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Made The Data W/ Infobox

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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Salal Dam
| name_official = Salal Hydroelectric Power Station
| image = Salaldam.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = View of Salal Dam from [[Jyotipuram]]-Salal road
| image_alt =
| location_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption = Location of Salal Dam in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| coordinates = {{coord|33|08|33|N|74|48|37|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| status = Operational
| construction_began = 1970
| opening = 1987
| demolished =
| cost = ₹ 928.89 crores
| owner =
| dam_type = [[Gravity dam]]
| dam_height = {{Convert|113|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_height_foundation=
| dam_length = {{Convert|487|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume = {{Convert|1450000|m3|ft3|-4|abbr=on}}
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_crosses = [[Chenab River]]
| spillway_count = 12
| spillway_type = Ogee
| spillway_length =
| spillway_capacity = 22,427 m3/s
| res_name = Salal Lake
| res_capacity_total = {{Convert|280860000|m3|acre.ft|-3|abbr=on}}
| res_capacity_active = {{convert|12000000|m3|acre.ft|-3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|3.74|km2|sqmi|2|abbr=on}}
| res_elevation = 487.68 m FRL
| res_max_depth =
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| plant_hydraulic_head = {{Convert|94.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator = [[NHPC]]
| plant_commission = Stage I: 1987 Stage II: 1995
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type = Conventional
| plant_turbines = Stage I: 3 x 115 [[megawatt|MW]] [[Francis turbine|Francis-type]] Stage II: 3 x 115 MW Francis-type
| plant_capacity = Stage I: 345 MW Stage II: 345 MW Total: 690 MW
| plant_annual_gen = 3082 million kWh
| website = [http://www.nhpcindia.com/Default.aspx?id=186&lg=eng&CatId=1&ProjectId=9 nhpcindia.com]
| extra =
}}

'''Salal Dam''' ({{langx|hi|सलाल बाँध}} ''Salāl Bāndh''), also known as '''Salal Hydroelectric Power Station''', is a [[run-of-the-river]] hydropower project on the [[Chenab River]] in the [[Reasi District|Reasi]] district of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite news |title=NHPC investment crosses Rs 18,800 crore in J&K |newspaper=The Tribune |date=7 May 2016 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/community/nhpc-investment-crosses-rs-18-800-crore-in-j-k/233076.html}}</ref> It was the first hydropower project built by India in Jammu and Kashmir under the [[Indus Water Treaty]] regime.<ref>Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema and Prakashkiran Pawar, [https://www.stimson.org/sites/default/files/file-attachments/EnvSecVFPaperMarch2015-FINAL.pdf Bridging the Divide], Stimson Centre, 2015, Table 2 (p. 14).</ref> After having reached a bilateral agreement with Pakistan in 1978,<ref name=agree/> with significant concessions made to Pakistan in the design of the dam, reducing its height, eliminating operating pool, and plugging the [[sluice|under-sluices]] meant for sediment management, India completed the project in 1987. The concessions made in the interest of bilateralism damaged the long-term sustainability of the dam, which silted up in five years. It ran at 57% [[capacity factor]].{{refn|group=note|name=capacity}}<ref name=ET/><ref name=Outlook>[https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/siltation-renders-salal-hydro-power-projects-future-uncertain/72829 Siltation renders Salal hydro-power project's future uncertain], ''Outlook'', 31 July 2002.</ref><ref>Ramaswamy R. Iyer, [https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/Arbitration-amp-Kishenganga-project/article16267682.ece Arbitration & Kishenganga project], The Hindu 25 June 2010.</ref> In May 2025, India suspended the [[Indus Waters Treaty]], and de-silted the reservoir restoring some of the plant's power generation capacity.<ref name="HT 7 May 2025">Ravi Krishnan Khajuria, [https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/jammu-post-de-silting-power-generation-back-in-full-swing-at-chenab-101746563553061.html Jammu: Post de-silting, power generation back in full swing at Chenab], Hindustan Times, 7 May 2025.</ref>

== Location ==
The project is located on the [[Chenab River]] near the Salal village in the [[Reasi District]], a few kilometres south of Matlot where the river turns to a southerly course. Pakistan's [[Marala Headworks]] is {{convert|72|km|0|abbr=on}} downstream, from where the [[Marala–Ravi Link Canal]] and the Upper Chenab Canal carry water to various parts of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]].{{sfnp|Dar, Power Projects in Jammu & Kashmir|2012|p=7}}

== History ==
=== Conception ===
The Salal project was conceived in 1920. Feasibility studies on the project commenced in 1961 by the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]] and a project design was readied by 1968.{{sfnp|Raghavan, The People Next Door|2019|pp=142–143}} Construction was started in 1970 by the Central Hydroelectric Project Control Board (under the Government of India's Ministry of Irrigation and Power). The design of the project contained a two-stage powerhouse generating 690 MW power making use of the [[hydraulic head|head]] created by the dam.{{sfnp|Dar, Power Projects in Jammu & Kashmir|2012|p=7}}

=== Indus waters dispute ===
Under the [[Indus Waters Treaty]] of 1960, the [[Chenab River]] is allocated to Pakistan for exploitation (one of the 'Western Rivers' – Indus, Jhelum and Chenab). India has rights to use the river for "non-consumptive" uses such as power generation. India is obliged under the treaty to inform Pakistan of its intent to build a project six months prior to construction and take into account any concerns raised by the latter.{{sfnp|Raghavan, The People Next Door|2019|pp=142–143}}

Since Pakistan lost the three eastern rivers to India by the treaty, its dependence on the Chenab river increased. It viewed the Salal project with great concern. Even limited storage in a relatively low dam upstream was viewed as a flood risk, even a threat, whereby India could flood Pakistan's farm lands by a sudden release of water. Equally, India could hold back water in its reservoir starving them of water. [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]], foreign minister and later prime minister, argued that the dam could be used strategically as an instrument of war to bog down Pakistan's armour. After the two wars of [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]], all such theories were easily believable.{{sfnp|Raghavan, The People Next Door|2019|pp=142–143}}{{sfnp|Zawahri, India, Pakistan and cooperation|2009|p=11}}<ref name=Verghese>B. G. Verghese, [http://www.bgverghese.com/WaterSharing.htm Ideology Threatens Indus Treaty], ''The South Asian Journal'', 25 March 2010.</ref>

During the negotiations, Pakistan raised technical objections to the design and capacity of the dam. It argued that the 40-foot gates on the spillways gave the dam more storage than allowed by the treaty. It also argued that the under-sluices included for sediment clearing were not permitted under the treaty.{{sfnp|Akhtar, Emerging Challenges to Indus Waters Treaty|2010}}{{refn|group=note|The Indus Waters Treaty actually states (Annexure D, Paragraph 8): "There shall be no outlets below the Dead Storage Level, ''unless necessary for sediment control or any other technical purpose''; any such outlet shall be of the minimum size, and located at the highest level, consistent with the sound and economical design and with satisfactory operation of the works."<ref>Raymond Lafitte, [https://www.mowr.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/11._Baglihar_Expert_Determination.pdf Baglihar Hydroelectric Project: Expert Determination] (12 February 2007), Ministry of Water Resources, Government of Pakistan.</ref><ref name=CWC>[http://cwc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Guidelines%20for%20uploading%20smd.pdf Guidelines for Sediment Management in Water Resources & Hydropower Projects], Central Water Commission, Government of India, February 2019.</ref>}} Indians argued that the flood risk that Pakistanis expressed was unreasonable. Any intention on India's part to flood Pakistan would involve causing much more damage to its own territory.{{sfnp|Akhtar, Emerging Challenges to Indus Waters Treaty|2010}} In the face of Pakistan's unwillingness to relent, the Indian negotiators wanted to take it to arbitration by a neutral expert, as provided for in the treaty.{{sfnp|Raghavan, The People Next Door|2019|pp=143–144}}

However, after signing the 1972 [[Simla Agreement]] with Pakistan, India wanted to steer the relations towards bilateralism. Its foreign policy establishment ruled out going to a neutral expert. In further bilateral talks in October 1976, India made significant concessions in the dam's height and other issues. An agreement was reached in 1977, but deferred till after the [[1977 Pakistani general election|elections]] in Pakistan. Soon afterwards, change of government occurred in both India and Pakistan, but the understanding survived.{{refn|group=note|In Pakistan, General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] came to power overthrowing [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]'s government. In India, the [[Janata Party]] won the elections in 1977.}}

A formal agreement was signed in Delhi on 12 April 1978 by Indian foreign minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and Pakistan's foreign secretary [[Agha Shahi]].{{sfnp|Raghavan, The People Next Door|2019|p=144}}<ref>{{citation |last=Jayapalan |first=N |title=India and Her Neighbours |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQVkYiFCrVoC&pg=PA79 |year=2000 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-912-0 |page=79}}</ref> The height of spillway gates was reduced from 40 ft to 30 ft. The under-sluices designed for sediment management were permanently plugged.{{sfnp|Bakshi & Trivedi, The Indus Equation|2011|p=78}}<ref>[http://rsdebate.nic.in/rsdebate56/bitstream/123456789/428844/1/PQ_106_03081978_S401_p40_p42.pdf Extracts from Rajya Sabha debates], 3 August 1978.</ref> The agreement was hailed as a triumph of bilateralism, facilitating an atmosphere of trust and confidence between the two countries.{{sfnp|Akhtar, Emerging Challenges to Indus Waters Treaty|2010}}{{sfnp|Tabassum, The Role of CBMs|2001|pp=396–397}} But the agreement also seriously damaged the sustainability of the dam and the Indian engineers viewed it as too high a price to pay for bilateralism.{{sfnp|Raghavan, The People Next Door|2019|pp=144–145}}

=== Final construction ===
[[File:Spillway Salal Power Station.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Spillway]] at the top of the [[Dam|Concrete Dam]]]]

After signing the agreement in 1978, the construction of the project was entrusted to [[National Hydroelectric Power Corporation]] (NHPC) on an agency basis.{{sfnp|Dar, Power Projects in Jammu & Kashmir|2012|pp=7–8}} NHPC was incorporated by the Government of India in 1975, with an authorised capital of Rs. 200 crore. The Salal project was its first project.{{sfnp|Dar, Power Projects in Jammu & Kashmir|2012|pp=19–20}}

The Stage-I of the powerhouse was commissioned in 1987; Stage-II between 1993 and 1995. The final commissioning of the project took place in 1996.{{sfnp|Dar, Power Projects in Jammu & Kashmir|2012|pp=7–8}}

[[File:Salal Power Station.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Salal power Station]]
After completion, the Salal project was transferred to NHPC on an ownership basis.{{sfnp|Dar, Power Projects in Jammu & Kashmir|2012|pp=19–20}} The [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]] is said to have had a Memorandum of Understanding with the Government of India to receive the project at a depreciated cost.{{sfnp|Dar, Power Projects in Jammu & Kashmir|2012|pp=23–24}} However, according to the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] party, the coalition government in power at 1985, run by the [[Ghulam Mohammad Shah]]-wing of the National Conference and the [[Indian National Congress]], surrendered the state's rights over the project.<ref name=HT>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/salal-power-project-has-nc-pdp-tripping-down-each-other/story-UziWgaAUcSNsWMfUX0mUJN.html Salal power project has NC-PDP tripping down each other], ''Hindustan Times'', 7 June 2011.</ref>

The state of Jammu and Kashmir receives 12.5 percent of the energy generated from the project.{{sfnp|Dar, Power Projects in Jammu & Kashmir|2012|p=24}} The rest is transmitted to the Northern Grid where it is distributed to the states of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Jammu and Kashmir also purchases additional power at regular prices.<ref name=HT/><ref name="nhpcindia.com">{{cite web |title=Projects: Salal |publisher=NHPC Limited |date=2016 |url=http://www.nhpcindia.com/Default.aspx?id=186&lg=eng&CatId=1&ProjectId=9 |website=nhpcindia.com}}</ref>

=== Siltation ===
Sediment is a serious problem among Himalayan rivers (since the Himalayas are young mountains).{{sfn|Akhter|2013|p=25}} The Chenab river, especially, carries more silt than the others even among the 'Western Rivers'. Its annual silt load is estimated to be {{convert|32000000|m3|acre.ft|-3|abbr=on}}.{{sfnp|Visvanathan, Silt Disposal from Reservoirs|2000|p=I-7}}

[[File:Rockfill Dam, Salal Hydroelectric Power Station, Jammu.jpg |thumb|right|250px|The silted reservoir, with the crest of the dam to the right]]

From the very first year of operation, the reservoir of the Salal dam started silting up. Two severe floods in 1988 and 1992 further accelerated the siltation.<ref name=siltation/> Within five years, the reservoir got silted up almost entirely.<ref>{{harvp|Alam, Sedimentation management in hydro reservoirs|2013}}: "The reservoir is full of sediment, to the water surface level at the upstream end and to the spillway crest level at the downstream end."</ref> As a result, the reservoir capacity got reduced from the intended {{convert|231000|acre.ft|m3|-6|abbr=on}} to {{convert|7000|acre.ft|m3|-6|abbr=on}}.<ref name=siltation>{{harvp|Visvanathan, Silt Disposal from Reservoirs|2000|p=I-7}}; {{harvp|Darde, Detrimental effects of tiny silt particles|2016|pp=144–145}}</ref>

As per the 1978 Salal agreement, the reservoir had to be maintained at Constant Full Reservoir Level at 487.68 m [[above sea level]]. Six under-sluices that were provided during the construction had to be plugged at the beginning of operation. Consequently, the {{convert|9.14|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} high spillway gates form the only live storage of the reservoir. The rest is dead storage, which ended up acting as a siltation tank.<ref>{{harvp|Darde, Detrimental effects of tiny silt particles|2016|p=144}}; {{harvp|Visvanathan, Silt Disposal from Reservoirs|2000|p=I-7}}</ref> To alleviate the problem, the spillway gates are being opened at least once a month during the monsoon season as a desilting mechanism, with a discharge of about 4,250 cumecs. This is reported to have recovered some of the reservoir capacity, increasing it to {{convert|13950000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on}} as of July 2025.<ref>[https://www.nhpcindia.com/assests/pzi_public/tender_tendermaster/68724005500ad.pdf NHPC Project Tender Document 2025_NHPC_868688_1]</ref>

As the spillway and the power intake are continuously passing sand, they cause abrasion damage to the spillway concrete structure and the turbine equipment.{{sfnp|Alam, Sedimentation management in hydro reservoirs|2013}} Studies report erosion in the civil structures such as the concrete sill of the spillway, the glacis and the bucket;{{sfnp|Darde, Detrimental effects of tiny silt particles|2016|pp=144–145}} damage to the turbine components such as cracks in the turbine blades, knife edging of the outer edges and washing out of other components;{{sfnp|Darde, Detrimental effects of tiny silt particles|2016|p=145}} damage to the cooling system such as tubes being choked with stator faults encountered.{{sfnp|Darde, Detrimental effects of tiny silt particles|2016|p=145}} NHPC has been using various technical remedies to address these problems.<ref>{{citation |first=D. P. |last=Dhar |chapter=Silting Problems in Hydro Plants and their Remedial Measures |pages=176–184 |editor1=S.P. Kaushish |editor2=B.S.K. Naidu |title=Silting Problems in Hydropower Plants |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iKXDcAAUP5wC&pg=PA179 |year=2002 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-90-5809-238-0}}</ref>

The silt accumulation has essentially converted the reservoir into an elevated river bed.{{sfnp|Visvanathan, Silt Disposal from Reservoirs|2000|p=I-7}} The situation is reported to be alarming and the future of the project uncertain.<ref name=Outlook/> "During winters when water level goes abysmally down, it does not generate much [power]," according to a state official.<ref name=ET>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/kishanganga-could-have-larger-impact-than-expected/articleshow/18607911.cms Kishanganga could have larger impact than expected], The Economic Times, 21 February 2013.</ref> In 2014–2015, the two powerhouses reported producing 3491 million KWH,<ref>[http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/annual/hydroreview/hydro_review-2014.pdf Review of Performance of Hydro Power Stations, 2014-15] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726135244/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/annual/hydroreview/hydro_review-2014.pdf |date=26 July 2018 }}, Central Electricity Authority, p. 44.</ref> representing 57% [[capacity factor]].{{refn|group=note|name=capacity|At full capacity, a power station generates 8.76 million units (kWh) per megawatt of installed capacity. In early 1990s, Chenab projects produced 6.93 million units per installed MW. From 2012 to 2013, Salal produced only 4.74 million units,<ref>[https://sandrp.in/2013/06/21/hydropower-generation-performance-in-chenab-river-basin/ Hydropower Generation Performance in Chenab River Basin], South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People (SANDRP), 21 June 2013.</ref> with a small improvement to 5.06 million units in 2014–15.}}

=== Recent developments ===
In April 2025, India suspended the Indus Waters Treaty, and used the opportunity to de-silt the Salal dam to some extent.<ref name="HT 7 May 2025"/>

== Technical parameters ==
[[File:Penstocks.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Penstock]]s, used to move gushing water from dam to [[turbine]]]]

The original Indian design provided for a 130-metre-high dam up to an elevation of 1,627 ft [[above sea level]], a 40 ft gated spillway at the top (between elevations 1,560–1,600 ft) and 6 under-sluices at elevation 1,365 ft.<ref name=agree/> The under-sluices would have enabled the 'drawdown flushing' of sediments.{{refn|group=note|Drawdown flushing is a technique of sediment management, whereby the reservoir is drawn down to some level above that of under-sluices ("minimum drawdown level") before a flooding season. The gates of the spillway are kept open as the flood arrives, allowing it to wash away settled sediment.<ref name=CWC/>}} However, at Pakistan's insistence, the under-sluices were permanently plugged with concrete, and the gates were reduced from 40 ft to 30 ft. This meant that the only live storage is between elevations 1,570–1,600 ft, and the storage below that level has gotten silted up, forming an elevated river bed. The level of the bed now varies between {{convert|477|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|484|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{harvtxt|Darde, Detrimental effects of tiny silt particles|2016|pp=144–145}}</ref>

===Dam===
* Top elevation: {{Convert|495.91|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} [[above sea level|asl]]
* Maximum water level: {{Convert|494.08|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} asl
* Full Reservoir level: {{Convert|487.68|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} asl<ref name=params>{{harvp|Visvanathan, Silt Disposal from Reservoirs|2000|pp=I-7–I-8}}; {{harvp|Darde, Detrimental effects of tiny silt particles|2016|p=144}}</ref>
* Dead storage level: {{Convert|478.68|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} asl<ref name=params/>
* Operating pool: Nil<ref name= agree>{{cite web |title=Agreement between the Government of India and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan regarding the Salal Hydroelectric Plant |url=http://www.commonlii.org/in/other/treaties/INTSer/1978/18.pdf |date=14 April 1978 |publisher=Commonwealth Legal Information Institute |website=commonlii.org |access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref>
* Length of power dam: 105 m
* Length of non overflow dam: 125 m
* Type of gate: Radial
* Deepest foundation level: 383 m
* No of river sluices: 6 of 3.35 m x 4.57 m

===Tailrace tunnel===
* Number: 2
* Length Stage 1: 2.463 km
* Stage 2: 2.523 km
* Shape: Horseshoe
* Diameter: 11 m (finished)
* Design discharge: 412 m3/s
* Velocity: 4.2 m/s<ref name="nhpcindia.com"/>

===Transmission lines===
* Name of Grid: Northern grid
* Transmission Voltage: 220 kV
* Total length of lines: 446 km
* Double circuit Salal - Kishenpur: 2 lines
* Single circuit Salal - Jammu: 2 lines

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Water|Renewable energy}}}}
* [[Baglihar Dam]]
* [[Ratle Hydroelectric Plant]]
* [[Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant]]
* [[Chenab_River#Dams|Chenab river dams and hydroelectric projects]]
* [[Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite web |first=S. |last=Alam |title= Sedimentation management in hydro reservoirs |publisher=Water India – 4 Conference / Hydro Coop web site |date=3–4 February 2004 |publication-date=16 August 2013 |url=http://www.hydrocoop.org/sedimentation-management-in-hydro-reservoirs/ |website=hydrocoop.org |ref={{sfnref|Alam, Sedimentation management in hydro reservoirs|2013}}}}
* {{citation |first=Shaheen |last=Akhtar |title=Emerging Challenges to Indus Waters Treaty: Issues of compliance & transboundary impacts of Indian hydroprojects on the Western Rivers |journal=Regional Studies |volume=XXVIII |number=4 |date=Autumn 2010 |pages=3–66 |publisher=Institute of Regional Studies |url=https://www.academia.edu/8046599 |via=academia.edu |ref={{sfnref|Akhtar, Emerging Challenges to Indus Waters Treaty|2010}}}}
* {{citation |first=Majed |last=Akhter |title=Geopolitics of Dam Design on the Indus |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=48 |number=19 |date=11 May 2013 |pages=24–26 |jstor=23527337}}
* {{citation |first1=Gitanjali |last1=Bakshi |first2=Sahiba |last2=Trivedi |title=The Indus Equation |publisher=Strategic Foresight Group |url=http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/10345110617.pdf |date=2011 |access-date=28 October 2014 |ref={{sfnref|Bakshi & Trivedi, The Indus Equation|2011}}}}
* {{citation |first=Zubair Ahmad |last=Dar |title=Power Projects in Jammu & Kashmir: Controversy, Law and Justice |publisher=Harvard Law & International Development Society |year=2012 |url=https://orgs.law.harvard.edu/lids/files/2011/11/LIDS-WP-1112-Dar.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Dar, Power Projects in Jammu & Kashmir|2012}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Darde |first1=P.N. |title=Detrimental effects of tiny silt particles on large hydro power stations and some remedies |journal=Perspectives in Science |volume=8 |year=2016 |pages=142–145 |doi=10.1016/j.pisc.2016.04.018 |bibcode=2016PerSc...8..142D |ref={{sfnref|Darde, Detrimental effects of tiny silt particles|2016}}|doi-access=free }}
* {{citation |last=Raghavan |first=T. C. A. |title=The People Next Door: The Curious History of India's Relations with Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAyXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA144 |year=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-78738-019-6 |ref={{sfnref|Raghavan, The People Next Door|2019}}}}
* {{citation |first=Shaista |last=Tabassum |chapter=The Role of CBMs in Resolving Non-military Issues between India and Pakistan: A Case Study of the Indus Water Treaty |editor=Moonis Ahmar |title=The Challenge of Confidence-building Measures in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YSwwFp8frsC&pg=PA396 |year=2001 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0840-6 |ref={{sfnref|Tabassum, The Role of CBMs|2001}}}}
* {{citation |first=N. |last=Vishvanathan |chapter=Silt Disposal from Reservoirs |editor1=C.V.J. Varma |editor2=B.S.K. Naidu |editor3=A.R.G. Rao |title=Silting Problems in Hydro Power Plants: Proceedings of the First International Conference, New Delhi, India, 13-15th October 1999 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-BYjDZfGE0C&pg=SA1-PA5 |year=2000 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-90-5410-799-6 |pages=I-1–I-12 |ref={{sfnref|Visvanathan, Silt Disposal from Reservoirs|2000}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Zawahri |first1=Neda A. |title=India, Pakistan and cooperation along the Indus River system |journal=Water Policy |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=2009 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.2166/wp.2009.010 |ref={{sfnref|Zawahri, India, Pakistan and cooperation|2009}}}}

{{Power Plants of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Dams in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Dams on the Chenab River]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1993]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Salal Dam - Revision history

imported>MarceloCoode04: Made The Data W/ Infobox