Saini - Revision history

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	{{About\|the Saini community of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Chandigarh and Delhi\|the Mali community who were not recorded as Saini prior to 1937 \|Mali caste\|and\|Rajput Mali\|the Bhagrathi or Gola community of Western Uttar Pradesh\|Bhagirathi Mali}}		{{About\|the Saini community of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Chandigarh and Delhi\|the Mali community who were not recorded as Saini prior to 1937 \|Mali caste\|and\|Rajput Mali\|the Bhagrathi or Gola community of Western Uttar Pradesh\|Bhagirathi Mali}}
	{{distinguish\|Siani (disambiguation){{!}}Siani\|Sinai (disambiguation){{!}}Sinai}}		{{distinguish\|Siani (disambiguation){{!}}Siani\|Sinai (disambiguation){{!}}Sinai}}
	~~{{pp\|small=yes}}~~
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2019}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2019}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=August 2014}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=August 2014}}

Ajay Kumar: Added citation to support the statement.

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	{{short description\|Caste of North India}}		{{short description\|Caste of North India}}
	{{About\|the Saini ~~(Mali)~~ community of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Chandigarh and Delhi\|the Mali community who were not recorded as Saini prior to 1937 \|Mali caste\|and\|Rajput Mali\|the Bhagrathi or Gola community of Western Uttar Pradesh\|Bhagirathi Mali}}		{{About\|the Saini community of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Chandigarh and Delhi\|the Mali community who were not recorded as Saini prior to 1937 \|Mali caste\|and\|Rajput Mali\|the Bhagrathi or Gola community of Western Uttar Pradesh\|Bhagirathi Mali}}
	{{distinguish\|Siani (disambiguation){{!}}Siani\|Sinai (disambiguation){{!}}Sinai}}		{{distinguish\|Siani (disambiguation){{!}}Siani\|Sinai (disambiguation){{!}}Sinai}}
			{{pp\|small=yes}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2019}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2019}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=August 2014}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=August 2014}}
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	\|country= Primarily India		\|country= Primarily India
	}}		}}
			'''Saini''' ({{Audio\|saini.ogg\|pronunciation}}) is a [[caste]] of [[North India]] who were traditionally landowners ([[zamindars]]) and farmers. Sainis claim to be descendants of a king, [[Shurasena]], as well as of [[Krishna]] and [[King Porus\|Porus]], and to be related to the ancient Shoorsaini clan,<ref name = "Shoorsaini">'' "The Sainis believe that their ancestors were Yadavas and that it was the same lineage in which Krishna was born. In the 43rd generation of the Yadavas there was a king known as Shoor or Sur, the son of King Vidaratha....It was in the name of these, father and son, that the community was known as Shoorsaini or Sursaini."'' People of India: Haryana, p 430, Kumar Suresh Singh, Madan Lal Sharma, A. K. Bhatia, Anthropological Survey of India, Published by Published on behalf of Anthropological Survey of India by Manohar Publishers, 1994</ref> noted in [[Puranic]] literature. The Saini community is given [[reservation in India\|representation in government jobs and educational institutes]] as an [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC)<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://chdengineering.gov.in/pages/list_obc.pdf\|title=CENTRAL LIST OF OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES\|website=CHANDIGARH ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT\|access-date=30 December 2019\|archive-date=4 November 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104122022/http://www.chdengineering.gov.in/pages/list_obc.pdf\|url-status=dead}}</ref> in the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/17-most-backward-castes-may-play-kingmaker-as-purvanchal-gears-up-to-vote-in-final-phase-2141707.html\|title=17 Most Backward Castes May Play Kingmaker as Purvanchal Gears Up to Vote in Final Phase\|website=News18\|date=15 May 2019\|access-date=30 December 2019\|archive-date=20 May 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520131055/https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/17-most-backward-castes-may-play-kingmaker-as-purvanchal-gears-up-to-vote-in-final-phase-2141707.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Punjab (India)\|Punjab]],<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/saini-swarnkarsunar-communities-to-be-backward-classes-in-punjab-3024245/\|title=Saini, Swarnkar/Sunar communities to be backward classes in Punjab\|date=10 September 2016\|website=The Indian Express\|language=en-US\|access-date=30 December 2019\|archive-date=17 June 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617020834/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/saini-swarnkarsunar-communities-to-be-backward-classes-in-punjab-3024245/\|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Haryana]],<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/haryana-government-adds-kushwaha-keori-maurya-castes-to-bc-list/articleshow/25267747.cms?from=mdr\|title=Haryana government adds Kushwaha, Keori, Maurya castes to BC list\|date=5 November 2013\|work=The Economic Times\|access-date=30 December 2019\|archive-date=13 December 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213093229/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/haryana-government-adds-kushwaha-keori-maurya-castes-to-bc-list/articleshow/25267747.cms?from=mdr\|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rajasthan]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-assembly-polls-2018-rss-stronghold-anta-has-been-electing-influential-leaders/story-1PBDYFzDd0luazjapjzpfK.html\|title=Rajasthan assembly polls 2018: RSS stronghold, Anta, has been electing influential leaders\|date=11 September 2018\|website=Hindustan Times\|language=en\|access-date=30 December 2019\|archive-date=30 December 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230205531/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-assembly-polls-2018-rss-stronghold-anta-has-been-electing-influential-leaders/story-1PBDYFzDd0luazjapjzpfK.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Commission-starts-hearing-on-inclusion-of-OBCs-from-Madhya-Pradesh/articleshow/42244508.cms\|title=Shubha Mudgal: Commission starts hearing on inclusion of OBCs from Madhya Pradesh\|last=N\|first=TN\|website=The Times of India\|date=11 September 2014 \|language=en\|access-date=30 December 2019\|archive-date=12 March 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312213450/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Commission-starts-hearing-on-inclusion-of-OBCs-from-Madhya-Pradesh/articleshow/42244508.cms\|url-status=live}}</ref>
	'''Saini''' ({{Audio\|saini.ogg\|pronunciation}}) is a [[caste]] of [[North India]] who were traditionally landowners ([[zamindars]]) and farmers. Sainis claim to be descendants of a king, [[Shurasena]], as well as of [[Krishna]] and [[King Porus\|Porus]], and to be related to the ancient Shoorsaini clan,<ref name = "Shoorsaini">'' "The Sainis believe that their ancestors were Yadavas and that it was the same lineage in which Krishna was born. In the 43rd generation of the Yadavas there was a king known as Shoor or Sur, the son of King Vidaratha....It was in the name of these, father and son, that the community was known as Shoorsaini or Sursaini."'' People of India: Haryana, p 430, Kumar Suresh Singh, Madan Lal Sharma, A. K. Bhatia, Anthropological Survey of India, Published by Published on behalf of Anthropological Survey of India by Manohar Publishers, 1994</ref> noted in [[Puranic]] literature. The Saini community is given [[reservation in India\|representation in government jobs and educational institutes]] as an [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC)<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://chdengineering.gov.in/pages/list_obc.pdf\|title=CENTRAL LIST OF OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES\|website=CHANDIGARH ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT}}</ref> in the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/17-most-backward-castes-may-play-kingmaker-as-purvanchal-gears-up-to-vote-in-final-phase-2141707.html\|title=17 Most Backward Castes May Play Kingmaker as Purvanchal Gears Up to Vote in Final Phase\|website=News18\|date=15 May 2019 \|access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref> [[Punjab (India)\|Punjab]],<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/saini-swarnkarsunar-communities-to-be-backward-classes-in-punjab-3024245/\|title=Saini, Swarnkar/Sunar communities to be backward classes in Punjab\|date=10 September 2016\|website=The Indian Express\|language=en-US\|access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref> [[Haryana]],<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/haryana-government-adds-kushwaha-keori-maurya-castes-to-bc-list/articleshow/25267747.cms?from=mdr\|title=Haryana government adds Kushwaha, Keori, Maurya castes to BC list\|date=5 November 2013\|work=The Economic Times\|access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref> [[Rajasthan]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-assembly-polls-2018-rss-stronghold-anta-has-been-electing-influential-leaders/story-1PBDYFzDd0luazjapjzpfK.html\|title=Rajasthan assembly polls 2018: RSS stronghold, Anta, has been electing influential leaders\|date=11 September 2018\|website=Hindustan Times\|language=en\|access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref> and [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite ~~web~~\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Commission-starts-hearing-on-inclusion-of-OBCs-from-Madhya-Pradesh/articleshow/42244508.cms\|title=Shubha Mudgal: Commission starts hearing on inclusion of OBCs from Madhya Pradesh\|last=N\|first=TN\|website=The Times of India\|language=en\|access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref>

	As both a statutory agricultural tribe and a designated [[martial race]] during the [[British Raj]] era that followed the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], Sainis had been chiefly engaged in both agriculture and military service. Since the independence of India, they have diversified into [[White-collar worker\|white-collar professions]].<ref>''"The members of Saini community are employed in business and white-collar jobs and as teachers, administrators, lawyers, doctors and defence personnel."'' People of India, National Series Volume VI, India's Communities N-Z, p 3091, KS Singh, Anthropological Survey of India, Oxford University Press, 1998</ref>		As both a statutory agricultural tribe and a designated [[martial race]] during the [[British Raj]] era that followed the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], Sainis had been chiefly engaged in both agriculture and military service. Since the independence of India, they have diversified into [[White-collar worker\|white-collar professions]].<ref>''"The members of Saini community are employed in business and white-collar jobs and as teachers, administrators, lawyers, doctors and defence personnel."'' People of India, National Series Volume VI, India's Communities N-Z, p 3091, KS Singh, Anthropological Survey of India, Oxford University Press, 1998</ref>
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	===British era===		===British era===

	During the British period Sainis were classified as both a statutory agricultural tribe and, later, a martial race.<ref name="Mazumder2003">{{cite book\|first=Rajit K. \|last=Mazumder\|title=The Indian army and the making of Punjab\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4Wop9vwS9sC&pg=PA105 \|year=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-7824-059-6\|pages=99, 105, 205}}</ref> The latter was an administrative device based on the now-discredited theories of [[scientific racism]]: ethnic communities were categorised as being either martial or non-martial, with the latter being those who were thought to be unfit to serve in armies due to their sedentary lifestyles.<ref name=rand>{{Cite journal\|last=Rand\|first=Gavin\|s2cid=144987021\|title=Martial Races and Imperial Subjects: Violence and Governance in Colonial India 1857–1914\|journal= European Review of History\|volume=13\|issue=1\|pages=1–20\|publisher=Routledge\|date=March 2006\|doi=10.1080/13507480600586726}}</ref><ref name="Street">{{cite book \|title=Martial Races: The military, race and masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857-1914 \|last=Streets \|first=Heather \|year=2004 \|publisher=Manchester University Press \|isbn=978-0-7190-6962-8 \|page=241 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BscnZT_1po8C}}</ref> The community was also one of several peasant peoples who benefitted from the development of the [[Punjab Canal Colonies]], through which they obtained land grants from the British authorities, especially in the [[Chenab Colony]] following the introduction of the [[Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900]].<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Punjab Under Imperialism, 1885-1947 \|first=Imran \|last=Ali \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|year=2014 \|orig-year=1988 \|isbn=978-1-40085-958-0 \|pages=51, 56, 64, 73 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MgUABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51}}</ref>		During the British period Sainis were classified as both a statutory agricultural tribe and, later, a martial race.<ref name="Mazumder2003">{{cite book\|first=Rajit K. \|last=Mazumder\|title=The Indian army and the making of Punjab\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4Wop9vwS9sC&pg=PA105 \|year=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-7824-059-6\|pages=99, 105, 205}}</ref> The latter was an administrative device based on the now-discredited theories of [[scientific racism]]: ethnic communities were categorised as being either martial or non-martial, with the latter being those who were thought to be unfit to serve in armies due to their sedentary lifestyles.<ref name=rand>{{Cite journal\|last=Rand\|first=Gavin\|s2cid=144987021\|title=Martial Races and Imperial Subjects: Violence and Governance in Colonial India 1857–1914\|journal= European Review of History\|volume=13\|issue=1\|pages=1–20\|publisher=Routledge\|date=March 2006\|doi=10.1080/13507480600586726}}</ref><ref name="Street">{{cite book \|title=Martial Races: The military, race and masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857-1914 \|last=Streets \|first=Heather \|year=2004 \|publisher=Manchester University Press \|isbn=978-0-7190-6962-8 \|page=241 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BscnZT_1po8C}}</ref> The community was also one of several peasant peoples who benefitted from the development of the [[Punjab Canal Colonies]], through which they obtained land grants from the British authorities, especially in the [[Chenab Colony]] following the introduction of the [[Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900]].<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Punjab Under Imperialism, 1885-1947 \|first=Imran \|last=Ali \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|year=2014 \|orig-year=1988 \|isbn=978-1-40085-958-0 \|pages=51, 56, 64, 73 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MgUABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 \|access-date=23 September 2019 \|archive-date=21 February 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221180659/https://books.google.com/books?id=MgUABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 \|url-status=live }}</ref>

	Some Saini landlords were also appointed as ''[[zaildar]]s'', or revenue-collectors, in various districts.<ref name = "Hissar Zaildar">History of Hisar: From Inception to Independence, 1935–1947, p 312, M. M. Juneja, Published by Modern Book Co., 1989</ref>		Some Saini landlords were also appointed as ''[[zaildar]]s'', or revenue-collectors, in various districts.<ref name = "Hissar Zaildar">History of Hisar: From Inception to Independence, 1935–1947, p 312, M. M. Juneja, Published by Modern Book Co., 1989</ref>
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	==Marriage==		==Marriage==
	According to the [[Anthropological Survey of India]], "The Saini are endogamous community and observe exogamy at village and gotra level." Remarriage after the death of a spouse is permitted nowadays, as is divorce.<ref>People of India, National Series Volume VI, India's Communities N-Z, p 3090, KS Singh, Anthropological Survey of India, Oxford University Press, 1998</ref>		According to the [[Anthropological Survey of India]], "The Saini are endogamous community and observe exogamy at village and gotra level." Remarriage after the death of a spouse is permitted nowadays, as is divorce.<ref>People of India, National Series Volume VI, India's Communities N-Z, p 3090, KS Singh, Anthropological Survey of India, Oxford University Press, 1998</ref>

	~~==Notable people==~~
	~~{{main article\|List of Saini people}}~~

	==See also==		==See also==
	*[[~~Surasena Kingdom~~]]		*[[Saini (surname)]]

	==References==		==References==

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	{{About\|the Saini (Mali) community of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Chandigarh and Delhi\|the Mali community who were not recorded as Saini prior to 1937 \|Mali caste\|and\|Rajput Mali\|the Bhagrathi or Gola community of Western Uttar Pradesh\|Bhagirathi Mali}}		{{About\|the Saini (Mali) community of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Chandigarh and Delhi\|the Mali community who were not recorded as Saini prior to 1937 \|Mali caste\|and\|Rajput Mali\|the Bhagrathi or Gola community of Western Uttar Pradesh\|Bhagirathi Mali}}
	{{distinguish\|Siani (disambiguation){{!}}Siani\|Sinai (disambiguation){{!}}Sinai}}		{{distinguish\|Siani (disambiguation){{!}}Siani\|Sinai (disambiguation){{!}}Sinai}}
	~~{{pp\|small=yes}}~~
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2019}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2019}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=August 2014}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=August 2014}}

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{{short description|Caste of North India}}
{{About|the Saini (Mali) community of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Chandigarh and Delhi|the Mali community who were not recorded as Saini prior to 1937 |Mali caste|and|Rajput Mali|the Bhagrathi or Gola community of Western Uttar Pradesh|Bhagirathi Mali}}
{{distinguish|Siani (disambiguation){{!}}Siani|Sinai (disambiguation){{!}}Sinai}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox caste
|caste_name= Saini
|populated_states= [[Punjab, India]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], [[Chandigarh]] and [[Delhi]]
|country= Primarily India
}}

'''Saini''' ({{Audio|saini.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a [[caste]] of [[North India]] who were traditionally landowners ([[zamindars]]) and farmers. Sainis claim to be descendants of a king, [[Shurasena]], as well as of [[Krishna]] and [[King Porus|Porus]], and to be related to the ancient Shoorsaini clan,<ref name = "Shoorsaini">'' "The Sainis believe that their ancestors were Yadavas and that it was the same lineage in which Krishna was born. In the 43rd generation of the Yadavas there was a king known as Shoor or Sur, the son of King Vidaratha....It was in the name of these, father and son, that the community was known as Shoorsaini or Sursaini."'' People of India: Haryana, p 430, Kumar Suresh Singh, Madan Lal Sharma, A. K. Bhatia, Anthropological Survey of India, Published by Published on behalf of Anthropological Survey of India by Manohar Publishers, 1994</ref> noted in [[Puranic]] literature. The Saini community is given [[reservation in India|representation in government jobs and educational institutes]] as an [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chdengineering.gov.in/pages/list_obc.pdf|title=CENTRAL LIST OF OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES|website=CHANDIGARH ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT}}</ref> in the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/17-most-backward-castes-may-play-kingmaker-as-purvanchal-gears-up-to-vote-in-final-phase-2141707.html|title=17 Most Backward Castes May Play Kingmaker as Purvanchal Gears Up to Vote in Final Phase|website=News18|date=15 May 2019 |access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref> [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/saini-swarnkarsunar-communities-to-be-backward-classes-in-punjab-3024245/|title=Saini, Swarnkar/Sunar communities to be backward classes in Punjab|date=10 September 2016|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref> [[Haryana]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/haryana-government-adds-kushwaha-keori-maurya-castes-to-bc-list/articleshow/25267747.cms?from=mdr|title=Haryana government adds Kushwaha, Keori, Maurya castes to BC list|date=5 November 2013|work=The Economic Times|access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref> [[Rajasthan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-assembly-polls-2018-rss-stronghold-anta-has-been-electing-influential-leaders/story-1PBDYFzDd0luazjapjzpfK.html|title=Rajasthan assembly polls 2018: RSS stronghold, Anta, has been electing influential leaders|date=11 September 2018|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref> and [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Commission-starts-hearing-on-inclusion-of-OBCs-from-Madhya-Pradesh/articleshow/42244508.cms|title=Shubha Mudgal: Commission starts hearing on inclusion of OBCs from Madhya Pradesh|last=N|first=TN|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref>

As both a statutory agricultural tribe and a designated [[martial race]] during the [[British Raj]] era that followed the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], Sainis had been chiefly engaged in both agriculture and military service. Since the independence of India, they have diversified into [[White-collar worker|white-collar professions]].<ref>''"The members of Saini community are employed in business and white-collar jobs and as teachers, administrators, lawyers, doctors and defence personnel."'' People of India, National Series Volume VI, India's Communities N-Z, p 3091, KS Singh, Anthropological Survey of India, Oxford University Press, 1998</ref>

Sainis profess in both Hinduism and Sikhism. They have a national organisation called ''Saini Rajput Mahasabha'' located in Delhi, established in 1920.<ref name = "Saini Rajput Mahasabha">People of India: Haryana, p 437, Kumar Suresh Singh, Madan Lal Sharma, A. K. Bhatia, Anthropological Survey of India, Published by Published on behalf of Anthropological Survey of India by Manohar Publishers, 1994</ref>

==History==
===Mythology===

The Sainis of Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur districts claim to be the descendants of the Rajputs of the Yaduvanshi or Surasena lineage who ruled these kingdoms, who came to these areas to avoid forced conversion to Islam.<ref name = "Surasena Mathura">"Surasena refers to an ancient region named after a Jadu raja who is believed to have lived before Krishna. Bayana (near Mathura) from where the Jadus ruled ..." ''Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins'', p 54, Shail Mayaram, published by Permanent Black, 2004</ref>

===Academic===
Gahlot and Banshidhar indicate some commonality in origin with Rajput Malis of Rajputana, who also claim to be of Rajput descent.<ref name = "Saini Rajput">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DuAtAAAAMAAJ |quote=In the Punjab in the sub-mountainous region the community came to be known as 'Saini'. It maintained its Rajput character despite migration. In other parts, it came to be called by the name of "Kshatriya-Mali" (Rajput Mali) |title=Castes and Tribes of Rajasthan |page=108 |first1=Sukhvir Singh |last1=Gahlot |first2=Banshi |last2=Dhar |publisher=Jain Brothers |year=1989|isbn=9788185287003 }}</ref>

===British era===

During the British period Sainis were classified as both a statutory agricultural tribe and, later, a martial race.<ref name="Mazumder2003">{{cite book|first=Rajit K. |last=Mazumder|title=The Indian army and the making of Punjab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4Wop9vwS9sC&pg=PA105 |year=2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7824-059-6|pages=99, 105, 205}}</ref> The latter was an administrative device based on the now-discredited theories of [[scientific racism]]: ethnic communities were categorised as being either martial or non-martial, with the latter being those who were thought to be unfit to serve in armies due to their sedentary lifestyles.<ref name=rand>{{Cite journal|last=Rand|first=Gavin|s2cid=144987021|title=Martial Races and Imperial Subjects: Violence and Governance in Colonial India 1857–1914|journal= European Review of History|volume=13|issue=1|pages=1–20|publisher=Routledge|date=March 2006|doi=10.1080/13507480600586726}}</ref><ref name="Street">{{cite book |title=Martial Races: The military, race and masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857-1914 |last=Streets |first=Heather |year=2004 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-6962-8 |page=241 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BscnZT_1po8C}}</ref> The community was also one of several peasant peoples who benefitted from the development of the [[Punjab Canal Colonies]], through which they obtained land grants from the British authorities, especially in the [[Chenab Colony]] following the introduction of the [[Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Punjab Under Imperialism, 1885-1947 |first=Imran |last=Ali |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2014 |orig-year=1988 |isbn=978-1-40085-958-0 |pages=51, 56, 64, 73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MgUABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51}}</ref>

Some Saini landlords were also appointed as ''[[zaildar]]s'', or revenue-collectors, in various districts.<ref name = "Hissar Zaildar">History of Hisar: From Inception to Independence, 1935–1947, p 312, M. M. Juneja, Published by Modern Book Co., 1989</ref>

==Marriage==
According to the [[Anthropological Survey of India]], "The Saini are endogamous community and observe exogamy at village and gotra level." Remarriage after the death of a spouse is permitted nowadays, as is divorce.<ref>People of India, National Series Volume VI, India's Communities N-Z, p 3090, KS Singh, Anthropological Survey of India, Oxford University Press, 1998</ref>

==Notable people==
{{main article|List of Saini people}}

==See also==
*[[Surasena Kingdom]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth = 30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.SainiOnline.com SainiOnline.com]
*[http://www.sainiinfo.com SainiInfo.com]

{{Ethnic groups, tribes and clans of the Punjab}}
{{Rajput Groups of India}}

[[Category:Saini| ]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Indian surnames]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]
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