Sambucus nigra'' |work=Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora |publisher=Biological Records Centre and Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland |url=https://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/plant/sambucus-nigra |access-date=10 February 2022 }}</ref> It has been introduced to parts of most other continents of the world.<ref name="POWO" />

Hedges, waste-ground roadsides, and woods are the typical habitats for the species.<ref name="Parnell 12" />
''S. nigra'' is recorded as very common in [[Ireland]] in hedges as scrub in woods.<ref>Hackney, P. 1992. ''Stewarts and Corry's Flora of the North-east of Ireland.'' Institute of Irish Studies The Queen's University of Belfast. {{ISBN|0 85389 446 9}}(HB)</ref><ref>Webb, D.A., Parnell, J. and Doogue, D. 1996. ''An Irish Flora''. Dundalgan Press Ltd, Dundalk. {{ISBN|0-85221-131-7}}</ref>

== Ecology ==
{{multiple image
|perrow=2
|image1=Hyphodontia sambuci Eglinton.JPG
|caption1=[[Elder whitewash fungus]]
|image2=Auricularia auricula-judae Eglinton.JPG
|caption2=[[Auricularia auricula-judae|Jelly ear fungus]]
}}

Like other elderberries, ''Sambucus nigra'' is subject to [[elder whitewash fungus]] and [[Auricularia auricula-judae|jelly ear fungus]].

=== Wildlife value ===
Elder rates as fair to good forage for animals such as [[mule deer]], [[elk]], [[sheep]], and small birds. The fruit are an important food for many fruit-eating birds, notably [[blackcap]]s. Ripe elderberries are a favorite food for migrating [[band-tailed pigeon]]s in northern California, which may sometimes strip an entire bush in a short time. The species provides good habitat for large and small mammals,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sambucus nigra subsp. cerulea |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/samnigc/all.html#MANAGEMENT |access-date=13 October 2017 |website=Fs.fed.us}}</ref> as well as nesting habitat for many birds, including hummingbirds, warblers, and vireos. It is also a larval host to the [[spring azure]].<ref>The Xerces Society (2016), ''Gardening for Butterflies: How You Can Attract and Protect Beautiful, Beneficial Insects'', Timber Press.</ref>

Except for the flowers and ripe berries (but including the ripe seeds), all parts of the plant are poisonous to mammals, containing the [[cyanogenic glycoside]] [[sambunigrin]] (C14H17NO6, [[CAS registry number|CAS number]] 99-19-4).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Campa |first1=Cristiana |last2=Schmitt-Kopplin |first2=P |last3=Cataldi |first3=T R |last4=Bufo |first4=S A |last5=Freitag |first5=D |last6=Kettrup |first6=A |name-list-style=vanc |year=2000 |title=Analysis of cyanogenic glycosides by micellar capillary electrophoresis |journal=[[Journal of Chromatography B]] |volume=739 |issue=1 |pages=95–100 |doi=10.1016/S0378-4347(99)00375-8 |pmid=10744317}}</ref> The bark contains [[calcium oxalate]] crystals.

==Cultivation==
It is a very common feature of hedgerows and scrubland in Britain and northern Europe.

Some selections and cultivars have [[variegated]] or coloured leaves and other distinctive qualities, and are grown as [[ornamental plant]]s. ''S. nigra'' f. ''porphyrophylla'' has dark maroon or black leaves, and pale pink flowers.

The following cultivars have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 95 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 21 October 2018}}</ref>
*''S. nigra'' f. ''laciniata'' (cut-leaved alder)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/50846/Sambucus-nigra-f-laciniata/Details |title=''Sambucus nigra'' f. ''laciniata'' / RHS Gardening |publisher=Apps.rhs.org.uk |access-date=2021-03-06}}</ref>
*''S. nigra'' f. ''porphyrophylla'' 'Eva'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/197771/i-Sambucus-nigra-i-f-i-porphyrophylla-i-Eva-sup-(PBR)-sup/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Sambucus nigra'' 'Eva' | access-date = 21 October 2018}}</ref>
*''S. nigra'' f. ''porphyrophylla'' 'Gerda'<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/139890/Sambucus-nigra-f-porphyrophylla-Gerda-(PBR)/Details |title=''Sambucus'' nigra f. ''porphyrophylla'' 'Gerda'|publisher=Apps.rhs.org.uk |access-date=2021-03-06}}</ref>

==Toxicity==
Components of the elderberry plant, including its fruit, contain diverse [[phytochemical]]s, such as [[alkaloid]]s, [[lectin]]s, and cyanogenic glycosides, which may be toxic if consumed raw.<ref name="drugs" /> The seeds and all green parts of the plant contain cyanogenic glycosides.<ref name="nccih" /> Consumption of berries, leaves, bark or stems, if not properly prepared, may cause [[nausea]], vomiting, and severe [[diarrhea]].<ref name="nccih" /><ref name="drugs" /><ref name="msk">{{cite web |date=2020 |title=Elderberry |url=https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/elderberry-01 |access-date=11 July 2020 |publisher=Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center}}</ref> Elderberry plant constituents or products should not be consumed during pregnancy or by people with [[allergy|allergies]] or [[gastrointestinal disease]]s.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="msk" /> Elderberry products may cause [[adverse effect]]s when used with [[prescription drug]]s.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="msk" />

==Uses==

The dark blue or purple berries are mildly poisonous in their raw state, but are edible after cooking.<ref name="nccih" /><ref name=":0" /> They can be used to make [[Fruit preserves|jam]], jelly,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Fagan|first=Damian|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1073035766|title=Wildflowers of Oregon: A Field Guide to Over 400 Wildflowers, Trees, and Shrubs of the Coast, Cascades, and High Desert|publisher=[[FalconGuides]]|year=2019|isbn=978-1-4930-3633-2|location=Guilford, CT|pages=16|oclc=1073035766}}</ref> [[chutney]], and Pontack sauce. In Scandinavia and Germany, soup made from the elderberry (e.g. the German ''Fliederbeersuppe'') is a traditional meal.<ref name="jorg">{{cite journal | last=Jørgensen | first=Ulla | last2=Hansen | first2=Merete | last3=Christensen | first3=Lars P. | last4=Jensen | first4=Karina | last5=Kaack | first5=Karl | title=Olfactory and Quantitative Analysis of Aroma Compounds in Elder Flower (''Sambucus nigra'' L.) Drink Processed from Five Cultivars | journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | volume=48 | issue=6 | date=2000-05-12 | issn=0021-8561 | doi=10.1021/jf000005f | pages=2376–2383}}</ref>

Commonly, the flowerheads are used in [[infusion]]s, giving a drink in Northern Europe and the [[Balkans]]. These drinks are sold commercially as [[elderflower cordial]] or [[elderflower pressé]] .<ref>Kikbracken, J. 1995. ''Easy way guide Trees''. Larousse.</ref> In [[Europe]], the flowers are made into a [[syrup]] or [[Squash (drink)|cordial]] (in Romanian: [[Socată]], in Swedish: fläder(blom)saft, in Danish: hyldeblomstsaft / hyldedrik), which is diluted with water before drinking. The popularity of this traditional drink recently has encouraged some commercial [[soft drink]] producers to introduce elderflower-flavoured drinks ([[Fanta]] Shokata, Freaky Fläder). The flowers also may be dipped into a light batter and then fried to make elderflower fritters.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mabey |first=Richard |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/761378530 |title=Food for free |date=2012 |publisher=Collins |isbn=978-0-00-743847-1 |edition= |location=London |pages=83 |oclc=761378530}}</ref>

The berries may be made into [[elderberry wine]].<ref name=":0" /> In [[Hungary]], an elderberry [[brandy]] is made that requires 50 kilograms of fruit to produce 1 [[litre]] of brandy. In south-western [[Sweden]], it is traditional to make a [[snaps]] liqueur flavoured with elderflower. Elderflowers are used in liqueurs such as [[St-Germain (liqueur)|St-Germain]], and in a mildly alcoholic sparkling elderflower 'champagne', although a more alcoholic home-made version can be made. In [[Beerse]], Belgium, a variety of [[jenever]] called ''beers vlierke'' is made from the berries.

{{gallery|mode=packed
|Elderberry-jam.JPG|Elderberry jam
|Sambuci flos dried.jpg|''Sambuci flos'': dried sambucus nigra flowers as used in herbal tea
|"Godfrey's Extract of Elder-Flowers" ad - Woman's Exhibition, 1900, Earl's Court, London, S.W. - official fine art, historical and general catalogue (IA gri 33125013839424) (page 7 crop).jpg|"Godfrey's Extract of Elder-Flowers" ad in 1900
}}

=== Traditional medicine ===
{{anchor|Medicinal}}

This plant is used in traditional medicine by native peoples and [[herbal medicine|herbalists]].<ref name=nccih/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+nigra|title=''Sambucus nigra'': Elderberry - European Elder, Black elderberry, American black elderberry, Blue elderberry|publisher=Plants for a Future|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> Extracts of the flowers and fruits are used for cold and flu symptoms,<ref name=nccih/><ref name=drugs/> although there is no high-quality [[evidence-based medicine|clinical evidence]] that it is effective for treating any disease.<ref name=nccih/><ref name=drugs/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |first=Neltje |last=Blanchan |author-link=Neltje Blanchan |title=Wild Flowers: An Aid to Knowledge of our Wild Flowers and their Insect Visitors |year=1900 |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] |location=[[New York City]] |oclc=16950204|title-link=Wild Flowers: An Aid to Knowledge of our Wild Flowers and their Insect Visitors }}
*Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. HarperCollins {{ISBN|0-00-220013-9}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Sambucus nigra|''Sambucus nigra''}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q22701}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sambucus|nigra]]
[[Category:Berries]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of North America]]
[[Category:Flora of temperate Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of the Eastern United States]]
[[Category:Flora of the Western United States]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Europe]]
[[Category:Garden plants of North America]]
[[Category:Edible fruits]]
[[Category:Flora of Algeria]]
[[Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status]]

Sambucus nigra - Revision history

Tiwari63: added info

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WikiDwarfBOT at 16:13, 10 September 2022