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{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Sambalpur}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sambalpur district
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Odisha|District]] of [[Odisha]]
| image_skyline = Huma, Sambalpur.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Mahanadi]] in Sambalpur
| nickname =
| image_map = India Odisha Sambalpur district.svg
| map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.466|N|83.983|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Sambalpur]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = [[District collector|Collector & District Magistrate]]
| leader_name1 = Shubham Saxena, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 6702
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,041,099
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 122
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 768 xxx
| area_code = 663
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = OD-15, OR-15(till 2012)
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1.031 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|www.sambalpur.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| leader_title2 = [[Divisional Forest Officer|Divisional Forest Officer Cum Wildlife Warden]]
| leader_name2 = Sanjeet Kumar, [[Indian Forest Service|IFS]]
| leader_title3 = [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name3 = Kanwar Vishal Singh, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]]
| demographics1_title3 = Other Local Language
| demographics1_info3 = [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], [[Mundari language|Munda]], [[Kharia language|Kharia]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 67.25%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Sambalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sambalpur]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = 4 {{collapsible list|title={{nbsp}}|015-[[Kuchinda (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kuchinda(ST)]] 016-[[Rengali (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rengali(SC)]] 017-[[Sambalpur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sambalpur]] 018-[[Rairakhol (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rairakhol]]
}}}}
{{State of Odisha}}'''Sambalpur District''' is a district in the western part of state of [[Odisha]], [[India]]. The historic city of [[Sambalpur]] is the district headquarters.

The district is located in the [[Mahanadi River]] basin. It has a total area of {{convert|6702|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}, of which almost 60% of the district is covered in dense forest. The district is bounded by [[Deogarh District]] to the east, [[Bargarh District|Bargarh]] and [[Jharsuguda District|Jharsuguda]] districts to the west, [[Sundergarh District]] to the north, and [[Subarnapur District|Subarnapur]] and [[Angul District|Angul]] districts in the south.

Sambalpur City is the connecting city between [[Chhattisgarh]] and Odisha. Whereas it used to be known for its importance as a [[diamond]] trading centre, nowadays it is mainly known for its textiles, especially the [[Sambalpuri Saree]].

== History ==
In Lasa near [[Kuchinda]], a stone celt was found dating back to the Paleolithic period. Proto-historic writing was found in a cave in nearby Jharsuguda district.

In ancient times, Sambalpur was part of [[Dakshina Kosala]], along with large parts of western Odisha and the plains of Chhattisgarh. The region was most likely in the pre-Maghadan empire of [[Mahapadma Nanda|Mahapadmananda]]. However there is no mention of the territory in Mauryan inscriptions, so it is unknown whether the Mauryans controlled Dakshina Kosala. After the collapse of the Mauryan empire, Dakshina Kosala became ruled by the Chedis. It was from Dakshina Kosala and Kharavela's ancestors came to Kalinga. Dakshina Kosala was most likely part of Kharavela's empire. Sambalpur is mentioned in the book of [[Ptolemy]] (2nd century) as Sambalaka on the river Manada (the [[Mahanadi River]]), and by the Romans for their export of numerous diamonds, which were mined in the Mahanadi until the early 17th century. After Kharevala, the Megha dynasty ruled the region. In the 4th century CE, the Allahabad inscription records Samudra Gupta defeated Mahendra of Kosala, corresponding roughly to present day Chhattisgarh plains and western Odisha. Although not annexed to the Gupta empire, Kosala remained within Gupta spheres of influence evidenced by presence of Gupta coins in the region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Orissa district gazetteers : Sambalpur|url=http://www.indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/orissa-district-gazetteers-sambalpur|access-date=2021-05-13|website=INDIAN CULTURE|language=en}}</ref>

Padmasambhava, one of the main early scholars of Tibetan Buddhism, was said to be the son of the king of Sambhal of Oddiyana. Almost most historians see this area as the Swat Valley, some cite literary and archaeological evidence to associate Oddiyana with modern-day Odisha. There is evidence to suggest Sambalpur was a centre of Tantric philosophy.<ref name=":0" />

In the 6th century, the Sarabhpuriyas from Sarabha (now identified as [[Sirpur, Mahasamund|Sirpur]] in Chhattisgarh) came to prominence. Their territory included present-day Sambalpur district, as well as parts of Kalahandi. They were succeeded by the [[Panduvamshis of Dakshina Kosala|Panduvamshis]], whose king, Tivaradeva, tried to expand east of Kosala into Utkala, now coastal Odisha. Although he failed, he kept control of Kosala. In the last decades of the 9th century, the [[Somavamshi dynasty|Somavamshis]] ruled over present-day Kosala. Janamejaya I expanded his domain south and east, and defeated the [[Kalachuri dynasty|Kalachuris]]. His son Yayati was blocked by the Kalachuris when attempting to expand into the north and west of Kosala. The Somavamshis were defeated during [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra Chola's]] northern expedition. In the chaos that followed, Yayati II stabilized the kingdom, which corresponded to modern Odisha. His son beat off Kalachuri invasions during his reign, but the kingdom soon collapsed. Kosala fell into [[Telugu Chodas|Telugu Choda]] hands, who had aided a rival king who defeated the Somvamshis. The Telugu Chodas were soon driven out by the Kalachuris. The Kalachuris soon began a long struggle with the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Gangas of Utkala]], which ended 100 years after when the Gangas drove the Kalachuris out around 1211. However the Gangas soon became embroiled in struggles with other rising powers, and the region was conquered by the Chauhan Rajputs of [[Patna State|Patna]]. In the later part of the 16th century, the Sambalpur Chauhans became independent. It was during this time that temple construction reached its height. The Chauhans continued ruling independently until the mid 18th century. The rulers then were weak, and real power rested in the ''diwans''. Akbar Ray was the most powerful of these diwans. Ray soon took Sambalpur by force, and antagonised the Marathas of [[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur]]. However he was soon overthrown by Jayant Singh in 1781. However, the state faced constant attack by the Marathas of Nagpur, who attempted to subdue the kingdom by force. Eventually, in 1800, they conquered the kingdom and placed a governor there and imprisoned the Chauhans in Chandrapur. During the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] in 1804, Sambalpur fell into British hands. However these territories were returned to the Marathas in 1806. After the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War|Third Anglo-Maratha war]] in 1817, Sambalpur became officially British territory and the Chauhans were restored to the throne. However they lacked the former authority over their feudal lords which they had before.<ref name=":0" />

In 1827, the king Maharaja Sai died and his widow was placed on the throne. Incensed by the breach of custom of letting a woman rule, many of the [[Gondi people|Gond]] and [[Binjhal]] landlords, threatened by caste Hindu favourites of the rani, supported a rival claimant [[Surendra Sai]]. The insurgency lasted for a long time until British troops defeated the insurgents. The British then deposed the rani and placed a distant descendant on the throne.<ref name=":0" />

When Sambalpur's ruler died without a direct male heir in 1849, the British seized the state under the [[doctrine of lapse]]. During the 1857 rebellion, mutineers stationed in Sambalpur broke Surendra Sai and his companions out of jail, and they soon raised an army against the British. While initially he simply wanted his and his brother's sentences commuted, when the British proposed harsher punishments and began closely guarding him, he escaped to where his brother had gathered 2000 men. Many of the principal zamindars were mustering their ''paiks'' against the British. However, the British came down with troops from Nagpur, the Madras Presidency and Chota Nagpur. They defeated the insurgents in open country and by February 1858 had taken back most of the district, but the insurgents were able to use the dense jungles and difficult terrain to their advantage. By 1861, the British adopted a more conciliatory approach to surrendering rebels, and finally in 1862 Surendra Sai surrendered. However the insurgency still continued and in 1864, Surendra Sai was arrested and his brothers too. They were all put in prison, where they died. Today Surendra Sai and his rebels are honoured as freedom fighters.<ref name=":0" />

It was attached to the British [[Bengal Presidency]], but was transferred to the [[Central Provinces]] in 1862. The district was transferred back to Bengal in 1905, but the subdivisions of Phuljhar and Chandarpur-Padampur remained with the Central Provinces. Bengal's Odisha division became part of the new province of [[Bihar and Orissa Province|Bihar and Orissa]] in 1912, and in 1936 became the separate province of Odisha. In 1890, the British replaced Odia with Hindi as the language of administration. Beginning in Sambalpur and spreading throughout the state, the Odia language agitation forced the British to back down.<ref name=":0" />

Sambalpur had its own contributions to the freedom struggle such as Chandra Shankar Behera, [[Nilakantha Das]], Kastaram Tanti, who propagated ideals of freedom struggle among the people.<ref name=":0" />

After Indian Independence in 1947, Odisha became an Indian [[states and territories of India|state]]. Earlier Sambalpur District included also the districts of [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]], [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]] and [[Debagarh district|Debagarh]]. which was subsequently divided into four separate districts. Bargarh was separated in 1993, and Jharsuguda and Debagarh districts were separated in 1994.

It is currently a part of the [[Red Corridor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/12/naxal-menace-83-districts-under.html |title=83 districts under the Security Related Expenditure Scheme |publisher=IntelliBriefs |date= 2009-12-11 |access-date=2011-09-17}}</ref>

=== Asta Sambhus ===
In the district of Sambalpur a large numbers of [[Shiva]] temples were built during the [[Chauhan]] period. The most important amongst them were the Asta Sambhus in the undivided Sambalpur district as detailed below. Five of these are now in Bargarh district, while the three that are still in Sambalpur district are Bimaleswar temple at Huma, Mandhata Baba temple at Maneswar and Bala Kamleshwar temple at Sason.
{| class="wikitable"
!Serial Number
!Name
!Place
|-
|1
|Bimaleswar
|Huma
|-
|2
|Kedarnath
|Ambabana (Now in Bargad District)
|-
|3
|Biswanath
|Degaa (Now in Bargad District)
|-
|4
|Balunkeswar
|Gaisama (Now in Bargad District)
|-
|5
|Mandhata baba
|Maneswar
|-
|6
|Swapneswar
|Sorna (Now in Bargad District)
|-
|7
|Bisweswar
|Soranda (Now in Bargad District)
|-
|8
|Neelakntheswar
|Niliee (Now in Bargad District)
|-
|9
|Baba kamleswar
|Sason, kamalchock
|}

== Economy ==
The economy of Sambalpur District is basically dependent on agriculture and secondly on forests. Forests play an important role in the economy in terms of contribution to revenue, Domestic Product as well as dependence of people for livelihood. The people living adjacent to the reserved forests of Sambalpur Forest Division are heavily dependent on these forests. In the past Sambalpur has been a great centre of [[diamond]] trade. Kendu leaf (Diospyros Melanoxylon) is also produced in Sambalpur. Kendu leaf is one of the most important non-wood forest products of Sambalpur and is also called as green gold of [[Odisha]]. Lately [[industrialisation]] has started in the district and the prime industries of power, alumina and steel have been established. The place is famous for its globally renowned textile bounded patterns and fabrics locally known as ''Baandha''. Sambalpur is famous for its Hand loom textile works. Popularly known as Sambalpuri Textile. It has earned international fame for its unique pattern, design and texture. Apart from textiles, Samabalpur has a rich tribal heritage and fabulous forestlands.

In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Sambalpur one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf /> It is one of the 19 districts in Odisha currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj|date=September 8, 2009|title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme|publisher=National Institute of Rural Development|url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|access-date=September 27, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|archive-date=April 5, 2012}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Sambalpur district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,041,099,<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 2011-09-30 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Cyprus]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote =Cyprus 1,120,489 July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the US state of [[Rhode Island]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=2011-09-30| quote = Rhode Island 1,052,567}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 433rd in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]). The district has a population density of {{convert| 158 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 11.63%. Sambalpur has a [[sex ratio]] of 973 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males, and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 76.91%.<ref name=districtcensus />{{historical populations|11=1901|12=2,15,645|13=1911|14=2,49,710|15=1921|16=2,61,043|17=1931|18=2,91,723|19=1941|20=3,28,576|21=1951|22=3,55,685|23=1961|24=4,45,745|25=1971|26=5,49,157|27=1981|28=6,82,700|29=1991|30=8,09,017|31=2001|32=9,30,476|33=2011|34=10,41,099|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=middle}}

=== Languages ===

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 52.41% speak [[Odia language|Odia]], 26.38% [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]], 4.98% [[Kurukh language|Kisan]], 3.98% [[Hindi]], 3.88% [[Mundari language|Munda]], 1.85% [[Sadri language|Sadri]] and 1.49% [[Kharia language|Kharia]] as their mother tongue.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html 2011 Census of India, C-16 Population By Mother Tongue]</ref>

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages of Sambalpur district in 2011 census
| label1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| value1 = 52.41
| color1 = gold
| label2 = [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]]
| value2 = 26.38
| color2 = khaki
| label3 = [[Kurukh language|Kisan]]
| value3 = 4.98
| color3 = SpringGreen
| label4 = [[Hindi]]
| value4 = 3.98
| color4 = orange
| label5 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]]
| value5 = 3.88
| color5 = DeepPink
| label6 = [[Sadri language|Sadri]]
| value6 = 1.85
| color6 = mediumblue
| label7 = [[Kharia language|Kharia]]
| value7 = 1.49
| color7 = Violet
| label8 = Others
| value8 = 5.03
| color8 = Grey
}}

== Culture ==

=== Tourism ===

[[Samaleswari]], the presiding deity of this region is enshrined at Samlei Gudi on the bank of Mahanadi River. The other temple of importance is the Budharaja Temple, dedicated to [[Shiva]] and is perched atop the Budharaja hill. These temples are located at a few kilometres' distance from Sambalpur. The [[Hirakud Dam]], the longest dam of the world, is some 15 kilometres from Sambalpur.

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Sambalpur District}}

== Politics ==

=== Vidhan sabha constituencies ===
{{Main|List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha}}
The following is the 4 [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan sabha]] constituencies<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their EXtent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref> of Sambalpur district and the elected members<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ws.ori.nic.in/ola/mlaprofile/listofmem1.asp |title=List of Member in Fourteenth Assembly |work=ws.ori.nic.in |quote=Member Name |access-date=19 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502003512/http://ws.ori.nic.in/ola/mlaprofile/listofmem1.asp |archive-date=2 May 2007 }}</ref> of that area
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Constituency
!Reservation
!Extent of the Assembly Constituency (Blocks)
!Member
!Party
|-
!15
|[[Kuchinda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kuchinda]]
|ST
|Kuchinda (NAC), Kuchinda, Bamra, Jamankira
|Kishore Chandra Naik
|bgcolor="#004225" | [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
!16
|[[Rengali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rengali]]
|SC
|Rengali, Dhankauda, Maneswar (part) 
|Nauri Nayak
| bgcolor="#FF9933" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!17
|[[Sambalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sambalpur]]
|None
|Sambalpur (M), Burla (NAC), Hirakud (NAC)
| [[Jay Narayan Mishra]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!18
|[[Rairakhol (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rairakhol]]
|None
|Rairakhol (NAC), Rairakhol, Jujomura, Naktideul, Maneswar (part) 
| [[Er. Rohit Pujari]]
|bgcolor="#004225" | [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website|url=http://www.sambalpurforest.org//}}
* {{official website|url=http://sambalpur.nic.in/}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Sambalpur district
|North = [[Sundergarh district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Debagarh district]]
|Southeast = [[Anugul district]]
|South =
|Southwest = [[Subarnapur district]]
|West = [[Bargarh district]]
|Northwest = [[Jharsuguda district]]
}}

{{Sambalpur district}}
{{Western Odisha}}
{{Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sambalpur district| ]]
[[Category:1849 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Districts of Odisha]]

Sambalpur district - Revision history

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

imported>Yamaguchi先生: Reverted edits by 2409:4062:4E9E:655:0:0:60CA:9500 (talk) to last version by C1MM