Salleh Abas - Revision history

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	{{Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia}}		{{Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia}}
	~~{{Portal bar\|Malaysia\|Biography\|Politics\|Law}}~~
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	{{EngvarB\|date=January 2021}}		{{EngvarB\|date=January 2021}}
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	{{Malay name\|Mohamed Salleh\|Abas}}		{{Malay name\|Mohamed Salleh\|Abas\|note=on}}
	{{Infobox officeholder		{{Infobox officeholder
	\|honorific-prefix = [[Malay styles and titles#Honorary styles\|Yang Amat Berbahagia]] [[Malay titles#Federal titles\|Tun]] [[Hajji\|Haji]]		\|honorific-prefix = [[Malay styles and titles#Honorary styles\|Yang Amat Berbahagia]] [[Malay titles#Federal titles\|Tun]] [[Hajji\|Haji]]
	\|name = Mohamed Salleh Abas		\|name = Mohamed Salleh Abas
	\|honorific-suffix = ~~{{small\|~~ [[Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia#Grand Commander\|SSM]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Kelantan#Royal Family Order of Kelantan\|DK (Kelantan)]] [[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Commander\|PMN]] [[Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia#Commander\|PSM]] [[Order of the Crown of Terengganu\|SPMT DPMT]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Kelantan\|PYGP]] [[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Companion\|JMN]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Terengganu#Setia Mahkota Terengganu\|SMT]]}}		\|honorific-suffix = [[Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia#Grand Commander\|SSM]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Kelantan#Royal Family Order of Kelantan\|DK (Kelantan)]] [[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Commander\|PMN]] [[Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia#Commander\|PSM]] [[Order of the Crown of Terengganu\|SPMT DPMT]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Kelantan\|PYGP]] [[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Companion\|JMN]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Terengganu#Setia Mahkota Terengganu\|SMT]]
	\|native_name = محمد صالح عباس		\|native_name = {{lang\|ms\|{{Script\|Arab\|محمد صالح عباس}}}}
	\|image =		\|image =
	\|order = [[Lord President of the Supreme Court]]		\|order = [[Lord President of the Supreme Court]]
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	}}		}}
	'''Mohamed Salleh bin Abas''' ([[Jawi alphabet\|Jawi]]: محمد صالح بن عباس; &lrm;25 August 1929 – 16 January 2021) was a Malaysian judge and politician. He was a [[Lord President of the Federal Court\|Lord President]] of the Federal (~~later~~ Supreme) Court of Malaysia.<ref>[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/selected_judgements/tun_dato_haji_mohamed_salleh_bin_abas_v_tan_sri_dato_abdul_hamid_bin_omar_ors_1988_sc.html?date=2007-01-01 Tun Dato Haji Mohamed Salleh Bin Abas v Tan Sri Dato Abdul Hamid Bin Omar & Ors 1988 [SC]]</ref> He was dismissed from his post during the [[1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis]]. This action was condemned internationally and widely considered to be the event that triggered a marked reduction in the independence of the [[Courts of Malaysia\|Malaysian judiciary]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/opinion/2018/01/05/world-jurists-condemned-mahathir-for-sacking-tun-salleh/\|title=World jurists condemned Mahathir for sacking Tun Salleh\|date=5 January 2018\|access-date=16 January 2021\|publisher=Free Malaysia Today\|author=Kua Kia Soong}}</ref>		'''Mohamed Salleh bin Abas''' ([[Jawi alphabet\|Jawi]]: محمد صالح بن عباس; &lrm;25 August 1929 – 16 January 2021) was a Malaysian judge and politician. He was a [[Lord President of the Federal Court\|Lord President]] of the Federal (then Supreme) Court of Malaysia.<ref>[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/selected_judgements/tun_dato_haji_mohamed_salleh_bin_abas_v_tan_sri_dato_abdul_hamid_bin_omar_ors_1988_sc.html?date=2007-01-01 Tun Dato Haji Mohamed Salleh Bin Abas v Tan Sri Dato Abdul Hamid Bin Omar & Ors 1988 [SC]]</ref> He was dismissed from his post during the [[1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis]]. This action was condemned internationally and widely considered to be the event that triggered a marked reduction in the independence of the [[Courts of Malaysia\|Malaysian judiciary]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/opinion/2018/01/05/world-jurists-condemned-mahathir-for-sacking-tun-salleh/\|title=World jurists condemned Mahathir for sacking Tun Salleh\|date=5 January 2018\|access-date=16 January 2021\|publisher=Free Malaysia Today\|author=Kua Kia Soong}}</ref>

	==Early life==		==Early life==
	Salleh was born in Kampung Raja, [[Besut]], Terengganu. He left in 1949 for the United Kingdom, where he graduated with a degree in law from the [[Aberystwyth University\|University of Wales, Aberystwyth]].<ref name=biodata>{{cite web\|url=https://as-salihin.com/en/tun-dato-dr-haji-mohd-salleh-abas/\|title=Tun Dato' Dr. Haji Mohd Salleh Abas\|publisher=as-Salihin Trustee Berhad\|access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref> In 1957 when he returned, he joined the legal service. He then served in [[Kota Baru]], Kelantan as a [[magistrate]]. Soon after independence that same year, he was transferred to the national capital of [[Kuala Lumpur]], where he served as Deputy Public Prosecutor. He then returned to Britain to obtain a master's degree in international law and constitution at the [[University of London]]. He returned in 1962, upon which he was appointed state legal adviser and Deputy Public Prosecutor for both [[Negeri Sembilan]] and [[Melaka]]. He returned to Kuala Lumpur a year later, and served in a variety of posts under the Attorney-General, culminating in an appointment as Solicitor-General.<ref name="malaysiakini">Aziz, Arfa'eza A (1 July 2002). [http://www2.malaysiakini.com/opinionsfeatures/20020701004596.php Former Lord President did it his way, too]. ''[[Malaysiakini]]''.</ref>		Salleh was born in Kampung Raja, [[Besut]], Terengganu. He left in 1949 for the United Kingdom, where he graduated with a degree in law from the [[Aberystwyth University\|University of Wales, Aberystwyth]].<ref name=biodata>{{cite web\|url=https://as-salihin.com/en/tun-dato-dr-haji-mohd-salleh-abas/\|title=Tun Dato' Dr. Haji Mohd Salleh Abas\|publisher=as-Salihin Trustee Berhad\|access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref> In 1957 when he returned, he joined the legal service. He then served in [[Kota Baru]], Kelantan as a [[magistrate]]. Soon after independence that same year, he was transferred to the national capital of [[Kuala Lumpur]], where he served as Deputy Public Prosecutor. He then returned to Britain to obtain a master's degree in international law and constitution at the [[University of London]]. He returned in 1962, upon which he was appointed state legal adviser and Deputy Public Prosecutor for both [[Negeri Sembilan]] and [[Melaka]]. He returned to Kuala Lumpur a year later, and served in a variety of posts under the Attorney-General, culminating in an appointment as Solicitor-General.<ref name="malaysiakini">Aziz, Arfa'eza A (1 July 2002). [http://www2.malaysiakini.com/opinionsfeatures/20020701004596.php Former Lord President did it his way, too]. ''[[Malaysiakini]]''.</ref>

	At the age of 50, he wanted to retire but was persuaded otherwise by then Lord President of the Federal Court, [[Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim\|Tun Suffian Hashim]]. Salleh was appointed as a Federal Court judge instead. Although the work bored him, he continued. When Suffian retired in 1982 and was replaced by [[Sultan Azlan Shah\|Raja Azlan Shah]], Salleh became Chief Justice of Malaya. However, within two years, the Sultan of [[Perak]] died. Raja Azlan was forced to resign to ascend the throne, and Salleh became Lord President in 1984.<ref name="malaysiakini"/>		At the age of 50, he wanted to retire but was persuaded otherwise by then Lord President of the Federal Court, [[Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim\|Tun Suffian Hashim]]. Salleh was appointed a Federal Court judge instead. Although the work bored him, he continued. When Suffian retired in 1982 and was replaced by [[Sultan Azlan Shah\|Raja Azlan Shah]], Salleh became Chief Justice of Malaya. However, within two years, the Sultan of [[Perak]] died. Raja Azlan was forced to resign to ascend the throne, and Salleh became Lord President in 1984.<ref name="malaysiakini"/>

	During Salleh's tenure, the Federal Court became officially the highest court in the land.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.bernama.com/bm/am/news.php?id=1922641\|title=Jasa Tun Salleh Abas dikenang pengamal undang-undang negara\|date=16 January 2021\|access-date=17 January 2021\|publisher=Bernama\|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> Previously, its decisions could have been appealed to the British [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council\|Privy Council]], but due to concern over this colonial legacy, the link was officially cut.<ref name="malaysiakini"/> Salleh later expressed regret over this, as he believed he might not have been fired had the link to the Privy Council been maintained.<ref name="malaysiakini"/> In 1985, the Federal Court was renamed the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite web \|title=The Malaysian Judiciary \|url=http://www.kehakiman.gov.my/courts/maljudiciary.shtml \|publisher=Federal Court of Malaysia \|access-date=14 July 2011 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709144745/http://www.kehakiman.gov.my/courts/maljudiciary.shtml \|archive-date=9 July 2011}}</ref>		During Salleh's tenure, the Federal Court became officially the highest court in the land.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.bernama.com/bm/am/news.php?id=1922641\|title=Jasa Tun Salleh Abas dikenang pengamal undang-undang negara\|date=16 January 2021\|access-date=17 January 2021\|publisher=Bernama\|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> Previously, its decisions could have been appealed to the British [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council\|Privy Council]], but due to concern over this colonial legacy, the link was officially cut.<ref name="malaysiakini"/> Salleh later expressed regret over this, as he believed he might not have been fired had the link to the Privy Council been maintained.<ref name="malaysiakini"/> In 1985, the Federal Court was renamed the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite web \|title=The Malaysian Judiciary \|url=http://www.kehakiman.gov.my/courts/maljudiciary.shtml \|publisher=Federal Court of Malaysia \|access-date=14 July 2011 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709144745/http://www.kehakiman.gov.my/courts/maljudiciary.shtml \|archive-date=9 July 2011}}</ref>
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	During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia]], on 14 January 2021, Salleh had tested positive for [[COVID-19]] and was admitted to the [[intensive care unit]] (ICU) of Sultanah Nur Zahirah Hospital in [[Kuala Terengganu]].<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.malaymail.com/amp/news/malaysia/2021/01/16/salleh-abas-former-lord-president-dies-after-warded-for-covid-19/1940962 \|title=Salleh Abas, former Lord President, dies after warded for Covid-19 \|author=Debra Chong \|date=16 January 2021 \|access-date=16 January 2021 \|publisher=[[Malay Mail]]}}</ref>		During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia]], on 14 January 2021, Salleh had tested positive for [[COVID-19]] and was admitted to the [[intensive care unit]] (ICU) of Sultanah Nur Zahirah Hospital in [[Kuala Terengganu]].<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.malaymail.com/amp/news/malaysia/2021/01/16/salleh-abas-former-lord-president-dies-after-warded-for-covid-19/1940962 \|title=Salleh Abas, former Lord President, dies after warded for Covid-19 \|author=Debra Chong \|date=16 January 2021 \|access-date=16 January 2021 \|publisher=[[Malay Mail]]}}</ref>

	Salleh died from COVID-19-complicated [[pneumonia]] at 3.20 a.m. three days later, at the age of 91.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/tun-salleh-abas-meninggal-dunia-278039 \|title=Tun Salleh Abas meninggal dunia \|work=[[Astro Awani]] \|date=16 January 2021 \|access-date=16 January 2021 \|language=ms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url= https://www.hmetro.com.my/mutakhir/2021/01/664688/tun-salleh-abas-meninggal-dunia#utm_source=insider~~&utm_medium=web_push&utm_campaign=tun_salleh_abas_meninggal_dunia~~&webPushId=OTA4OA==\|title= Tun Salleh Abas meninggal dunia\|date= 16 January 2021\|website=hmetro.com \|publisher=[[Harian Metro]] \|access-date=16 January 2021\|language=ms}}</ref> He was laid to rest beside the grave of his first wife Toh Puan Azimah Mohd Ali at the Sheikh Ibrahim Muslim Cemetery in Jalan Pusara, Kuala Terengganu.<ref>{{cite web\|date=16 January 2021\|access-date=16 January 2021\|work=[[Bernama]]\|url=https://www.bernama.com/en/general/news.php?id=1922542\|title=Former Lord President Salleh Abas laid to rest}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/01/16/former-lord-president-salleh-abas-laid-to-rest-in-terengganu/1941019 \|title=Former Lord President Salleh Abas laid to rest in Terengganu\|date=16 January 2021 \|access-date=16 January 2021 \|work=[[Malay Mail]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|date=16 January 2021\|access-date=16 January 2021\|work=[[Berita Harian]]\|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2021/01/776737/jenazah-bekas-ketua-hakim-negara-tun-salleh-abas-selamat-dikebumikan\|title=Jenazah Bekas Ketua Hakim Negara Tun Salleh Abas selamat dikebumikan\|language=ms}}</ref>		Salleh died from COVID-19-complicated [[pneumonia]] at 3.20 a.m. three days later, at the age of 91.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/tun-salleh-abas-meninggal-dunia-278039 \|title=Tun Salleh Abas meninggal dunia \|work=[[Astro Awani]] \|date=16 January 2021 \|access-date=16 January 2021 \|language=ms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url= https://www.hmetro.com.my/mutakhir/2021/01/664688/tun-salleh-abas-meninggal-dunia#utm_source=insider&webPushId=OTA4OA==\|title= Tun Salleh Abas meninggal dunia\|date= 16 January 2021\|website=hmetro.com \|publisher=[[Harian Metro]] \|access-date=16 January 2021\|language=ms}}</ref> He was laid to rest beside the grave of his first wife Toh Puan Azimah Mohd Ali at the Sheikh Ibrahim Muslim Cemetery in Jalan Pusara, Kuala Terengganu.<ref>{{cite web\|date=16 January 2021\|access-date=16 January 2021\|work=[[Bernama]]\|url=https://www.bernama.com/en/general/news.php?id=1922542\|title=Former Lord President Salleh Abas laid to rest}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/01/16/former-lord-president-salleh-abas-laid-to-rest-in-terengganu/1941019 \|title=Former Lord President Salleh Abas laid to rest in Terengganu\|date=16 January 2021 \|access-date=16 January 2021 \|work=[[Malay Mail]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|date=16 January 2021\|access-date=16 January 2021\|work=[[Berita Harian]]\|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2021/01/776737/jenazah-bekas-ketua-hakim-negara-tun-salleh-abas-selamat-dikebumikan\|title=Jenazah Bekas Ketua Hakim Negara Tun Salleh Abas selamat dikebumikan\|language=ms}}</ref>

	==Election results==		==Election results==
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{{short description|Malaysian judge}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Malay name|Mohamed Salleh|Abas}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix = [[Malay styles and titles#Honorary styles|Yang Amat Berbahagia]] [[Malay titles#Federal titles|Tun]] [[Hajji|Haji]]
|name = Mohamed Salleh Abas
|honorific-suffix = {{small| [[Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia#Grand Commander|SSM]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Kelantan#Royal Family Order of Kelantan|DK (Kelantan)]] [[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Commander|PMN]] [[Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia#Commander|PSM]] [[Order of the Crown of Terengganu|SPMT DPMT]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Kelantan|PYGP]] [[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Companion|JMN]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Terengganu#Setia Mahkota Terengganu|SMT]]}}
|native_name = محمد صالح عباس
|image =
|order = [[Lord President of the Supreme Court]]
|term_start = 2 March 1984
|term_end = 11 August 1988
|monarch = [[Ahmad Shah of Pahang|Ahmad Shah]] [[Iskandar of Johor|Iskandar]]
|primeminister = [[Mahathir Mohamad]]
|predecessor = [[Raja Azlan Shah]]
|successor = [[Abdul Hamid Omar]]
| office1 = [[Terengganu State Executive Council]]lor for Accountability and Special Tasks
| monarch1 = [[Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu|Mizan Zainal Abidin]]
| 1blankname1 = Menteri Besar
| 1namedata1 = [[Abdul Hadi Awang]]
| predecessor1 = ''Position Established''
| successor1 = Wan Mohd Wan Hassan
| term_start1 = 2 December 1999
| term_end1 = 24 March 2004
| constituency1 = [[Jertih (state constituency)|Jertih]]
|constituency_AM2 = [[Jertih (state constituency)|Jertih]]
|assembly2 = Terengganu State Legislative
|term_start2 = 29 November 1999
|term_end2 = 21 March 2004
|predecessor2 = Idris Mamat ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]]–[[Barisan Nasional|BN]])
|successor2 = [[Idris Jusoh]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]]–[[Barisan Nasional|BN]])
|majority2 = 1,464 ([[1999 Malaysian general election|1999]])
| office3 = Chairman of the Shariah Board of [https://as-salihin.com/ As-Salihin Trustee Berhad]
|term_start3 = 23 October 2004
|term_end3 = 16 January 2021
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1929|8|25}}
|birth_place = Kampung Raja, [[Besut]], [[Terengganu]], [[Unfederated Malay States]], [[British Malaya]] (now Malaysia)
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|01|16|1929|8|25|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Kuala Terengganu]], [[Terengganu]], Malaysia
|resting_place = Sheikh Ibrahim Muslim Cemetery, Jalan Pusara, [[Kuala Terengganu]], [[Terengganu]]
|father =
|spouse = Toh Puan Azimah Mohd Ali (died 2016) Toh Puan Wan Junaidah Wan Jusoh
|residence =
|party = [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS) [[Parti Melayu Semangat 46]] (S46) [[United Malays National Organisation]] (UMNO)
|profession =
|alma_mater = [[University of Wales]]
|religion =
|signature =
}}
'''Mohamed Salleh bin Abas''' ([[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]: محمد صالح بن عباس; &lrm;25 August 1929 – 16 January 2021) was a Malaysian judge and politician. He was a [[Lord President of the Federal Court|Lord President]] of the Federal (later Supreme) Court of Malaysia.<ref>[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/selected_judgements/tun_dato_haji_mohamed_salleh_bin_abas_v_tan_sri_dato_abdul_hamid_bin_omar_ors_1988_sc.html?date=2007-01-01 Tun Dato Haji Mohamed Salleh Bin Abas v Tan Sri Dato Abdul Hamid Bin Omar & Ors 1988 [SC]]</ref> He was dismissed from his post during the [[1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis]]. This action was condemned internationally and widely considered to be the event that triggered a marked reduction in the independence of the [[Courts of Malaysia|Malaysian judiciary]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/opinion/2018/01/05/world-jurists-condemned-mahathir-for-sacking-tun-salleh/|title=World jurists condemned Mahathir for sacking Tun Salleh|date=5 January 2018|access-date=16 January 2021|publisher=Free Malaysia Today|author=Kua Kia Soong}}</ref>

==Early life==
Salleh was born in Kampung Raja, [[Besut]], Terengganu. He left in 1949 for the United Kingdom, where he graduated with a degree in law from the [[Aberystwyth University|University of Wales, Aberystwyth]].<ref name=biodata>{{cite web|url=https://as-salihin.com/en/tun-dato-dr-haji-mohd-salleh-abas/|title=Tun Dato' Dr. Haji Mohd Salleh Abas|publisher=as-Salihin Trustee Berhad|access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref> In 1957 when he returned, he joined the legal service. He then served in [[Kota Baru]], Kelantan as a [[magistrate]]. Soon after independence that same year, he was transferred to the national capital of [[Kuala Lumpur]], where he served as Deputy Public Prosecutor. He then returned to Britain to obtain a master's degree in international law and constitution at the [[University of London]]. He returned in 1962, upon which he was appointed state legal adviser and Deputy Public Prosecutor for both [[Negeri Sembilan]] and [[Melaka]]. He returned to Kuala Lumpur a year later, and served in a variety of posts under the Attorney-General, culminating in an appointment as Solicitor-General.<ref name="malaysiakini">Aziz, Arfa'eza A (1 July 2002). [http://www2.malaysiakini.com/opinionsfeatures/20020701004596.php Former Lord President did it his way, too]. ''[[Malaysiakini]]''.</ref>

At the age of 50, he wanted to retire but was persuaded otherwise by then Lord President of the Federal Court, [[Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim|Tun Suffian Hashim]]. Salleh was appointed as a Federal Court judge instead. Although the work bored him, he continued. When Suffian retired in 1982 and was replaced by [[Sultan Azlan Shah|Raja Azlan Shah]], Salleh became Chief Justice of Malaya. However, within two years, the Sultan of [[Perak]] died. Raja Azlan was forced to resign to ascend the throne, and Salleh became Lord President in 1984.<ref name="malaysiakini"/>

During Salleh's tenure, the Federal Court became officially the highest court in the land.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bernama.com/bm/am/news.php?id=1922641|title=Jasa Tun Salleh Abas dikenang pengamal undang-undang negara|date=16 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|publisher=Bernama|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> Previously, its decisions could have been appealed to the British [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]], but due to concern over this colonial legacy, the link was officially cut.<ref name="malaysiakini"/> Salleh later expressed regret over this, as he believed he might not have been fired had the link to the Privy Council been maintained.<ref name="malaysiakini"/> In 1985, the Federal Court was renamed the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Malaysian Judiciary |url=http://www.kehakiman.gov.my/courts/maljudiciary.shtml |publisher=Federal Court of Malaysia |access-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709144745/http://www.kehakiman.gov.my/courts/maljudiciary.shtml |archive-date=9 July 2011}}</ref>

==Constitutional crisis==
{{main|1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis}}
[[United Malays National Organisation]] (UMNO) was the major component party and leader of the governing [[Barisan Nasional]] (BN) coalition, and its President presumably will became [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]]. In the [[1987 United Malays National Organisation leadership election|1987 UMNO leadership election]], [[Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah]] had challenged the incumbent UMNO President and Prime Minister [[Mahathir bin Mohamad]], and was widely touted to win the Presidency. However, Mahathir won 761 votes to Razaleigh's 718 and remained President. Many of Razaleigh's supporters refused to accept this and argued that the election was tainted.<ref>Means, Gordon P. (1991). ''Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation'', p. 204. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-588988-8}}.</ref> 12 UMNO members filed suit in the High Court, attempting to get a court order for new elections. As part of their evidence, they presented claims that 78 of the 1,479 delegates eligible to vote in the elections were illegal and that several documents involved in the election had been tampered with. Later, one of the 12 plaintiffs withdrew from the suit. Although Razaleigh was not involved in the case, it was widely believed he had been funding and supporting the suit.<ref>Means, pp. 206, 215.</ref>

On 30 September 1987, the High Court gave the parties two weeks to reach a negotiated settlement. A "Unity Panel" was formed to negotiate between the Mahathir and Razaleigh camps, but it soon appeared the differences were interminable. Razaleigh's supporters wanted new elections held, while Mahathir's supporters insisted that the elections stand and that Razaleigh's camp accept a compromise "face-saving" solution. On 19 October, the plaintiffs announced the continuation of the suit.<ref>Means, pp. 215–216.</ref>

Mahathir, who had never been fond of the judiciary, began making heated statements about it at this time. Mahathir declared, "''The judiciary says, 'Although you passed a law with a certain thing in mind, we think that your mind is wrong, and we want to give our interpretation.' If we disagree, the courts will say, 'We will interpret your disagreement.' ... We know exactly what we want to do, but once we do it, it is interpreted in a different way.''" Mahathir also lambasted "black sheep ... who want to be ... fiercely independent" and play to public opinion. Soon after, nine judges sitting on the High Court were reassigned to different divisions; Justice Harun Hashim, who presided over the UMNO case, was transferred from appellate and special powers cases to commercial crimes. However, because the UMNO case was already in progress, his transfer did not take effect until the case closed. Harun later ruled that under the evidence presented, it was clear several UMNO delegates had come from unregistered branches of the party. In line with the law, he declared he was forced to declare UMNO an illegal society, and thereby dismissed the case of the plaintiffs. Mahathir soon formed a new party, UMNO Baru (New UMNO), to replace UMNO. Within a year, the suffix "Baru" was dropped, making it just plain "UMNO".<ref>Means, pp. 216–219, 225, 230.</ref>

Mahathir was upset with the judiciary's increasing independence, and in 1988, the government tabled a bill in [[Parliament of Malaysia|Parliament]] to amend Articles 121 and 145 of the [[Constitution of Malaysia|Constitution]]. These amendments divested the courts of the "judicial power of the Federation", giving them only such power as Parliament might grant them. The Attorney-General was also empowered to determine the venues in which cases would be heard.<ref>Means, p. 237.</ref>

At this point, Salleh who was then [[Lord President of the Supreme Court]], began making strong statements about defending the autonomy of the judiciary. However, he did not name Mahathir and spoke in rather general terms. However, Salleh was pressured by his fellow judges into taking stronger action. He convened a meeting of all 20 federal judges in the national capital of Kuala Lumpur. They decided not to directly challenge Mahathir, and instead address a confidential letter to the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] (King) and the rulers of the various states. The letter stated, "''All of us are disappointed with the various comments and accusations made by the Honourable Prime Minister against the Judiciary, not only outside but within the Parliament.''" However, instead of calling for any direct action to be taken, the letter only stated the judges' "''hope that all those unfounded accusations will be stopped''".<ref>Means, p. 238.</ref> The King, [[Sultan Iskandar of Johor|Sultan Mahmud Iskandar]] of [[Johor]], back in 1973 when he was still the [[heir apparent]] to the Johor throne had been prosecuted for [[Sultan Iskandar of Johor#Allegations of criminal misconduct|criminal charges]] by Salleh as the Public Prosecutor. Tunku Mahmud then was convicted and sentenced to six months in jail eventually.<ref>Abas, Mohamed Salleh bin, ''May Day for Justice: The Lord President's Version'', Magnus Books, 1989, {{ISBN|983-9631-00-4}}, pg 314</ref> It is not known what the King did upon receipt of the letter, but it appears he informed Mahathir, and that they agreed to take disciplinary action against Salleh Abas.<ref name="Aliran">{{cite web|url=https://aliran.com/towering-msians/mahathirs-1988-showdown-with-salleh-abas/|title=Behind closed doors: Mahathir's 1988 showdown with Salleh Abas|date=16 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|publisher=Aliran}}</ref>

Salleh, who had gone overseas soon after the letter was sent, was summoned by Mahathir upon his return. Salleh later claimed that at the meeting, Mahathir accused him of bias in the [[UMNO]] case,<ref name="Aliran"/> and demanded his resignation. Salleh was also immediately suspended from his post as Lord President. Although Salleh initially agreed, when he was later informed that his suspension was to be backdated so as to nullify some of his earlier actions in then-pending cases such as the UMNO case, he withdrew his resignation. The government then initiated [[impeachment]] proceedings against Salleh.<ref name="means_239">Means, p. 239.</ref> Salleh later claimed that the government attempted to bribe him to resign.<ref>Aziz, Arfa'eza A (1 July 2002). [http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/12018 They tried bribing me to leave judiciary quietly: Salleh Abas]. ''[[Malaysiakini]]''.</ref>

Salleh was represented by [[Anthony Lester]], QC, who objected to the tribunal's composition. It was argued Abdul Hamid had a vested interest in the case's outcome since if Salleh was impeached, he would remain Lord President. It was also claimed that the tribunal was improperly constituted because two of the judges were relatively junior and that the two foreign judges were from countries not noted for judicial independence. Salleh demanded to be tried by peers of equal standing – retired Lord presidents if need be. He also demanded that the tribunal make its hearings public. All of these claims were rejected by the tribunal, and Salleh withdrew from the proceedings.<ref>Means, pp. 239–240.</ref>

Instead, Salleh asked the Supreme Court to stay the proceedings because of the tribunal's alleged improper constitution and because the King had been "wrongfully advised".<ref name="Aliran"/> The Supreme Court, in an emergency session, unanimously ruled that the proceedings stay. Four days later, the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] suspended the five Supreme Court judges who had issued the order, on Mahathir's advice. The government announced that it would attempt to impeach those five judges as well for "gross misbehaviour" and conspiring "to make the order". This reduced the number of judges on the Supreme Court to four, with two of them also sitting on the tribunal. The government-appointed new judges to fill the void, who refused to hear any further motions by Salleh Abas. The tribunal eventually found Salleh guilty, and he was officially relieved of his position. Of the five judges who had supported him, two were convicted, and the other three were acquitted.<ref>Means, p. 240–242.</ref>

==Post-conviction and politics involvement==
Soon after his dismissal in 1988, Salleh was conferred the "Darjah Kerabat Yang Amat Dihormati (Al-Yunusi) (D.K.)", the highest honour the [[Sultan of Kelantan]] could confer.<ref name=Al-Yunusi>Means, p. 261.</ref>

Salleh contested the [[1995 Malaysian general election|1995 general election]] for the [[Lembah Pantai]] parliamentary constituency (an area in Kuala Lumpur which includes the neighbourhood of [[Bangsar]]) under the [[Parti Melayu Semangat 46]] (S46) ticket, and failed to be elected.<ref name="bernama">{{cite news|title=Opposition Win Will Only Bring A Day of Happiness For Voters |url=http://www.bernama.com/election2004/news.php?id=53953 |publisher=[[Bernama]] |year=2004 |access-date=30 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123033809/http://www.bernama.com/election2004/news.php?id=53953 |archive-date=23 November 2005 }}</ref>

In the [[1999 Malaysian general election|1999 general election]], Salleh was elected as Terengganu State Assemblyman for the constituency of [[Jertih (state constituency)|Jertih]] on the ticket of [[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS) which managed to form the new state government and had Salleh appointed as a [[Terengganu State Executive Council]]lor (EXCO). However he did not run again in the [[2004 Malaysian general election|2004 general election]] due to poor health.<ref>[http://mca.org.my/story.asp?file=/articles/news/2004/3/6/22375.html&sec=In+The+News PAS expected to retain almost all assemblymen] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311191010/http://mca.org.my/story.asp?file=%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F2004%2F3%2F6%2F22375.html&sec=In+The+News |date=11 March 2007 }}. (6 March 2004). ''[[BERNAMA]]''.</ref>

==Later developments==
Mahathir Mohammed stepped down from the premiership in 2003 and chose [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] to be his successor. In 2006, the relationship between the two became less than warm as Mahathir started to criticise the latter's policies. It was during this time when the first serious calls were made for a judicial review of the 1988 crisis. Among the loudest advocates of the review was Tun Salleh Abas himself. The administration however dismissed the calls. A minister in the Prime Minister's Department [[Nazri Aziz]], who was then ''de facto'' Law Minister, said that he was not convinced of the need to review the case.<ref>Lisa Goh. [http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/9/12/nation/15405219&sec=nation Nazri: I’m not convinced of need to review 1988 crisis] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213212944/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F9%2F12%2Fnation%2F15405219&sec=nation |date=13 February 2009 }} [[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]. 12 September 2006.</ref>

After the [[2008 Malaysian general election|2008 general election]] which saw heavy losses for BN, Abdullah reshuffled his Cabinet. Within days of his appointment, new ''de facto'' Law Minister [[Zaid Ibrahim]] stated that the government had to openly apologise for its handling of the crisis, calling it one of his three main goals: "In the eyes of the world, the judicial crisis has weakened our judiciary system."<ref>{{cite news | first=Ian | last=McIntyre | title=Zaid: Govt has to apologise to victims of 1988 judicial crisis | date=23 March 2008 | url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/3/23/nation/20730100&sec=nation | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409212804/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F3%2F23%2Fnation%2F20730100&sec=nation | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 April 2008 | work=The Star | access-date=23 March 2008 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> However, he rejected the idea of reviewing the decision: "I am not suggesting that we re-open the case. I am saying that it’s clear to everyone, to the world, that serious transgressions had been committed by the previous administration. And I believe that the prime minister is big enough and man enough to say that we had done wrong to these people and we are sorry."<ref>{{cite news| title=Healing the judiciary – first serious move in 20 years welcomed by Bar Council| date=23 March 2008| url=http://themalaysianinsider.com/mni/healing-the-judiciary-first-serious-move-in-20-years-welcomed-by-bar-council.html| work=The Malaysian Insider| access-date=23 March 2008| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326155836/http://themalaysianinsider.com/mni/healing-the-judiciary-first-serious-move-in-20-years-welcomed-by-bar-council.html| archive-date=26 March 2008| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The Bar Council welcomed the proposal. Newly appointed Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs Minister [[Shahrir Abdul Samad]] also voiced support: "The Government has apologised for so many other things to the people, such as the untimely destruction of temples and other issues. So, why not an apology to a former Lord President?"<ref>{{cite news| title=Bar Council backs Salleh apology move| date=24 March 2008| url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/3/24/nation/20733676&sec=nation| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919000512/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F3%2F24%2Fnation%2F20733676&sec=nation| url-status=dead| archive-date=19 September 2008| work=The Star| access-date=24 March 2008| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Death ==
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia]], on 14 January 2021, Salleh had tested positive for [[COVID-19]] and was admitted to the [[intensive care unit]] (ICU) of Sultanah Nur Zahirah Hospital in [[Kuala Terengganu]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.malaymail.com/amp/news/malaysia/2021/01/16/salleh-abas-former-lord-president-dies-after-warded-for-covid-19/1940962 |title=Salleh Abas, former Lord President, dies after warded for Covid-19 |author=Debra Chong |date=16 January 2021 |access-date=16 January 2021 |publisher=[[Malay Mail]]}}</ref>

Salleh died from COVID-19-complicated [[pneumonia]] at 3.20 a.m. three days later, at the age of 91.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/tun-salleh-abas-meninggal-dunia-278039 |title=Tun Salleh Abas meninggal dunia |work=[[Astro Awani]] |date=16 January 2021 |access-date=16 January 2021 |language=ms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.hmetro.com.my/mutakhir/2021/01/664688/tun-salleh-abas-meninggal-dunia#utm_source=insider&utm_medium=web_push&utm_campaign=tun_salleh_abas_meninggal_dunia&webPushId=OTA4OA==|title= Tun Salleh Abas meninggal dunia|date= 16 January 2021|website=hmetro.com |publisher=[[Harian Metro]] |access-date=16 January 2021|language=ms}}</ref> He was laid to rest beside the grave of his first wife Toh Puan Azimah Mohd Ali at the Sheikh Ibrahim Muslim Cemetery in Jalan Pusara, Kuala Terengganu.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 January 2021|access-date=16 January 2021|work=[[Bernama]]|url=https://www.bernama.com/en/general/news.php?id=1922542|title=Former Lord President Salleh Abas laid to rest}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/01/16/former-lord-president-salleh-abas-laid-to-rest-in-terengganu/1941019 |title=Former Lord President Salleh Abas laid to rest in Terengganu|date=16 January 2021 |access-date=16 January 2021 |work=[[Malay Mail]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=16 January 2021|access-date=16 January 2021|work=[[Berita Harian]]|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2021/01/776737/jenazah-bekas-ketua-hakim-negara-tun-salleh-abas-selamat-dikebumikan|title=Jenazah Bekas Ketua Hakim Negara Tun Salleh Abas selamat dikebumikan|language=ms}}</ref>

==Election results==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+ '''[[Dewan Rakyat|Parliament of Malaysia]] : P109 [[Lembah Pantai (federal constituency)|Lembah Pantai]], Kuala Lumpur'''<ref name="election results">{{cite web|url=http://semak.spr.gov.my/spr/laporan/5_KedudukanAkhir.php|title=Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum Parlimen/Dewan Undangan Negeri|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|access-date=6 June 2010}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref>
!|Year
!colspan=2|Opposition
!|Votes
!|Pct
!colspan=2|Government
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
|[[1995 Malaysian general election|1995]]
|{{Party shading/S46}} |
|{{nowrap|Mohd Salleh Abas}} ([[Semangat 46|S46]])
|align="right" |10,058
|29.60%
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|'''[[Shahrizat Abdul Jalil]]''' ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])
|align="right" |'''23,447'''
|'''68.99%'''
|33,984
|13,389
|65.22%
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+ '''[[Terengganu State Legislative Assembly]] : N3 [[Jertih (state constituency)|Jertih]], P33 [[Besut (federal constituency)|Besut]] '''<ref name="election results"/>
!|Year
!colspan=2|Government
!|Votes
!|Pct
!colspan=2|Opposition
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1999 Malaysian state elections|1999]]
|rowspan=2 {{Party shading/PAS}} |
|rowspan=2|{{nowrap|'''Mohd Salleh Abas'''}} ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|rowspan=2 align="right" |'''5,075 '''
|rowspan=2|'''56.20%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|{{nowrap|Idris Mamat}} ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |3,611
|39.99%
|rowspan=2|9,030
|rowspan=2|1,464
|rowspan=2|78.58%
|-
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |
|Wan Mohammad Wan Ahmad ([[Independent politician|IND]])
| align="right" |66
|0.73%
|}

==Honours==
===Honours of Malaysia===
* {{Flag|Malaysia}}:
** [[File:MY Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negara (Defender of the Realm) - SMN.svg|50px]] Companion of the [[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Companion|Order of the Defender of the Realm]] (JMN) (1966)<ref name="istiadat.gov.my">{{cite web
|url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/semakan-penerima-darjah-kebesaran-bintang-dan-pingat/|title=Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat|work=Bahagian Istiadat dan Urusetia Persidangan Antarabangsa|publisher=[[Prime Minister's Department (Malaysia)]]}}</ref>
** [[File:Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia - PSM.svg|50px]] Commander of the [[Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia#Commander|Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia]] (PSM) – '''Tan Sri''' (1971)<ref name="istiadat.gov.my"/>
** [[File:MY Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negara (Defender of the Realm)- PMN.svg|50px]] Commander of the [[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Commander|Order of the Defender of the Realm]] (PMN) – '''Tan Sri''' (1983)<ref name="istiadat.gov.my"/>
** [[File:Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia - SSM.svg|50px]] Grand Commander of the [[Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia]] (SSM) – '''Tun''' (1985)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/v8/images/stories/senarai_darjah_kebesara_negeri/1985.pdf|title=Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1985.}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Kelantan}}:
** [[File:MY-KEL Order of the Most Distinguished and Most Valiant Warrior - PYGP.svg|50px]] The [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Kelantan|Order of the Most Distinguished and Most Valiant Warrior]] (PYGP){{when|date=January 2021}}<ref name=biodata/>
** [[File:MY-KEL Royal Family Order - Star of Yunus - DK.svg|50px]] Recipient of the [[Royal Family Order of Kelantan]] or Star of Yunus (DK) (1988)<ref name=Al-Yunusi/><ref name="istiadat.gov.my"/>
* {{Flag|Terengganu}}:
** [[File:MY-TER Order of the Crown of Terengganu - SPMT - SMT - AMT.svg|50px]] Companion of the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Terengganu#Setia Mahkota Terengganu|Order of the Crown of Terengganu]] (SMT) (1963)<ref name=biodata/><ref name="istiadat.gov.my"/>
** [[File:MY-TER Order of the Crown of Terengganu - Dato Paduka - DPMT.svg|50px]] Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Crown of Terengganu]] (DPMT) – '''Dato'''' (1968)<ref name=biodata/><ref name="istiadat.gov.my"/>
** [[File:MY-TER Order of the Crown of Terengganu - SPMT - SMT - AMT.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Crown of Terengganu]] (SPMT) – '''Dato’'''{{when|date=January 2021}}<ref name=biodata/><ref name="istiadat.gov.my"/>

==See also==
* [[List of deaths due to COVID-19]] - notable individual deaths

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''Barbarism to Verdict: A History of the Common Law'' (Harper Collins, 1994) by [[Justin Fleming]]

==External links==
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027014800/http://geocities.com/CapitolHill/Congress/5544/ |date=27 October 2009 |title=May Day for Justice }}. A book by Tun Salleh Abas.

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Raja Azlan Shah]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lord President of the Supreme Court]]|years= 1984–1988}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Abdul Hamid Omar]]}}
{{end}}

{{Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia}}
{{Portal bar|Malaysia|Biography|Politics|Law}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abas, Mohamed Salleh}}
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