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Literature: resolved- cleanup section

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{{Redirect-distinguish2|Kosli language|"Kosali", a term also used for [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] and related languages}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Sambalpuri
|altname=Western Odia
|nativename={{lang-or|ସମ୍ବଲପୁରୀ|label=none|translit-std=ISO}}
|states=[[India]]
|region=[[Western Odisha]]
|image=[[File:Sambalpuri.png|250px]]
|imagecaption= 'Sambalpuri' in [[Odia script]]
|speakers = {{sigfig|2.630|3}} million
|date = 2011 census
|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/spv|title=Sambalpuri|website=Ethnologue}}</ref>
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
|fam4=[[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
|fam5=[[Odia languages|Odia]]
|script=[[Odia script|Odia]]<ref name="BASI">{{cite book|title=Bulletin of the Anthropological Survey of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnELAAAAIAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Director, Anthropological Survey of India, Indian Museum}}</ref><ref name="Pasayat1998">{{cite book|author=Chitrasen Pasayat|title=Tribe, Caste, and Folk Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8TYAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Rawat Publications}}</ref><ref name="Kapoor2002">{{cite book|author=Subodh Kapoor|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: La Behmen-Maheya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LqRXZPJTUoC&pg=PA4240|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-271-3|pages=4240–}}</ref>
|iso3=spv
|glotto=samb1325
|glottoname=Sambalpuri
|glotto2=west2384
|glottoname2=Western Oriya
|glottorefname2=Western Oriya
}}
{{Contains special characters
| special = [[Odia language|Odia]] text
| fix = Help:Multilingual support#Odia
| characters = Odia script
}}
[[File:Sambalpuri speaking areas.png|250px|thumb|Sambalpuri speaking areas(dialect continuum in green) in Odisha and Chhattisgarh]]
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Nicolas speaking Sadri, Kharia, and Sambalpuri.webm|thumb|A Sambalpuri speaker speaking three languages, recorded in [[China]].]]
'''Sambalpuri''' is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language variety spoken in [[western Odisha]], India. It is alternatively known as '''Western Odia''', and as '''Kosali''' (with variants ''Kosli'', ''Koshal'' and ''Koshali''),<ref>{{e21|spv}}</ref> a recently popularised but controversial term, which draws on an association with the historical region of [[Dakshina Kosala]], whose territories also included the present-day Sambalpur region.{{sfn|Dash|1990|pp=4–5}}{{sfn|G. Sahu|2001|pp=7–8}}

Its speakers usually perceive it as a separate language, while outsiders have seen it as a dialect of [[Odia language|Odia]],{{sfn|G.K. Sahu|2002|pp=1–2}} and standard Odia is used by Sambalpuri speakers for formal communication.<ref>{{harvtxt|Patel|n.d.}} cited in {{harvtxt|Mathai|Kelsall|2013|p=3}}</ref> A 2006 survey of the varieties spoken in four villages found out that they share three-quarters of their basic vocabulary with Standard Odia.{{sfn|Mathai|Kelsall|2013|pp=4–6|ps =. The precise figures are 75{{ndash}}76%. This was based on comparisons of 210-item wordlists.}}

== Geographical Distribution ==
Core variant spoken in [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]] (excluding [[Rairakhol]] subdivision), [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]], [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]], [[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]] and [[Bolangir district|Balangir]] districts. Also spoken in parts of [[Nuapada district|Nuapada]] and western parts of [[Boudh district|Boudh]] districts and in neighbouring districts of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General }}</ref><ref name="2011census">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2100.XLSX|work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General }}</ref>

== Script ==
The inscriptions and literary works from the [[Western Odisha]] region used the [[Odia script]], which is attested through the inscriptions like the Stambeswari stone inscription of 1268 CE laid by the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]] monarch Bhanu Deva I at Sonepur and the Meghla grant and Gobindpur charter of Raja Prithvi Sing of [[Sonepur State]]<ref>{{citation |title=
Inscriptions of Orissa: With Special Reference to Subarnapur |publisher=Readworthy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9MJ-4SGuNEC&printsec=frontcover |pages=1, 14, 19 |author=Pabitra Mohan Nayak |date=2011 |access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref> and also through the major epic [[Kosalananda Kavya]] composed during the 17th century Chauhan rule under Raja Baliar Singh of the [[Sambalpur State]], which was written in [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] in [[Odia script]].<ref>{{citation |title=The Mirror Reflection of Sambalpur State through the Courtly Chronicle called Kosalananda Kavyam |publisher=Odisha History Congress |url=https://www.academia.edu/1773363/The_Mirror_Reflection_of_Sambalpur_State_through_the_Courtly_Chronicle_called_Kosalananda_Kavyam |author=Ashok kumar Patnaik |page=237 |date=December 2009 |access-date=12 March 2021}}</ref>

The [[Devanagari]] script was likely used when the undivided [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]] district was part of [[Central Provinces]] of the [[British Raj]] during the late 19th century where Hindi was used as an official language. With the commencement of publications in 1891 in the magazine 'Sambalpur Hiteisani'<ref>Sambalpur Hiteishini, Vol III, Issue 1500, 1891.</ref> and the subsequent merger of the Sambalpur region with the then Orissa division of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] province following the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)]], the [[Odia script]] become established and is currently the script used in literature and publications.{{sfn|Mathai|Kelsall|2013|p=3}}

== Phonology ==
Sambalpuri has 28 consonant phonemes, 2 semivowel phonemes and 5 vowel phonemes.<ref name="Linguistic Survey of India">{{cite book |last= Mahapatra |first= B.P. |title= Linguistic Survey of India: Orissa |year=2002 |publisher= Language Division, Office of the Registrar General |location= Kolkata, India |page=67,68 |url= https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/LSI/lsi_Orissa/2_orissa_vol_page_no_63_to_78.pdf |access-date= 5 August 2020}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Sambalpuri vowel phonemes
! ||[[Front vowel|Front]]||[[Central vowel|Central]]||[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[High vowel|High]]
|{{IPAlink|i}}|| ||{{IPAlink|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPAlink|e}}|| ||({{IPAlink|o}})
|-
![[Low vowel|Low]]
| ||{{IPA link|ä|a}}||{{IPAlink|ɔ}}
|}

There are no long vowels in Sambalpuri just like Standard Odia.

{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Sambalpuri consonant phonemes
! colspan="2"|
! [[Labial consonants|Labial]]
! [[Alveolar consonants|Alveolar]] /[[Dental consonants|Dental]]
! [[Retroflex consonants|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonants|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonants|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonants|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4"| [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/ [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! {{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPAlink|p}}
| {{IPAlink|t̪|t}}
| {{IPAlink|ʈ}}
| {{IPAlink|tʃ}}
| {{IPAlink|k}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Aspirated consonant|voiceless aspirated]]}}
| {{IPAlink|pʰ}}
| {{IPAlink|tʰ}}
| {{IPAlink|ʈʰ}}
| {{IPAlink|tʃʰ}}
| {{IPAlink|kʰ}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPAlink|b}}
| {{IPAlink|d̪|d}}
| {{IPAlink|ɖ}}
| {{IPAlink|dʒ}}
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Murmured voice|voiced aspirated]]}}
| {{IPAlink|bʱ}}
| {{IPAlink|dʱ}}
| {{IPAlink|ɖʱ}}
| {{IPAlink|dʒʱ}}
| {{IPAlink|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
| {{IPAlink|s}}
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|ɦ}}
|-
! colspan="2"|[[Trill consonant|Trill]]/[[Flap consonant|Flap]]
|
| {{IPAlink|ɾ}}
| {{IPAlink|ɽ}}~{{IPA link|ɽʰ}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2"|[[Lateral consonant#Approximants|Lateral approximant]]
|
| {{IPAlink|l}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}

Sambalpuri shows loss of retroflex consonants like retroflex unaspirated nasal([[voiced retroflex nasal]]) {{IPAlink|ɳ}} ({{lang|or|ଣ}}) and [[voiced retroflex lateral approximant]] {{IPAblink|ɭ}} ({{lang|or|ଳ}}) which are present in Standard Odia.

== Characteristics ==
The following is a list of features and comparison with Standard Odia:<ref name="languageinindia">{{citation |last1=Dash |first1=Suhasini |title=Phonological Variations between Odia and Sambalpuri Optimality Theoretic Approach |date=2019 |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/march2019/suhasiniphonologicalvariationssambalpuriodiyafinal.pdf}}</ref><ref name="ijtsrd.com">{{citation |last1=Pany |first1=Debiprasad |title=A Descriptive Study of Standard Dialect and Western Dialect of Odia Language in Terms of Linguistic Items |date=2019 |publisher=IJTSRD |url=https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/odia/29632/a-descriptive-study-of-standard-dialect-and-western-dialect-of-odia-language-in-terms-of-linguistic-items/debiprasad-pany}}</ref>

Some key features include-
* r-insertion Insertion at the end of Sambalpuri Verbs- Paragogue(addition of a sound at the end of the word).
* Word Medial Vowel Deletion- Syncope. But exceptions seen in -ai diphthongs.
* Vowel Harmony- o to u phoneme shift. This is also seen in [[Baleswari Odia]] dialect.
* Word Final Vowel Deletion([[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|Schwa deletion]])- Apocope.

'''Word Medial Vowel Deletion- Syncope'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Standard Odia !! Sambalpuri !! Meaning
|-
| ପଢ଼ିବା (paṛibā) ''padhibā'' || ପଢ଼୍‌ବାର୍ (paṛbār) ''padhbār'' || to study
|-
| ଗାଧେଇବା (gādheibā) || ଗାଧ୍‌ବାର୍ (gādhbār) || to bath
|-
| ହସିବା (hasibā) || ହସ୍‌ବାର୍ (hasbār) || to laugh
|-
| ବୁଲିବା (bulibā) || ବୁଲ୍‌ବାର୍ (bulbār) || to roam
|-
| ରାନ୍ଧିବା (rāndhibā) || ରାନ୍ଧ୍‌ବାର୍ (rāndhbār) || to cook
|-
| ଖେଳିବା (kheḷibā) || ଖେଲ୍‌ବାର୍ (khelbār) || to play
|}

'''Excpetions to Word Medial Vowel Deletion- seen in '-ai' diphthongs'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Standard Odia !! Sambalpuri !! Meaning
|-
| ଖାଇବା (khāibā) || ଖାଏବାର୍ (khāebār) || to eat
|-
| ଗାଇବା (gāibā) || ଗାଏବାର୍ (gāebār) || to sing
|-
| ପାଇବା (pāibā) || ପାଏବାର୍ (pāebār) || to get
|-
| ହାଇ (hāi) || ହାଇ (hāi) || yawn
|-
| ଗାଇ (gāi) || ଗାଏ (gāe) || cow
|}

'''Vowel Harmony- 'o' to 'u' phoneme shift, feature also seen in [[Baleswari Odia]] dialect'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Standard Odia !! Sambalpuri !! Meaning
|-
| ସୋଇବା (soibā) || ସୁଇବାର୍ (suibār) || to sleep
|-
| ଖୋଜିବା (khojibā) || ଖୁଜ୍‌ବାର୍ (khujbār) || to search
|}

'''Lengthening of Vowel Sound- vowels when appear in between consonants take their longer counterpart'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Standard Odia !! Sambalpuri !! Meaning
|-
| ପାଣି (pāṇi) || ପାଏନ୍ (pāen) || water
|-
| ଚାରି (cāri) || ଚାଏର୍ (cāer) || four
|}

'''Consonant shift- shift of 'ṇ' and 'ḷ' phonemes to 'n' and 'l' '''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Standard Odia !! Sambalpuri !! Meaning
|-
| ଫଳ (phaḷa) || ଫଲ୍ (phal) || fruit
|}

'''Word Final Vowel Deletion([[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|Schwa deletion]] Apocope)- a characteristic feature of Sambalpuri'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Standard Odia !! Sambalpuri !! Meaning
|-
| ଭଲ (bhala) || ଭଲ୍ (bhal) || good
|-
| ବାଘ (bāgha) || ବାଘ୍ (bāgh) || tiger
|-
| କୁକୁର (kukura) || କୁକୁର୍ (kukur) || dog
|-
| ଲୋକ (loka) || ଲୋକ୍ (lok) || people
|-
| ଗଛ (gacha) || ଗଛ୍ (gach) || tree
|-
| ଫୁଲ (phula) || ଫୁଲ୍ (phul) || flower
|-
| ଭାତ (bhāta) || ଭାତ୍ (bhāt) || rice
|-
| ଘର (ghara) || ଘର୍ (ghar) || house
|}

'''Sambalpuri words'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Standard Odia !! Sambalpuri !! Meaning
|-
| ମାଛ (mācha) || ଝୁରି (jhuri) || fish
|-
| ବାଣ (bāṇa) || ଫଟ୍କା (phatka) || firecracker
|}

== Language movement ==
There has been a language movement campaigning for the recognition of the language. Its main objective has been the inclusion of the language into the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|8th schedule]] of the Indian constitution.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/article2475325.ece Plea to include Kosli in 8th Schedule of Constitution]</ref><ref>[http://orissadiary.com/Shownews.asp?id=29260 Memorandum for Inclusion of Kosli Language in the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution]</ref>

== Literature ==

*[[Satya Narayan Bohidar]]– writer and pioneer of Sambalpuri literature. Notable works include Ṭikcaham̐rā (1975), Sambalapurī bhāshāra sabda-bibhaba : bā, Saṃkshipta Sambalapurī byākaraṇa o racanā (1977)<ref name="openlibrary">{{Cite web|url=https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL4655144A/Satya_Narayan_Bohidar|title=Satya Narayan Bohidar|website=Open Library}}</ref>
*[[Prayag Dutta Joshi]]- Sambalpuri writer
*Nil Madhab Panigrahi– Wrote Mahabharat Katha<ref>Panigrahi, Nil Madhab, "Mahabharat Katha", Lark books, Bhubaneswar, 1996, {{ISBN|81-7375-023-8}}.</ref>
*[[Haldhar Nag]]– Famous Sambalpuri poet and popularly known as "Lok kabi Ratna". His notable Sambalpuri works are- ''Lokgeet'', ''Samparda'', ''Krushnaguru'', ''Mahasati Urmila'', ''Tara Mandodari'', ''Achhia'', ''Bacchhar'', ''Siri Somalai'', ''Veer Surendra Sai'', ''Karamsani'', ''Rasia Kavi'', ''Prem Paechan''.<ref name="telegraphindia-25sep2010">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100925/jsp/orissa/story_12978196.jsp|author=Sudeep Kumar Guru|title=Poetry makes him known as new GangadharMeher|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|publisher=[[Ananda Publishers]]|date=25 September 2010|access-date=4 November 2010}}</ref> His works has been compiled into "Lokakabi Haladhar Granthabali"<ref>Nag, Haldhar, "Lokakabi Haladhar Granthabali", compiler – Dwarikanath Nayak, Bidya Prakashan, Cuttack, 2000, {{ISBN|81-7703-009-4}} (Five PhD theses on this class III-dropout poet)</ref> and "Surata". He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2016.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/5-PhD-theses-on-this-class-III-dropout-poet/articleshow/51607373.cms 5 PhD theses on this class III-dropout poet]</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Translation takes Nag's poems to more readers |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/odisha/translation-takes-nag-s-poems-to-more-readers/cid/1474023 |access-date=14 February 2019 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
*Prafulla Kumar Tripathy– Compiled the Sambalpuri-Odia Dictionary- 'Samalpuri Odia Shabdakosha' (2001).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.odiasahitya.com/members/memberprofile/?member=prafulla+kumara+tripathi|title=Prafulla Kumar Tripathy|website=Odia Sahitya}}</ref>
*Hema Chandra Acharya- Wrote 'Ram Raha' (2001), the Sambalpuri version of the Ramayana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/RamRaha|title=Ram Raha|author=Hema Chandra Acharya|website=Archive.org}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sambalpuri culture]]

== References ==
<references />

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite thesis| last = Dash| first = Ashok Kumar| date = 1990| title = Evolution of Sambalpuri language and its morphology| hdl = 10603/187859| institution = Sambalpur University}}
*{{Cite report| last1 = Mathai| first1 = Eldose K.|last2 = Kelsall| first2 = Juliana| year = 2013| title = Sambalpuri of Orissa, India: A Brief Sociolinguistic Survey| series = SIL Electronic Survey Reports| url = https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/54878}}
*{{cite thesis| last = Patel| first = Kunjaban| date = n.d.| title = A Sambalpuri phonetic reader| institution = Sambalpur University}}
*{{Cite thesis| last = Sahu| first = Gobardhan| date = 2001| title = Generative phonology of Sambalpuri: a study (revised)| hdl = 10603/187791| institution = Sambalpur University| type = PhD| ref = {{harvid|G. Sahu|2001}} }}
*{{Cite thesis| last = Sahu| first = Gopal Krishna| date = 2002| title = A derivational morphology of Sambalpuri| hdl = 10603/187186| institution = Sambalpur University| ref = {{harvid|G.K. Sahu|2002}} }}

==External links and further reading==
*{{Cite paper|last = Biswal| first = Tuna| year = 2010| title = Politics of Sambalpuri or Kosali as a dialect of Oriy in Orissa| journal = Language in India| volume = 10| issue = 11| url = http://www.languageinindia.com/nov2010/sambalpuri.pdf}}
*[http://kddfonline.com/2012/10/10/registered-newspapers-and-magazines-published-in-kosli-language/ Registered newspapers and magazines published in Kosli language]
*{{Cite book| last = Datta| first = S.P.| date = 2002| chapter = Sambalpuri dialect| title = Linguistic survey of India: special studies: Orissa| series = Special studies / Linguistic Survey of India| publisher = Language Division, Office of the Registrar General, India| location = Kolkata| pages = 67–93}}

{{Odia language}}
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Odisha}}
{{Western Orissa}}

[[Category:Languages of Odisha]]
[[Category:Odia language]]
[[Category:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]

Sambalpuri language - Revision history

imported>Lancepark: /* Literature */ resolved- cleanup section