https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Samayas%C4%81raSamayasāra - Revision history2026-08-18T13:24:50ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samayas%C4%81ra&diff=56279&oldid=prev>Marcocapelle: /* Sources */more specific categorization2021-04-15T17:55:44Z<p><span class="autocomment">Sources: </span>more specific categorization</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{short description|Jain religious text}}<br />
{{Italic title}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox religious text<br />
| image = Samayasara.jpg<br />
| alt = Samayasara<br />
| religion = [[Jainism]]<br />
| author = [[Kundakunda]]<br />
| language = [[Prakrit]]<br />
| verses = 439<br />
| period = 1st century B.C.<br />
}}<br />
{{Jainism}}<br />
{{Contains special characters}}<br />
'''''Samayasāra''''' (''The Nature of the Self'') is a famous [[Jain text]] composed by ''[[Kundakunda|Acharya Kundakunda]]'' in 439 verses.{{sfn|Jaini|1991|p=33}} Its ten chapters discuss the nature of ''[[Jīva (Jainism)|Jīva]]'' (pure self/soul), its attachment to [[Karma in Jainism|Karma]] and [[Moksha (Jainism)|Moksha]] (liberation). ''Samayasāra'' expounds the Jain concepts like ''[[Karma in Jainism|Karma]]'', ''[[Asrava]]'' (influx of ''karmas''), [[Bandha (Jainism)|Bandha]] (Bondage), ''[[Samvara]]'' (stoppage), ''[[Nirjara]]'' (shedding) and [[Moksha (Jainism)|Moksha]] (complete annihilation of ''karmas'').<br />
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==History==<br />
''Samayasara'' was written by Acharya [[Kundakunda]] in [[Prakrit]].{{sfn|Orsini|Schofield|1981|p=73}}<br />
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==Contents==<br />
The original ''Samayasara'' of Kundakunda consists of 415 verses and was written in [[Prakrit]].{{sfn|Orsini|Schofield|1981|p=73}} The first verse ([[aphorism]]) of the ''Samayasāra'' is an invocation: {{quote|O bhavyas (potential aspirants to liberation)! Making obeisance to all the Siddhas, established in the fifth state of existence that is eternal, immutable, and incomparable (perfection par excellence), I will articulate this Samayaprābhrita, which has been propounded by the all-knowing Masters of Scripture.{{sfn|Jain|2012|p=1}}}} According to ''Samayasāra'', the real self is only that soul which has achieved [[ratnatraya]] i.e. Samyak Darshan, Samyak Gyan and Samyak Charitra. These state when soul achieves purity is [[Arihant (Jainism)|Arihant]] and [[Siddha]].{{sfn|Jain|2012|p=3}} It can be achieved by victory over five senses. According to ''Samayasāra'':{{quote|The Self, by his own enterprise, protecting himself from virtuous as well as wicked activities that cause merit and demerit, and stationing himself in right faith and knowledge, detached from body and desires etc., devoid of external and internal attachments, contemplates on the Self, through his own Self, and does not reflect upon the karmas and the quasi-karmic matter (''nokarma''); the Self with such distinctive qualities experiences oneness with the Self. Such a Self, contemplating on the Self, becomes of the nature of right faith and knowledge, and being immersed in the Self, attains, in a short span of time, status of the Pure Self that is free from all ''karmas''.|''Samayasāra'' (187-189){{sfn|Jain|2012|p=91}}}}<br />
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==Commentaries==<br />
It has a number of commentaries on it. ''Atmakhyati'' or ''Samayasara Kalasha'', written by Acharya [[Amritchandra]] in 12th century CE, is a 278-verse [[Sanskrit]] commentary.{{sfn|Orsini|Schofield|1981|p=73}} ''Samaysar Kalash Tika'' or ''Balbodh'' was written by Pande Rajmall or Raymall in 16th century CE.{{sfn|Orsini|Schofield|1981|p=73}} It is a commentary of Amritchandra's ''Samaysar Kalasha''.{{sfn|Orsini|Schofield|1981|p=73}}{{sfn|Orsini|Schofield|1981|p=88}} ''Nataka Samayasara'' is a commentary on Rajmall's version which was written by [[Banarasidas]] in [[Braj Bhasha]] in 17th century CE.{{sfn|Orsini|Schofield|1981|p=74}}<br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[Sarvārthasiddhi]]<br />
* [[Moksha (Jainism)]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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===Sources===<br />
* {{citation |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Vijay K. |title=Acharya Kundkund's Samayasara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwPT79iyRHMC |year=2012 |publisher=Vikalp Printers |isbn=978-81-903639-3-8 |language=hi, en}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Chakravarti|first=Prof. A.|title=Acharya Kundkund's Samayasara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQ0vRfnW69oC|year=2008|publisher=Bhartiya Jnanpith|isbn=978-81-263-1557-4}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Johnson|first=W. J.|title=Harmless Souls: Karmic Bondage and Religious Change in Early Jainism with Special Reference to Umāsvāti and Kundakunda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vw8OUSfQbV4C|year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=81-208-1309-X}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. |author-link=Padmanabh Jaini |title=Gender and Salvation: Jaina Debates on the Spiritual Liberation of Women |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GRA-uoUFz3MC |date=1991 |isbn=0-520-06820-3 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] }}<br />
* {{citation |last=Kundakunda|first=Acharya|title=Samayasara or the Nature of the Self|url=https://archive.org/stream/samayasaraorthen015250mbp/samayasaraorthen015250mbp_djvu.txt|year=1950|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanapitha}}<br />
* {{citation |editor-last=Orsini |editor-first=Francesca |editor-link=Francesca Orsini |editor-last2=Schofield |editor-first2=Katherine Butler |title=Tellings and Texts: Music, Literature and Performance in North India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P0SlCgAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Open Book Publishers]] |year=1981 |isbn=978-1-78374-105-2 }}<br />
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{{Jain Agamas}}<br />
{{Jainism Topics}}<br />
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[[Category:Prakrit Jain texts]]<br />
[[Category:Eastern philosophical literature]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Indian literature]]<br />
[[Category:Jain texts]]<br />
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