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{{short description|Former anti-insurgency militia in India}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox militant organization
|name = Salwa Judum
|logo =
|leader = [[Mahendra Karma]]
|dates = 2005–2011
|area = [[Bastar district|Bastar]] and [[Dantewada district]]s of Chhattisgarh
|country = {{flag|India}}
|ideology = Anti-[[Naxalite]]
|allies = Chhattisgarh police, Indian army
|opponents = Naxalites
|status = Inactive
|size = 4,000
}}

'''Salwa Judum''' (meaning "peace march" in the [[Gondi language]]) was a [[militia]] that was mobilised and deployed as part of [[counterinsurgency]] operations in [[Chhattisgarh]], India, aimed at countering [[Naxalite]] activities in the region. The militia, consisting of local tribal youth, received support and training from the Chhattisgarh state government. It was outlawed and banned by a Supreme Court court order but continues to exist in the form of armed auxiliary forces, District Reserve Groups, and other vigilante groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-20/india/28125246_1_salwa-judum-tribal-youths-spos|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811072916/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-20/india/28125246_1_salwa-judum-tribal-youths-spos|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Salwa Judum - menace or messiah?|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/left-in-the-lurch/815252/0|title=Left in the lurch|date=10 July 2011 |accessdate=7 December 2014}}</ref>
[[Image:SalwaJudumsoldiers.JPG|200px|thumb|Tribal Salwa Judum volunteers in southern Chhattisgarh]]

On 5 July 2011, the [[Supreme Court of India]], in a case filed by [[Nandini Sundar]] and others, declared the militia to be illegal and unconstitutional and ordered its disbanding. The court directed the Chhattisgarh government to recover all of its firearms, ammunition, and accessories. The use of Salwa Judum by the government for anti-Naxal operations was criticised for its violations of human rights and poorly trained youth acting in counter-insurgency roles. The court also ordered the government to investigate all instances of alleged criminal activities by Salwa Judum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2161246.ece|title=Salwa Judum is illegal, says Supreme Court|author=J. Venkatesan|work=The Hindu|accessdate=7 December 2014}}</ref>

On 25 May 2013, the group's founder, [[Mahendra Karma]], who had become a senior [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party leader, was killed in [[2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley|a Naxalite attack]], along with other party members, in Darbha Valley of Chhattisgarh, 400 km south of [[Raipur]] and 50 km from [[Jagdalpur]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Mahendra Karma killed, V.C. Shukla injured in Maoist.because of Salwa Judoom more than 2 lac people forced to become homeless , more than 650 villages devastated, and Salwa judoom killed more than three thousand tribals attack|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mahendra-karma-killed-vc-shukla-injured-in-maoist-attack/article4750467.ece|accessdate=26 May 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 May 2013|location=Chennai, India|first=Suvojit|last=Bagchi}}</ref>

==Origins==
Salwa Judum was formed in 2005 as a state-sponsored vigilante movement against the [[Naxalite]]s, a far-left movement with [[Maoist]] ideology in some states in rural India that is designated by the government as a terrorist organisation on account of its violent activities.<ref name=origin>[https://archive.today/20130203211940/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060627/asp/opinion/story_6402011.asp] Ramachandra Guha.</ref> Salwa Judum later received bipartisan support from both the ruling and opposition parties.<ref name=origin /><ref name=apocalypse>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/206533/Mao%E2%80%99s-horsemen-of-the-apocalypse.html |title=The Pioneer > Online Edition : >> Mao's horsemen of the apocalypse |access-date=11 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102084103/http://dailypioneer.com/206533/Mao%E2%80%99s-horsemen-of-the-apocalypse.html |archive-date=2 January 2010 }} Kanchan Gupta.</ref>

In 2008, Chhattisgarh state, along with neighbouring [[Jharkhand]], accounted for over 65% of total Naxal violence in the country. Chhattisgarh had trained a number of 'Special Police Officers' or SPOs (also commonly referred to as Koya commandos), from amongst the tribespeople who were part of Salwa Judum.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110318090639/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-08/india/28009180_1_salwa-judum-naxal-menace-naxal-movement Centre gives its tacit approval to Salwa Judum] ''[[Times of India]]'', 8 January 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cobra-reaches-bastar-to-join-antinaxal-ops/419612/ CoBRA reaches Bastar to join anti-Naxal ops] ''[[Indian Express]]'', 5 February 2009.</ref>

==History==
[[Bastar district|Bastar]] and [[Dantewada district]]s of Chhattisgarh have traditionally been sparsely populated and rich in natural resources, but also include some of the poorest tribal regions. The Naxalites progressively achieved influence and control over local tribespeople through a combination of political mobilisation—around poor governance, land rights, livelihoods, and social inequity—and force.<ref>http://planningcommission.gov.in/reports/publications/rep_dce.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>

The first movement against the Naxalites was the Jan Jagran Abhiyan, launched in 1991 by local tribal leader [[Mahendra Karma]]. This movement was mostly led by local traders and businesspeople.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/salwa_judum.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=10 October 2009 |archive-date=16 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616210520/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/salwa_judum.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> When it collapsed, the leaders had to seek police protection. However, the second time around, the state had signed mining agreements with the [[Tata Group|Tata]] and [[Essar]] groups and was eager to cleanse the region of Naxalites to permit mining operations to run smoothly. This was the beginning of police and military support for the movement. Mahendra Karma, a Congress Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) and the leader of the opposition in the State Legislative Assembly, became the public front and took the Bijapur-based movement to [[Dantewada]], Katreli, and other parts of the region.<ref name=guar>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/may/09/india.randeepramesh Inside India's hidden war] ''[[The Guardian]]'', 9 May 2006.</ref><ref name=bus>[http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=310499 'Salwa Judum can't work in the long run'] Chhattisgarh Director General of Police Vishwa Ranjan. ''[[Business Standard]]'', 13 January 2008.</ref>

Salwa Judum herded villagers and tribal people into makeshift camps, where human rights abuses were rife, and the movement became increasingly violent and out of control.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/16/stories/2008121659190500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219204847/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/16/stories/2008121659190500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 December 2008 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Salwa Judum victims assured of relief | date=16 December 2008}}</ref> Salwa Judum has also been accused of burning more than 600 villages, forcing 300,000 people to flee their homes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.otherindia.org/dev/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25&Itemid=57|title=otherindia.org|accessdate=7 December 2014|archive-date=27 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727155432/http://www.otherindia.org/dev/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25&Itemid=57|url-status=dead}}</ref> As the situation further escalated, [[Human Rights Watch]] reported atrocities on both sides and large-scale displacement of the civilian population. By early 2008, at least 100,000 civilians caught in the conflict between the Naxalites and Salwa Judum activists had fled to camps in southern Chhattisgarh or to neighbouring Andhra Pradesh.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811042305/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-16/india/27934997_1_salwa-judum-naxal-affected-states-naxalites 'Salwa Judum, forces too violating rights'] ''[[The Times of India]]'', 16 July 2008."The 182-page report — 'Being Neutral Is Our Biggest Crime: Government, Vigilante and Naxalite Abuses in India's Chhattisgarh State' — documents human rights abuses against civilians, particularly tribals, caught in a tug-of-war between government forces, Salwa Judum and Naxalites. "</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7505252.stm Indian state 'backing vigilantes'] ''[[BBC News]]'', 15 July 2008.</ref> By mid-2008, that figure had grown to 150,000.<ref name=live>[http://www.livemint.com/2008/07/10002054/How-the-Salwa-Judum-experiment.html How the Salwa Judum experiment went wrong] ''[[Mint (newspaper)|The Mint]]'', 10 July 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Existence_of_Salwa_Judum_necessary/articleshow/3565263.cms|title='Existence of Salwa Judum necessary'|work=The Economic Times|accessdate=18 February 2015|last1=Mukul |first1=Akshaya }}</ref>

Since the inception of the movement in 2005, over 800 people have been killed by the Naxalites and security forces. This includes 300 security personnel, of which SPO deaths total 98—one in 2005; 29 in 2006; 66 in 2007; and 20 in 2008.<ref name=bus/><ref name=ple/> By 2008, the Maoist rebels had altered their tactics. Operating in smaller groups, they now targeted Salwa Judum leaders and security personnel, ambushing them and stealing their weapons. Posters threatening Salwa Judum leaders continued to appear in villages across Dantewada and Bijapur.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cgarh-naxals-less-dramatic-more-lethal-now/339245/ at least 18 people associated with Salwa Judum were killed during this period ..] ''[[Indian Express]]'', 23 July 2008.</ref> By mid-2008, however, [[Mahendra Karma]] announced that the movement would soon cease to exist.<ref name=live/> By the end of 2008, Salwa Judum was losing its hold in the region. The number of people living in camps dropped from 50,000 to 13,000, and public support dwindled.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/elections-ch/Election_Story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080072498&type=SpecialReport Salwa Judum may stay in Bastar after polls] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613052255/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/elections-ch/Election_Story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080072498&type=SpecialReport |date=13 June 2011 }} ''[[NDTV]]'', 13 November 2008.</ref> An [[National Human Rights Commission of India|NHRC]] report published in October 2008 stated that Salwa Judum had lost its earlier momentum and was now restricted to its 23 camps in the Dantewada and Bijapur districts of Chhattisgarh.<ref name=nh>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Existence_of_Salwa_Judum_necessary/articleshow/3565263.cms 'Existence of Salwa Judum necessary'] ''[[The Economic Times]]'', 6 October 2008.</ref>

==Development of Special Police Officers==
[[Image:Map Chhattisgarh state and districts.png|thumb|200px|right|Location of [[Dantewada district|Dantewada]] and Bastar districts, the most affected regions in [[Chhattisgarh]]]]

The Chhattisgarh state police employed tribal youths as Special Police Officers (SPOs), essentially a militia force used to combat Naxalism. In February 2011, the Supreme Court of India declared such arming of civilians illegal, but the Chhattisgarh government continued to arm them under another name.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

Former [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Union Minister of Home Affairs]] [[P. Chidambaram]] has praised the role of SPOs in fighting Naxalism and called for their appointment "wherever required",<ref name=chid>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Chidambaram_all_praise_for_SPOs_/articleshow/3949915.cms Chidambaram all praise for SPOs] ''[[The Economic Times]]'', 8 January 2009.</ref> while former Chhattisgarh Chief Minister [[Raman Singh]] has stated that "Salwa Judum is the answer to get rid of the Naxal menace in the state."<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Salwa_Judum_is_answer_to_naxal_menace_Raman_Singh/rssarticleshow/3958157.cms Salwa Judum is answer to naxal menace: Raman Singh] ''[[Times of India]]'', 10 January 2009.</ref> On 5 July 2011, the Supreme Court of India ordered the state of Chhattisgarh to disband any militia force founded to combat Maoist guerrillas. As reported in ''[[The Hindu]]'', the Supreme Court directed the Chhattisgarh police to "immediately cease and desist from using SPOs in any manner or form in any activities, directly or indirectly, aimed at controlling, countering, mitigating or otherwise eliminating Maoist/Naxalite activities" and directed the police to recall all firearms issued to these men.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

==Controversies==
===Child soldiers===
There have been numerous reports that Salwa Judum recruited underage boys for its armed forces. A primary survey evaluated by the [[Forum for Fact-finding Documentation and Advocacy]] determined that over 12,000 minors were being used by Salwa Judum in the southern district of Dantewada and that the Chhattisgarh government had recruited 4,200 SPOs, many of them easily identifiable as minors.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Zemp|first1=Ueli|last2=Mohapatra|first2=Subash|url=http://www.otherindia.org/dev/images/stories/feda_child.pdf|title=Child Soldiers in Chhattisgarh: Issues, Challenges and FFDA's Response|date=29 July 2007|accessdate=31 May 2009|archive-date=27 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727155422/http://www.otherindia.org/dev/images/stories/feda_child.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Asian Centre for Human Rights]] also found that Salwa Judum had engaged in the recruitment of [[child soldiers]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Adivasis of Chhattisgarh: Victims of the Naxalite Movement and Salwa Judum Campaign|url=http://www.achrweb.org/reports/india/Chattis0106.pdf|publisher=[[Asian Centre for Human Rights]]|year=2006|location=New Delhi|access-date=31 May 2009|isbn=81-88987-14-X|page=42|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100319202800/http://www.achrweb.org///reports/india/Chattis0106.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2010}}</ref> Similar recruitment findings were also reported in the [[Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers]]'s "Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 – India".<ref>{{cite web|title=Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 – India|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2dcf2,486cb108c,0.html|date=20 May 2008|accessdate=31 May 2009|publisher=[[Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers]]}}</ref>

===Human rights violations===
Some human rights organisations, such as the [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]], have made allegations against Salwa Judum.<ref name = "PUCL">{{cite web | title = Findings about the Salwa Judum in Dantewara district | url = http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2005/salwa-judum-report.htm | date = 12 February 2005 | access-date = 4 February 2009 | archive-date = 16 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110616193639/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2005/salwa-judum-report.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="SAIR">{{cite web| title = Salwa Judum report | publisher = South Asia Intelligence Review of the South Asia Terrorism Portal | url = http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/sair/archives/4_33.htm}}</ref><ref name=ACHR>{{cite web | title = Salwa Judum report | publisher = Asian Council For Human Rights | url = http://www.achrweb.org/Review/2006/117-06.htm | archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080721200330/http://www.achrweb.org/Review/2006/117-06.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 21 July 2008 }}</ref> A fact-finding mission of the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] (NHRC), appointed by the [[Supreme Court of India]], reported that Salwa Judum was a "spontaneous reaction by the tribals to defend themselves against the reign of terror unleashed by the Naxalites." The report was submitted to the Supreme Court of India which, on the contrary, declared Salwa Judum to be illegal and unconstitutional, and ordered its disbanding.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

===State sponsoring of militias===
In April 2008, a Supreme Court bench directed the state government to refrain from supporting and encouraging Salwa Judum: "It is a question of law and order. You cannot give arms to somebody (a civilian) and allow him to kill. You will be an abettor of the offence under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code." The state government had earlier denied Salwa Judum being a state-sponsored movement.<ref name=ple>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hearing-plea-against-salwa-judum-sc-says-state-cannot-arm-civilians-to-kill/290932/ Hearing plea against Salwa Judum, SC says State cannot arm civilians to kill] ''[[Indian Express]]'', 1 April 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=//news/2008/mar/31sc.htm SC raps Chhattisgarh on Salwa Judum] ''[[Rediff.com]]'', 31 March 2008.</ref> The Supreme Court later directed the state government to take up remedial measures suggested in the earlier NHRC report.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080922112910/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/20/stories/2008092055941300.htm Implement NHRC recommendations on Salwa Judum, Supreme Court asks Chhattisgarh government] ''[[The Hindu]]'', 20 September 2008.</ref> The Human Rights Commission alleged that security forces collaborated with Salwa Judum in their fight against the Maoists.<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/world/india+backing+violent+militia India backing violent militia] DAWN – 11 July 2008</ref>

In December 2008, replying to a petition filed with the Supreme Court, the state government acknowledged that Salwa Judum and security forces had burned houses and looted property.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Existence_of_Salwa_Judum_necessary/articleshow/3565263.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Politics/Nation | date=6 October 2008}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081219204847/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/16/stories/2008121659190500.htm Salwa Judum victims assured of relief] ''[[The Hindu]]'', 16 December 2008.</ref>

In an order, the Supreme Court mentioned that people take arms for survival and against inhuman implementation of law depriving the weak, and not senselessly. The court pointed out the importance of formalised state police actions, in ways that do not ignore constitutional values:<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-we-will-have-to-exclaim-at-the-end-the-horror-the-horror/20110711.htm 'The horror! The horror!'], 11 July 2011, rediff.com, an excerpt from the order of the Supreme Court of India</ref>
{{blockquote|"Given humanity's collective experience with unchecked power, which becomes its own principle and its practice its own raison d'etre, resulting in the eventual dehumanisation of all people, the scouring of the earth by the unquenchable thirst for natural resources by imperialist powers, and the horrors of two World Wars, modern Constitutionalism posits that no wielder of power should be allowed to claim the right to perpetrate the state's violence against any one, much less its own citizens, unchecked by law, and notions of innate human dignity of every individual."}}

==Effects==
Encouraged by the highly positive results of the movement in the region, the government was planning to launch a people's movement in the insurgency-hit state of [[Manipur]] along similar lines. In 2006, [[Karnataka]] raised a similar force employing tribal youths to fight Naxalism in the state, as did [[Andhra Pradesh]] prior to it.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121103193638/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-05-11/bangalore/27801128_1_tribal-youths-naxal-attack-salwa-judum Tribal youths will now fight Naxals] ''[[The Times of India]]'', 11 May 2006</ref> Jharkhand is another state that has been successfully using SPOs to counter left-wing terrorists.<ref name=chid/>

However, Salwa Judum appears to have been abandoned in Chhattisgarh state, with Chief Minister Raman Singh describing the movement as "over", because it was counterproductive and "innocent people were being killed"
<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/CM-Salwa-Judum-is-now-over/Article1-659693.aspx CM: Salwa Judum is over] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709030241/http://www.hindustantimes.com/CM-Salwa-Judum-is-now-over/Article1-659693.aspx |date=9 July 2011 }} ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 7 February 2011</ref> Singh, however, said that a "peaceful campaign" to wean locals away from supporting Maoists would continue.
* The British [[Channel 4]]'s ''[[Unreported World#Season 12 episodes|Unreported World]]'' telecast a program titled "India's Hidden War" in October 2006, on the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoist]] war against the state of India.<ref>[http://www.channel4.com/news/microsites/U/unreportedworld/india.html India's Hidden War] ''[[Channel 4]]'', Friday 27 October 2006</ref>

==Darbha Ghat massacre==
{{main|2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley}}

On 25 May 2013, members of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] running the Parivartan Yatra (Change Campaign), projected as preparatory campaigning for the forthcoming state elections, travelling in a convoy of vehicles after addressing rallies in [[Sukma]], were ambushed and killed by [[Naxalites]]. The deceased included [[Mahendra Karma]], founder and leader of the outlawed and disbanded Salwa Judum; [[Vidya Charan Shukla]], a prominent Congress state and ex-central minister; [[Nand Kumar Patel]], president of the Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee; his son Dinesh Patel; and ex-MLA Uday Mudaliyar, while several others were injured, including ex-MLA Phulo Devi Netam. Shukla survived the attack and was airlifted to several hospitals before dying on 11 June 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vc-shukla-19292013/article4804137.ece|title=V.C. Shukla (1929-2013)|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

In a public statement, the Naxalites claimed that they had specifically targeted Karma; he had been stabbed multiple times by a group of female Naxalites.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

==Further reading==
* ''Let's call him Vasu: With Maoists in Chhattisgarh'', by Shubhranshu Choudhary, Penguin, 2012
* ''The Burning Forest: India's War in Bastar'', by Nandini Sundar, Juggernaut Press, 2016
* ''The Adivasis of Chhattisgarh: Victims of the Naxalite Movement and Salwa Judum Campaign'', by Asian Centre for Human Rights. Published by Asian Centre for Human Rights, 2006.
* ''Walking with the Comrades'' by [[Arundhati Roy]] New Delhi: Penguin, 2011. {{ISBN|978-0-670-08553-8}}

==See also==
* [[Red corridor]]
* [[Naxalite-Maoist insurgency]]
* [[Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080721200330/http://www.achrweb.org/Review/2006/117-06.htm The Adivasis of Chhattisgarh: Victims of the Naxalite Movement and Salwa Judum campaign]
* [http://www.channel4.com/news/microsites/U/unreportedworld/india.html ''Unreported World'': India's Hidden War]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070203111621/http://www.cgnet.in/N1/ Naxal issues]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811042313/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-20/india/27943262_1_nhrc-arming-human-rights-violations Anti-Naxal Salwa Judum faces axe over rights abuse]
* [http://www.epw.in/upload/articles/12988.pdf/ Economic and political weekly article on NHRC report]
* [http://www.iapl.net/report/india/India_FFM_Report_Full.pdf Report of the IAPL fact-finding mission]
* [http://iapl.net/report.html Video Documentary (20 mn.) on Salwa Judum camps]

[[Category:Indian anti-communists]]
[[Category:Anti-communism in India]]
[[Category:Anti-communist terrorism]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 2005]]
[[Category:Paramilitary organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Indigenous counterinsurgency forces]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in India]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 2011]]

Salwa Judum - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article