Sal languages - Revision history

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fixed formatting and added references

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	\|name=Sal		\|name=Sal
	\|altname=Brahmaputran<br>Bodo-Konyak-Jinghpaw		\|altname=Brahmaputran<br>Bodo-Konyak-Jinghpaw
	\|region=[[India]], [[Bangladesh]], ~~and~~ [[Burma]]		\|region=[[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Burma]]
	\|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan		\|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
	\|fam1=[[Sino-Tibetan]]		\|fam1=[[Sino-Tibetan]]
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	}}		}}

	The '''Sal languages''', also known as '''Brahmaputran languages''', are a branch of [[Tibeto-Burman languages]] spoken in [[northeast India]], parts of [[Bangladesh]], and [[~~Burma~~]].		The '''Sal languages''', also known as the '''Brahmaputran languages''', are a branch of [[Tibeto-Burman languages]] spoken in [[northeast India]], as well as parts of [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]] (Burma), and [[China]].

	==Alternative names==		==Alternative names==
	''[[Ethnologue]]'' calls the group "Jingpho–Konyak-Garo–Bodo", while [[Scott DeLancey]] (2015)<ref name="DeLancey2015"/> refers to it as "Bodo-Konyak-Garo-Jinghpaw" (BKJ). Glottolog lists this branch as “[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/brah1260 Brahmaputran (brah1260)]”.		''[[Ethnologue]]'' calls the group "Jingpho–Konyak-Garo–Bodo", while [[Scott DeLancey]] (2015)<ref name="DeLancey2015"/> refers to it as "Bodo-Konyak-Garo-Jinghpaw" (BKJ). Glottolog lists this branch as “[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/brah1260 Brahmaputran (brah1260)]”, as the languages occur around the [[Brahmaputra Valley]].

	==Classification within Sino-Tibetan==		==Classification within Sino-Tibetan==
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	{{harvtxt\|Burling\|1983}} proposed a grouping of the Bodo–Garo, Konyak (Northern Naga), and Jingpho languages, characterized by several shared [[Lexical Innovation\|lexical innovations]], including:		{{harvtxt\|Burling\|1983}} proposed a grouping of the Bodo–Garo, Konyak (Northern Naga), and Jingpho languages, characterized by several shared [[Lexical Innovation\|lexical innovations]], including:
	* *sal "sun" (STEDT #[http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/etymon/2753 ~~2753])~~		* *sal "sun"<ref>{{cite web \|title=STEDT Etymon #2753 \|url=http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/etymon/2753 \|website=stedt.berkeley.edu \|access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref>
	* *war "fire" (STEDT #[http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/etymon/2152 ~~2152])~~		* *war "fire"<ref>{{cite web \|title=STEDT Etymon #2152 \|url=http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/etymon/2152 \|website=stedt.berkeley.edu \|access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref>
	* *s-raŋ "sky" (STEDT #[http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/etymon/3571 ~~3571])~~		* *s-raŋ "sky"<ref>{{cite web \|title=STEDT Etymon #3571\|url=http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/etymon/3571 \|website=stedt.berkeley.edu \|access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref>
	* *wa "father" (STEDT #[http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/etymon/5484 ~~5484])~~		* *wa "father"<ref>{{cite web \|title=STEDT Etymon #5484\|url=http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/etymon/5484\|website=stedt.berkeley.edu \|access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref>
	* *nu "mother" (STEDT #[http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/etymon/1621 ~~1621])~~		* *nu "mother"<ref>{{cite web \|title=STEDT Etymon #1621\|url=http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/etymon/1621\|website=stedt.berkeley.edu \|access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref>
	Burling (1983) called the proposed group Sal, after the words ''sal'', ''san'' and ''jan'' for "sun" in various of these languages.		Burling (1983) called the proposed group Sal, after the words ''sal'', ''san'' and ''jan'' for "sun" in various of these languages.
	{{harvcoltxt\|Coupe\|2012\|pp=201–204}} argues that some of Burling's proposed innovations are either not attested across the Sal languages, or have cognates in other Sino-Tibetan languages. Nevertheless, Matisoff (2013)<ref name="Matisoff2013"/> accepts Burling's Sal group, and considers s-raŋ 'sky/rain' and nu 'mother' to be the most convincing Sal innovations.		{{harvcoltxt\|Coupe\|2012\|pp=201–204}} argues that some of Burling's proposed innovations are either not attested across the Sal languages, or have cognates in other Sino-Tibetan languages. Nevertheless, Matisoff (2013)<ref name="Matisoff2013"/> accepts Burling's Sal group, and considers s-raŋ 'sky/rain' and nu 'mother' to be the most convincing Sal innovations.
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	Matisoff (2012) notes that these Tibeto-Burman branches did not split off neatly in a tree-like fashion, but rather form a [[linkage (linguistics)\|linkage]]. Nevertheless, Matisoff (2013:30)<ref name="Matisoff2013"/> still provides the following [[Stammbaum]] for the Sal branch.		Matisoff (2012) notes that these Tibeto-Burman branches did not split off neatly in a tree-like fashion, but rather form a [[linkage (linguistics)\|linkage]]. Nevertheless, Matisoff (2013:30)<ref name="Matisoff2013"/> still provides the following [[Stammbaum]] for the Sal branch.
	;Sal
	*[[Bodo–Garo languages\|Bodo–Garo]]		{{tree list}}
	*Jingpho-Konyak		*'''Sal'''
	**[[Konyak languages\|Konyakian]] (Northern Naga)		**[[Bodo–Garo languages\|Bodo–Garo]]
	**[[Jingpho–Luish languages\|Jingpho-Asakian]]		**Jingpho-Konyak
	***[[Jingpho language\|Jingphoic]]		***[[Konyak languages\|Konyakian]] (Northern Naga)
	***[[Luish languages\|Asakian]]		***[[Jingpho–Luish languages\|Jingpho-Asakian]]
			****[[Jingpho language\|Jingphoic]]
			****[[Luish languages\|Asakian]]
			{{tree list/end}}

	The unclassified extinct [[Taman language (Sino-Tibetan)\|Taman language]] of northern Myanmar displays some similarities with Luish languages, Jingpho, and Bodo-Garo, but it is undetermined whether Taman is a Sal language or not.<ref>Huziwara, Keisuke. 2016. [https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/219018 タマン語の系統再考 / On the genetic position of Taman reconsidered]. In ''Kyoto University Linguistic Research '' 35, p.1-34. {{doi\|10.14989/219018}} ([https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/219018/1/kulr35_1.pdf PDF])</ref>		The unclassified extinct [[Taman language (Sino-Tibetan)\|Taman language]] of northern Myanmar displays some similarities with Luish languages, Jingpho, and Bodo-Garo, but it is undetermined whether Taman is a Sal language or not.<ref>Huziwara, Keisuke. 2016. [https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/219018 タマン語の系統再考 / On the genetic position of Taman reconsidered]. In ''Kyoto University Linguistic Research '' 35, p.1-34. {{doi\|10.14989/219018}} ([https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/219018/1/kulr35_1.pdf PDF])</ref>
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	{{Sal languages}}		{{Sal languages}}
	{{Languages of Northeast India}}		{{Languages of Northeast India}}

			{{Authority control}}

	[[Category:Sal languages\| ]]		[[Category:Sal languages\| ]]

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article

2023-08-22T12:52:41Z

Created a new article

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{{Short description|Branch of Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Sal
|altname=Brahmaputran<br>Bodo-Konyak-Jinghpaw
|region=[[India]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Burma]]
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam1=[[Sino-Tibetan]]
|fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman]]
|fam3=[[Central Tibeto-Burman languages]] (?)
|child1=[[Boro–Garo languages|Boro–Garo]]
|child2=[[Konyak languages|Konyak]]
|child3=[[Jingpho–Luish languages|Jingpho–Luish]]
|child4=[[Chairel]] {{extinct}}
|glotto=brah1260
|glottorefname=Brahmaputran
}}

The '''Sal languages''', also known as '''Brahmaputran languages''', are a branch of [[Tibeto-Burman languages]] spoken in [[northeast India]], parts of [[Bangladesh]], and [[Burma]].

==Alternative names==
''[[Ethnologue]]'' calls the group "Jingpho–Konyak-Garo–Bodo", while [[Scott DeLancey]] (2015)<ref name="DeLancey2015"/> refers to it as "Bodo-Konyak-Garo-Jinghpaw" (BKJ). Glottolog lists this branch as “[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/brah1260 Brahmaputran (brah1260)]”.

==Classification within Sino-Tibetan==
[[Scott DeLancey]] (2015)<ref name="DeLancey2015">DeLancey, Scott. 2015. "Morphological Evidence for a Central Branch of Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan)." ''Cahiers de linguistique - Asie oriental'' 44(2):122-149. December 2015. {{doi|10.1163/19606028-00442p02}}</ref> considers the Sal languages, which he refers to as Garo-''Bodo-Konyak-Jinghpaw'' (BKJ), to be part of a wider [[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central Tibeto-Burman]] group.

==Internal classification==
{{harvcoltxt|Benedict|1972|p=7}} noted that the [[Bodo–Garo languages|Bodo–Garo]], [[Konyak languages|Konyak]], and [[Jingpho language|Jingpho]] (Kachin) languages, as well as the extinct [[Chairel language]], shared distinctive roots for "sun" and "fire".

{{harvtxt|Burling|1983}} proposed a grouping of the Bodo–Garo, Konyak (Northern Naga), and Jingpho languages, characterized by several shared [[Lexical Innovation|lexical innovations]], including:
* *sal "sun" (STEDT #[http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/etymon/2753 2753])
* *war "fire" (STEDT #[http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/etymon/2152 2152])
* *s-raŋ "sky" (STEDT #[http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/etymon/3571 3571])
* *wa "father" (STEDT #[http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/etymon/5484 5484])
* *nu "mother" (STEDT #[http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/etymon/1621 1621])
Burling (1983) called the proposed group Sal, after the words ''sal'', ''san'' and ''jan'' for "sun" in various of these languages.
{{harvcoltxt|Coupe|2012|pp=201–204}} argues that some of Burling's proposed innovations are either not attested across the Sal languages, or have cognates in other Sino-Tibetan languages. Nevertheless, Matisoff (2013)<ref name="Matisoff2013"/> accepts Burling's Sal group, and considers *s-raŋ 'sky/rain' and *nu 'mother' to be the most convincing Sal innovations.

The family is generally presented with three branches ({{harvcolnb|Burling|2003|p=175}}, {{harvcolnb|Thurgood|2003|p=11}}):
* The [[Bodo–Garo languages]], including the [[Bodo languages|Bodo]] and [[Koch languages|Koch]] languages, are spoken in the northeast Indian states of [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]] and [[Tripura]].
* The [[Konyak languages]] are spoken by the [[Naga people]] in southeastern [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and northeastern [[Nagaland]] (both in northeastern India). This group is called Eastern Naga by {{harvcoltxt|Burling|1983}} and Northern Naga by other authors. (The remaining languages of Nagaland belong to the separate [[Kuki-Chin-Naga languages|Kuki-Chin-Naga]] group.)
* The Kachinic or [[Jingpho–Luish languages]] include [[Jingpho language|Jingpho]] (Jinghpaw, Singhpo or Kachin), spoken in northern [[Burma]] and adjacent regions, and the [[Luish languages|Luish]] (or Sak) languages spoken in western Burma.

Shafer had grouped the first two as his Baric division, and {{harvcoltxt|Bradley|1997|p=20}} also combines them as a subbranch.

Bradley (1997) tentatively considers [[Pyu language (Burma)|Pyu]] and [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]] to be possibly related to Sal, but is uncertain about this.

Peterson (2009)<ref name="Peterson2009">Peterson, David A. 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722070911/http://ic.payap.ac.th/sino-tibetan-conference/Conference%20Handbook.pdf?v=1256612245 "Where does Mru fit into Tibeto-Burman?"] Paper presented at ''The 42nd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics'' (ICSTLL 42), November 2009, [[Payap University]], [[Chiang Mai|Chiangmai]], [[Thailand]].</ref> considers [[Mruic languages|Mru-Hkongso]] to be a separate Tibeto-Burman branch, but notes that Mru-Hkongso shares similarities with Bodo–Garo that could be due to the early split of Mruic from a Tibeto-Burman branch that included Bodo–Garo.

===van Driem (2011)===
The '''Brahmaputran''' branch of van Driem (2011) has three variants:
*[[Bodo–Garo languages|Bodo–Garo]] and [[Konyak languages|Konyak]].<ref name=vanDriem2014>{{harvtxt|van Driem|2014}}</ref>
*Bodo–Garo, Konyak, and [[Dhimalish languages|Dhimalish]].<ref name=vanDriem2001>{{harvcoltxt|van Driem|2001|pp=397–398, 403}}</ref>
*Bodo–Garo, Konyak, Dhimalish, and [[Kachin–Luic languages|Kachin–Luic]].<ref name=vanDriem2001/>
The smallest is his most recent, and the one van Driem considers a well-established low-level group of Sino-Tibetan.<ref name=vanDriem2011>{{citation | last = van Driem | first = George L.
| title = Tibeto-Burman subgroups and historical grammar
| journal = Himalayan Linguistics Journal | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | year = 2011
| url = https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2641q8vv
| postscript = .}}</ref> However, Dhimalish is not accepted as a Sal language by [[Glottolog]].<ref>Hammarstrom, et al. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dhim1245</ref> Sotrug (2015)<ref>Sotrug, Yeshy T. (2015). ''Linguistic evidence for madeskā kirãntī. The phylogenetic position of Dhimalish''. Bern: University of Bern Master’s Thesis, 22 June 2015.</ref> and Gerber, et al. (2016)<ref>Gerber, Pascal, Tanja Gerber, Selin Grollmann. 2016. ''[https://www.academia.edu/30259338/Links_between_Lhokpu_and_Kiranti_some_observations Links between Lhokpu and Kiranti: some observations]''. Kiranti Workshop. CNRS Université Paris Diderot, 1-2 Dec 2016.</ref> consider Dhimalish to be particularly closely related to the [[Kiranti languages]] rather than to the Sal languages.

===Matisoff (2012, 2013)===
[[James Matisoff]] (2012)<ref name="Matisoff2012">Matisoff, James. 2012. [https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/conference/2012_MSA_Languages/pdf/JAM_Jingpho-Luish_20121003.pdf Re-examining the genetic position of Jingpho: can the Sal hypothesis be reconciled with the Jingpho/Nungish/Luish grouping?]. Paper presented at the [https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/conference/2012_MSA_Languages/ Mainland Southeast Asian Languages: The State of the Art in 2012] workshop, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany, 29 November - 1 December 2012.</ref> makes the following observations about the Sal grouping.

*Although [[Bodo–Garo languages|Bodo–Garo]] and Northeastern Naga ([[Konyak languages|Konyak]]) are indeed closely related, Jingpho and Northeastern Naga (Konyak) seem to be even more closely related to each other than Jingpho and Bodo-Garo are to each other.
*[[Luish languages|Luish]] is the Tibeto-Burman branch most closely related to Jingpho, for which further evidence is provided in Matisoff (2013).<ref name="Matisoff2013">Matisoff, James A. 2013. [https://www.academia.edu/16300693/Re-examining_the_genetic_position_of_Jingpho_putting_flesh_on_the_bones_of_the_Jinghpho_Luish_Relationship Re-examining the genetic position of Jingpho: putting flesh on the bones of the Jingpho/Luish relationship]. ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'' 36(2). 1–106.</ref>
*Similarities between Jingpho and [[Nungish languages|Nungish]] are due to contact. Thus, Nungish is not particularly closely related to Jingpho, and is not a Sal language. On the other hand, [[Lolo-Burmese languages|Lolo-Burmese]] appears to be more closely related to Nungish than to Jingpho.

Matisoff (2012) notes that these Tibeto-Burman branches did not split off neatly in a tree-like fashion, but rather form a [[linkage (linguistics)|linkage]]. Nevertheless, Matisoff (2013:30)<ref name="Matisoff2013"/> still provides the following [[Stammbaum]] for the Sal branch.
;Sal
*[[Bodo–Garo languages|Bodo–Garo]]
*Jingpho-Konyak
**[[Konyak languages|Konyakian]] (Northern Naga)
**[[Jingpho–Luish languages|Jingpho-Asakian]]
***[[Jingpho language|Jingphoic]]
***[[Luish languages|Asakian]]

The unclassified extinct [[Taman language (Sino-Tibetan)|Taman language]] of northern Myanmar displays some similarities with Luish languages, Jingpho, and Bodo-Garo, but it is undetermined whether Taman is a Sal language or not.<ref>Huziwara, Keisuke. 2016. [https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/219018 タマン語の系統再考 / On the genetic position of Taman reconsidered]. In ''Kyoto University Linguistic Research '' 35, p.1-34. {{doi|10.14989/219018}} ([https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/219018/1/kulr35_1.pdf PDF])</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation
| first = Paul K. | last = Benedict | author-link = Paul K. Benedict
| title = Sino-Tibetan: A Conspectus
| location = Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]]
| year = 1972 | isbn = 978-0-521-08175-7
| url = http://stedt.berkeley.edu/pubs_and_prods/Benedict_1972_Sino-Tibetan-Conspectus.pdf
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| last = Bradley | first = David | author-link = David Bradley (linguist)
| chapter = Tibeto-Burman languages and classification | pages = 1–71
| chapter-url = http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bradley1997tibeto-burman.pdf
| editor-last = Bradley | editor-first = David
| title = Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas
| series = ''Papers in South East Asian linguistics'' | volume = 14
| location = Canberra | publisher = Pacific Linguistics | year = 1997
| isbn = 978-0-85883-456-9
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| title = The Sal Languages
| first = Robbins | last = Burling | author-link = Robbins Burling
| journal = Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area | year = 1983 | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–32
| url = http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/burling1982sal.pdf
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| chapter = The Tibeto-Burman languages of northeast India
| last = Burling | first = Robbins | author-mask = 2
| title = Sino-Tibetan Languages | pages = 169–191
| editor1-last = Thurgood | editor1-first = Graham
| editor2-last = LaPolla | editor2-first = Randy J.
| location = London | publisher = Routledge | year = 2003
| isbn = 978-0-7007-1129-1
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| given = Alexander R. | surname = Coupe
| title = Overcounting numeral systems and their relevance to sub-grouping in the Tibeto-Burman languages of Nagaland
| journal = Language and Linguistics | year = 2012 | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 193–220
| url = http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/Docments/Journals/13.1/j2012_1_09_0854.pdf
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| last = van Driem | first = George | author-link = George van Driem
| title = Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region
| publisher = BRILL | year = 2001
| isbn = 978-90-04-12062-4
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| last = van Driem | first = George | author-mask = 2
| chapter = Trans-Himalayan | pages = 11–40
| chapter-url = http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2014a.pdf
| title = Trans-Himalayan Linguistics: Historical and Descriptive Linguistics of the Himalayan Area
| editor1-first = Thomas | editor1-last = Owen-Smith
| editor2-first = Nathan W. | editor2-last = Hill
| location = Berlin | publisher = Mouton de Gruyter | year = 2014
| isbn = 978-3-11-031083-2
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| chapter = A subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages
| last = Thurgood | first = Graham | author-link = Graham Thurgood
| title = Sino-Tibetan Languages | pages = 3–21
| editor1-last = Thurgood | editor1-first = Graham
| editor2-last = LaPolla | editor2-first = Randy J.
| location = London | publisher = Routledge | year = 2003
| isbn = 978-0-7007-1129-1
| postscript = .
}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Sal languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}

[[Category:Sal languages| ]]