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{{Short description|Companion of Islamic prophet Muhammad}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Salman Farsi<br />{{lang|ar|سَلْمَان ٱلْفَارِسِيّ}}
| native_name =
| image = [[File:تخطيط اسم سلمان الفارسي.png|130px]]
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Kazerun]] or [[Isfahan]], [[Iran|Persia]]
| birth_date = {{circa|568 CE}}
| death_date = {{circa}} 652 or 653 CE<ref>{{cite web | author= Web Admin | url= http://www.sibtayn.com/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5931:salman-farsi,-the-son-of-islam&catid=589&Itemid=674 | title= Salman Farsi, the Son of Islam | publisher= Sibtayn International Foundation | access-date= September 20, 2015 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024109/http://www.sibtayn.com/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5931:salman-farsi,-the-son-of-islam&catid=589&Itemid=674 | archive-date= November 17, 2015 | url-status= live | df= mdy-all }}</ref>
| death_place = [[Al-Mada'in]], [[Iraq]] {{midsize|(disputed)}}
| burial_place = [[Salman Al-Farsi Mosque]], [[Salman Pak]], Al-Mada'in {{midsize|(disputed)}}
| title = {{plainlist|
* Al-Farsi
* Al-Muhammadi
* Abu Al-Kitabayn
* Luqman Al-Hakeem
* Paak}}
| known_for = Being a [[Companions of the Prophet|companion]] of [[Muhammad]] and [[Ali]]
| works = Partial<ref name="auto">An-Nawawi, ''Al-Majmu' Sharh al-Muhaddhab'', (Cairo, Matbacat at-'Tadamun n.d.), 380.</ref> translation of [[Quran]] into [[Persian language|Persian]]
}}

'''Salman Farsi''' ({{lang-ar|سَلْمَان ٱلْفَارِسِيّ|translit=Salmān al-Fārisī}}) was a [[Persians|Persian]] [[Companions of the Prophet|companion of Muhammad]]. He was raised as a [[Zoroastrian]] in the [[Sasanian Empire]], then was attracted to [[Eastern Christianity|Christianity]], and then converted to [[Islam]] after meeting Muhammad in the city of Yathrib, which later became [[Medina]]. During some of his later meetings with the other companions, he was referred to by the [[Kunya (Arabic)|kunyah]] ''Abu ʿAbdullah'' "Father of Abdullah".

At his suggestion, a trench was dug (a Sasanian military technique) around [[Medina]] when it was attacked by the [[Mecca]]n [[Quraysh]] in the [[Battle of the Trench]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/11/caliph-baghdadi-mosul-isis-iraq-syria/506567/ | title=The 'Caliph' Speaks | website=[[The Atlantic]] | date=4 November 2016 }}</ref> According to some traditions, he was appointed as the governor of [[Al-Mada'in]] in [[Iraq]], and in popular tradition, Muhammad considered Salman as being part of [[Ahl al-Bayt|his household]].<ref name="Jestice">{{cite book |last=Jestice |first=Phyllis G. |title=Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia |volume=1 |year=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-5760-7355-1 |page=761 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC |access-date=2018-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072359/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC |archive-date=2018-01-23 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was a follower of Muhammad's cousin [[Ali]] after the death of Muhammad.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Adamec|first1=Ludwig W.|title=Historical Dictionary of Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00adam_560|url-access=limited|date=2009|publisher=The Scarecrow Press, Inc.|location=Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Plymouth, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00adam_560/page/n330 276]–277}}</ref>

==Birth and early life==

Salman was a [[Persians|Persian]] born with the name Rouzbeh Khoshnudan in the city of [[Kazerun]] in [[Fars Province]], or [[Isfahan]] in [[Isfahan County|Isfahan Province]].<ref name="Jestice"/><ref name="Houtsma & Wensinck">{{cite book|last1=Houtsma & Wensinck|title=First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936|date=1993|publisher=Brill Academic Pub|isbn=978-9004097964|page=116}}</ref><ref name="Zakeri">{{cite book|last1=Zakeri|first1=Mohsen|title=Sasanid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of 'Ayyārān and Futuwwa|date=1993|location=Jremany|page=306|isbn=9783447036528|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfYnu5F20coC&q=persian+Salman&pg=PA306|access-date=2015-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125213957/https://books.google.com/books?id=VfYnu5F20coC&pg=PA306&dq=persian+Salman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UUr3VPp6zP9okcuBqAo&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=persian%20Salman&f=false|archive-date=2015-11-25|url-status=live}}</ref> In a [[hadith]], Salman also traced his ancestry to [[Ramhormoz]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Milad Milani|title=Sufism in the Secret History of Persia|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317544593|page=180|quote=In one particular hadith, Salman mentions he is from Ramhormoz, though this is a reference to his ancestry as his father was transferred from Ramhormoz to Esfahan, residing in Jey (just outside the military camp), which was designed to accommodate the domestic requirements of military personnel.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Sameh Strauch |title=Mukhtaṣar Sīrat Al-Rasūl |year=2006 |publisher=Darussalam |isbn=978-9-9609-8032-4 |page=94}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Sahih Bukhari, Book 5, Volume 58, Hadith 283 (Merits of the Helpers in Madinah [Ansaar])|url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/058-sbt.php|quote=Narrated Salman: I am from Ram-Hurmuz (i.e. a Persian town).|access-date=2016-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425165314/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/058-sbt.php|archive-date=2017-04-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first sixteen years of his life were devoted to studying to become a [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] ''[[magus]]'' or [[priest]], after which he became the guardian of a [[fire temple]]. Three years later in 587 he met a [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] Christian group and was impressed by them. Against the wishes of his father, he left his family to join them.<ref name ="alislam">[https://www.al-islam.org/salman-al-muhammadi-kamal-al-sayyid/salman-al-muhammadi#migration Salman al-Muhammadi]</ref> His family imprisoned him afterwards to prevent him but he escaped.<ref name ="alislam"/>

Salman traveled around the Middle East to discuss his ideas with priests, theologians and scholars in his quest for the truth, settling initially in [[Mosul]] (ancient [[Nineveh]]).<ref name ="alislam"/> During his stay in [[Syria (region)|Syria]], he heard of [[Muhammad]], whose coming had been predicted by Salman's last Christian teacher on his deathbed.<ref name="Houtsma & Wensinck"/> Afterwards and during his journey to the [[Arabian Peninsula]], he was betrayed and sold to a Jew in [[Medina]]. After meeting Muhammad, he recognized the signs that the monk had described to him. He converted to Islam and secured his freedom with the help of Muhammad.<ref name="Jestice"/><ref name="Houtsma & Wensinck"/>

[[Abu Hurairah]] is said to have referred to Salman as "Abu al-Kitabayn" ("the father of the two books"; that is, the [[Bible]] and the [[Quran]]), and Ali is said to have referred to him as "Luqman al-Hakeem" ("[[Luqman]] the wise," a reference to a wise man mentioned in the Quran).<ref name="aljayyash1"/> Whenever people inquired about his ancestry, Salman is said to have replied: "I am Salman, the son of Islam from the child of Adam."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arabnews.com/news/465947 |title=Salman Al-Farsi — the son of Islam |archive-url=https://archive.today/1vsVP |archive-date=7 Dec 2021 |date=27 Sep 2013 |work=Arab News |last=Hijazi |first=Abu Tariq }}</ref>

==Career==
{{Further|Battle of the Trench}}
[[File:Mosque Salaman pharsi, battle of trench, Medina.JPG|thumb|Mosque of Salman al-Farsi at the site of the [[Battle of the Trench]] in [[Medina]]]]

Salman came up with the idea of digging a great trench around the Medina, to defend the city against the army of 10,000 [[Arabs|Arabian]] non-Muslims. Muhammad and his companions accepted Salman's plan because it was safer, and there would be a better chance that the non-Muslim army would have a larger number of casualties.<ref name="Jestice"/><ref name="Houtsma & Wensinck"/><ref name="Zakeri"/><ref name ="alislam"/>

While some sources gather Salman with the ''[[Muhajirun]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al-islam.org/peshawar/7.2.html |title=Seventh Session, Part 2 |publisher=Al-islam.org |access-date=2013-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609081211/http://www.al-islam.org/peshawar/7.2.html |archive-date=2012-06-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> other sources narrate that during the Battle of the Trench, one of Muhajirun stated "Salman is one of us, Muhajirun", but this was challenged by the Muslims of Medina (also known as the ''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]]''). A lively argument began between the two groups with each of them claiming Salman belonged to their group and not to the other one. Muhammad arrived on the scene and heard the argument. He was amused by the claims but soon put an end to the argument by saying: "Salman is neither Muhajir nor Ansar. He is one of us. He is one of the [[Ahl al-Bayt|People of the House]]."<ref>{{cite web |author=Akramulla Syed |url=http://www.ezsoftech.com/islamic/salman.asp |title=Salman the Persian details: Early Years in Persia (Iran) |publisher=Ezsoftech.com |date=2010-03-20 |access-date=2013-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116034825/http://www.ezsoftech.com/islamic/salman.asp |archive-date=2012-11-16 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Salman participated in the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|conquest]] of the [[Sasanian Empire]], and became the first governor of Sasanid capital [[Ctesiphon]], after its fall at the time of the second Rashidun Caliph, [[Umar]] ibn [[Al-Khattab ibn Nufayl|Al-Khattab]].<ref name="Zakeri"/> However, according to some other sources,<ref name ="alislam"/> after Muhammad's death, he disappeared from public life until 656, when Ali became the [[Rashidun|Caliph]], and appointed Salman as the governor of Al-Mada'in at the age of 88.<ref name ="alislam"/>

==Works==
[[File:Persian Quran.jpg|thumb|The [[Arabic]] Quran translated into Farsi]]

He [[Quran translations|translated the Quran]] into [[Persian language|Persian]], thus becoming the first person to interpret and translate the Quran into a foreign language.<ref name="auto"/> Salman is said to have written the following poem on his enshrouding cotton:
:''I am heading toward the Munificent, lacking a sound heart and an appropriate provision,''
:''While taking a provision (with you) is the most dreadful deed, if you are going to the Munificent''<ref>Nūrī, Nafas al-raḥmān fī faḍāʾil Salmān, p. 139.</ref><ref>"Salman al-Farsi", Wikishia, 4/12/2018, http://en.wikishia.net/view/Salman_al-Farsi {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207072244/http://en.wikishia.net/view/Salman_al-Farsi |date=2019-02-07 }}</ref>

Salman used to cut the hair of Muhammad at the time, inspiring plates in [[Turkic peoples|Turkish]] barber shops with the verse:
:''Every morning our shop opens with the [[basmala]]-, ''
:''Hazret-i Salman-i Pak is our pir and our master.''<ref>{{cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |date=November 30, 1985 |title=And Muhammad Is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety |location=North Carolina |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/andmuhammadishis00schi/page/267 267] |isbn=0807841285 |url=https://archive.org/details/andmuhammadishis00schi/page/267 }}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Tomb of Salman al-Farisi, Baghdad, 1917.jpg|thumb|This is thought to be the [[Salman Al-Farsi Mosque|tomb]] of Salman in [[Salman Pak]] or Al-Mada'in in Iraq, 1917]]

One source states that he died in 32 [[Islamic calendar|A.H.]] / 652 or 653 [[Common Era|C.E.]] in the [[Julian calendar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://islamstory.com/|title=موقع قصة الإسلام - إشراف د/ راغب السرجاني|work=islamstory.com|access-date=2012-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230231721/http://islamstory.com/|archive-date=2012-12-30|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="calcon">{{cite web|url=https://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/|title=Calendar Converter|author=John Walker|work=fourmilab.ch|access-date=2014-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217090747/http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/|archive-date=2011-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> while another source says he died during Uthman's era in 35 A.H. / 655 or 656 C.E.<ref name="calcon"/> Other sources state that he died during Ali's reign.<ref name="aljayyash1">{{cite web |url=http://islam.aljayyash.net/encyclopedia/book-9-28 |title=سلمان الفارسي - الصحابة - موسوعة الاسرة المسلمة |publisher=Islam.aljayyash.net |language=ar |access-date=2012-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191728/http://islam.aljayyash.net/encyclopedia/book-9-28 |archive-date=2013-10-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His tomb is located in [[Salman Al-Farsi Mosque]] in Al-Mada'in,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2006/02/200849141324627865.html |title=Rockets hit Shia tomb in Iraq |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=27 February 2006 |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207021242/https://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2006/02/200849141324627865.html |archive-date=7 February 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> or according to some others, in [[Isfahan]], [[Jerusalem]] or elsewhere.<ref name="Jestice"/>

==Views==
[[File:Salman the Persian and his religious instructor.jpg|thumb|Salman and his religious instructor]]
===Shi'ite===
[[Shia Islam|Shi'ites]], [[Twelver]]s in particular, hold Salman in high esteem for a ''[[hadith]]'' attributed to him, in which all [[Imamah (Shia Twelver doctrine)|twelve Imāms]] were mentioned to him by name, from Muhammad.<ref>Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir ibn Rustom al-Tabari. ''Dalail al-Imamah.'' p.447.</ref> Salman, along with [[Abu Dharr]], [[Ammar ibn Yasir]], and [[Miqdad ibn Aswad]], is considered to be the [[The Four Companions|four loftiest]] of the Shi'a. Ali Asgher Razwy, a 20th-century Shia Twelver Islamic scholar states:

{{Quote|If anyone wishes to see the real spirit of Islam, he will find it, not in the deeds of the nouveaux riches of Medina, but in the life, character and deeds of such companions of the Apostle of God as Ali ibn Abi Talib, Salman el-Farsi, [[Abu Dhar al-Ghifari|Abu Dharr el-Ghiffari]], [[Ammar ibn Yasir]], [[Uwais al-Qarani|Owais Qarni]] and [[Bilal Ibn Rabah|Bilal]]. The [[Oriental studies|orientalists]] will change their assessment of the spirit of Islam if they contemplate it in the austere, pure and sanctified lives of these latter companions.|Ali Asgher Razwy|''A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims''<ref>A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims on Al-Islam.org [http://al-islam.org/restatement/57.htm Umar bin al-Khattab, the Second Khalifa of the Muslims] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004125034/http://al-islam.org/restatement/57.htm |date=2006-10-04 }}</ref>}}

===Sufi===
Salman is also well known as a prominent figure in [[Sufism]].<ref name="Jestice"/> Sufi orders such as [[Qadiriyya|Qadiri]], [[Bektashi Order|Bektashi]], and [[Naqshbandi]] have Salman in their Isnad of their brotherhood.<ref name="Zakeri"/> In the Uwaisi-Shahmaghsoudi order of [[Kubrawiyya|Kubrawi]] Sufism and in [[Naqshbandi]] Sufism, Salman is the third person in the chain connecting devotees with Muhammad. The members of {{transliteration|ar|[[futuwwa]]}} associations also regarded Salman as one of their founders, along with Ali.<ref name="Zakeri"/>

===Druze===
[[File:The Druze maqam of Salman the Persian.jpg|thumb|Druze maqam of Salman the Persian, Syria]]
[[Druze]] tradition honors several "mentors" and "prophets",<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, 2nd Edition [2 volumes] |first=Norbert |last=C. Brockman |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-5988-4655-3 |page=259 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |quote=}}</ref> and Salman is honored as a prophet, and as an incarnation of the monotheistic idea.<ref>{{cite book|title= Entrepreneurship and Religion|first=Léo-Paul |last=Dana|year= 2010| isbn= 9781849806329| page =314 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression, 2d ed.|first=Mordechai |last=D Nisan|year= 2015| isbn= 9780786451333| page =94 |publisher=McFarland|quote=}}</ref>

===Bahá’í===
In the [[Kitáb-i-Íqán]], Bahá'u'lláh honours Salman for having been told about the coming of Muhammad:

<blockquote>As to the signs of the invisible heaven, there appeared four men who successively announced unto the people the joyful tidings of the rise of that divine Luminary. Rúz-bih, later named Salmán, was honoured by being in their service. As the end of one of these approached, he would send Rúz-bih unto the other, until the fourth who, feeling his death to be nigh, addressed Rúz-bih saying: 'O Rúz-bih! when thou hast taken up my body and buried it, go to [[Hejaz|Hijáz]] for there the Day-star of Muhammad will arise. Happy art thou, for thou, shalt behold His face!'</blockquote>

==See also==
* {{Section link|7th century in Lebanon|Ṣaḥāba who have visited Lebanon}}
* [[List of non-Arab Sahabah]]
* [[Sulaym ibn Qays]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://lasjan.page.tl/Salman-al_Farsi.htm Salmān al-Farsi]

{{Ali's companions |state=expanded}}
{{Druze footer|uncollapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salman The Persian}}
[[Category:Translators of the Quran into Persian]]
[[Category:Iranian Muslims]]
[[Category:Iranian former Christians]]
[[Category:People from Kazerun]]
[[Category:654 deaths]]
[[Category:568 births]]
[[Category:6th-century Iranian people]]
[[Category:7th-century Iranian people]]
[[Category:Converts to Christianity from Zoroastrianism]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Christianity]]
[[Category:Muhajirun]]
[[Category:Non-Arab companions of the Prophet]]
[[Category:Governors of the Rashidun Caliphate]]
[[Category:Prophets in the Druze faith]]

Salman the Persian - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article