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{{Short description|9th-century collection of Islamic hadith}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Sahih al-Bukhari
| author = [[Muḥammad ibn Ismā‘īl al-Bukhārī]]
| language = [[Arabic]]
| genre = [[Hadith collection]]
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| image = SaheehAlBukhari.png
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| isbn = 978-1-56744-519-0
| oclc = 47899632
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| orig_lang_code = ar
| native_wikisource = صحيح البخاري
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| subject = [[Hadith]]
}}'''Sahih al-Bukhari''' ({{lang-ar| صحيح البخاري|translit=Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī}}){{Refn|Full name in {{lang-ar|الجامع المسند الصحيح المختصر من أمور رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وسننه وأيامه|Al-Jāmi` al-Musnad as-Ṣaḥīḥ al-Mukhtasar min Umuri Rasulullahi sallallāhu 'alaihi wa sallam wa Sunanihi wa Ayyāmihi|The Abridged [[Hadith terminology|Sahih Musnad]] Collection of the Matters of the Messenger of God, [[Islamic honorifics|sallallāhu 'alaihi wa sallam]], and his [[Sunnah|Sunan]] and his Times}}|group=note}} is a ''[[hadith]]'' collection and a book of ''[[sunnah]]'' compiled by the scholar [[Muḥammad ibn Ismā‘īl al-Bukhārī]] (810–870) around 846. Alongside ''[[Sahih Muslim]]'', it is one of the most valued books in [[Sunni Islam]] after the [[Quran]]. Both books are part of the [[Kutub al-Sittah]], the six major Sunni collections of ''hadith'' of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. It consists of an estimated 7,563 ''hadith'' narrations across its 97 chapters.{{Hadith|Sunni|width=22.0em}}

== Name ==
Sahih (صحيح) means "authentic" and Bukhari (بخاري) is the name of the author who was born in [[Bukhara]] in today's Uzbekistan.

The original name of the work is ''Al-Jami Al-Musnad Al-Sahih Al-Mukhtasar Min Umur Rasul Allah Sallá Allah Alayhi Wa-Sallam Wa-Sunanihi Wa-Ayyamihi'' (الجامع المسند الصحيح المختصر من أُمور رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلّم وسننه وأيامه), which means ''"The shortened authentic (sahih) collection with isnads from the affairs of the messenger, peace be upon him, and his traditions and his days"''.

== Content ==
Sources differ on the exact number of hadiths in Sahih al-Bukhari, with definitions of ''[[hadith]]'' varying from a prophetic tradition or ''[[sunnah]]'', or a narration of that tradition. Experts have estimated the number of full-''[[Hadith terminology|isnad]]'' narrations in the Sahih at 7,563, with the number reducing to around 2,600 without considerations to repetitions or different versions of the same ''hadith.'' Bukhari chose these narrations from a collection of 600,000 narrations he had collected over 16 years.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About - Sahih al-Bukhari - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023031103/https://sunnah.com/bukhari/about |archive-date=2021-10-23 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=sunnah.com}}</ref><ref name="jacb1">{{cite book |last1=A.C. Brown |first1=Jonathan |title=Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World ''(Foundations of Islam series)'' |date=2009 |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |isbn=978-1851686636 |page=32 |author-link=Jonathan A.C. Brown}}</ref> The narrations are distributed across 97 chapters covering ''[[fiqh]]'' (Islamic jurisprudence), among other subjects. Each chapter contains references to relevant verses from the Quran.<ref name="GulfTimes 2021">{{cite web |date=2021-11-04 |title=Two most authentic books of Hadith |url=http://m.gulf-times.com/story/703813/Two-most-authentic-books-of-Hadith |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227044903/https://m.gulf-times.com/story/703813/Two-most-authentic-books-of-Hadith |archive-date=2021-12-27 |access-date=2021-12-27 |website=GulfTimes}}</ref><ref name="International Islamic University Malaysia – Garden of Knowledge and Virtue">{{cite web |title=Introduction to Translation of Sahih Bukhari |url=https://www.iium.edu.my/deed/hadith/bukhari/sbtintro.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623200536/https://www.iium.edu.my/deed/hadith/bukhari/sbtintro.html |archive-date=2021-06-23 |access-date=2021-12-27 |website=International Islamic University Malaysia – Garden of Knowledge and Virtue}}</ref> It provides proper Islamic guidance in almost all aspects of [[Muslims|Muslim]] life such as the method of performing [[Salah|prayers]] and other actions of worship directly from [[Muhammad]].

==Development==

=== Collection ===
It is reported that Bukhari traveled widely throughout the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] from the age of 16. Bukhari found the earlier [[List of hadith books|''hadith'' collections]] including both ''[[ṣaḥīḥ]]'' (authentic, sound)''<ref>{{cite web |title=Meaning of sahih |url=http://www.islamic-dictionary.com/index.php?word=sahih |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://swap.stanford.edu/20100210230438/http://www.islamic%2Ddictionary.com/index.php?word%3Dsahih |archive-date=February 10, 2010 |access-date=2010-05-13 |publisher=Islamic-Dictionary.com}}</ref>'' and [[Hadith terminology#Ḥasan|''hasan'']] narrations. He also found that many of them included [[Hadith terminology#Ḍaʻīf|''daʻīf'']] (weak) narrations. This aroused his interest in compiling hadith whose authenticity was beyond doubt.<ref name=":1" />

What further strengthened his resolve was something his teacher and contemporary [[Hadith scholar|''hadith'' scholar]] [[Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh]] had told him. Bukhari narrates, "We were with Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh who said, "If only you would compile a book of only authentic narrations of the Prophet." This suggestion remained in my heart so I began compiling the ''Sahih''." Bukhari also said, "I saw the Prophet in a dream and it was as if I was standing in front of him. In my hand was a fan with which I was protecting him. I asked some dream interpreters, who said to me, 'You will protect him from lies.' This is what compelled me to produce the ''Sahih''."<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=al-Asqalani |first=Ibn Hajar |title=Hady al-Sari, the introduction to Fath al-Bari |title-link=Fath al-Bari |publisher=Darussalam Publications |pages=8–9 |author-link=Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani}}</ref>

Bukhari imposed four conditions the narrators of a ''hadith'' must meet, in order for the narration to be included in his Sahih:<ref>{{Cite web |title=About - Sahih al-Bukhari - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari/about |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=sunnah.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Arabic Virtual Translation Center |title=Encyclopedia of Sahih al-Bukhari |publisher=Arabic Virtual Translation Center |year=2022 |isbn=9780359672653 |edition=9th |location=[[New York City]]}}</ref>
* being just,
* possessing strong memory and all the scholars who possess great knowledge of ''hadith'' must agree upon the narrators' ability to learn and memorize, along with their reporting techniques,
* complete ''[[Hadith studies|isnad]]'' without any missing narrators,
* consecutive narrators in the chain must meet each other.
Bukhari began organizing his book in the [[Masjid al-Haram]] in [[Mecca]], before moving to the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi]] in [[Medina]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Siddiq |title=Al Hittah fi Dhikr al-Sihah al-Sittah |publisher=Dar al-Jeel |pages=178 |language=ar |author-link=Siddiq Hasan Khan}}</ref> Bukhari completed writing the book in [[Bukhara]] around 846 (232 AH), before showing it to his teachers for examination and verification. [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]] quoted Abu Jaʿfar al-‘Uqaili as saying, "After Bukhari had written the ''Sahih'', he showed it to [[Ali ibn al-Madini]], [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]], [[Yahya ibn Ma'in]] as well as others. They examined it and testified to its authenticity with the exception of four ''hadith''." [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani|Ibn Hajar]] then concluded with al-'Uqaili's saying, "And those four are as Bukhari said, they are authentic."<ref>''Hady al-Sari'', pg. 684.</ref> Bukhari spent the last twenty-four years of his life visiting other cities and scholars, making minor revisions to his book and teaching the hadith he had collected. In every city that Bukhari visited, thousands of people would gather to listen to him recite traditions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=al-Asqalani |first=Ibn Hajar |title=Fath al-Bari |title-link=Fath al-Bari |publisher=Dar al-Ma'rifa |pages=489 |language=ar |author-link=Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani}}</ref>

=== Transmission ===
[[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0311 fol 190b-191a.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Open book with Arabic text in Naskh style|Single volume of the ''Sahih al-Bukhari'', from later 14th or early 15th century, in the [[Khalili Collection of Islamic Art]]]]Each version of the ''Sahih'' is named by its narrator. [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]] in his book ''Nukat'' asserts the number of narrations is the same in each version. There are many books that noted differences between the different versions, the best known being ''[[Fath al-Bari]]''. The version transmitted by Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Firabri (d. 932), a trusted student of Bukhari, is the most famous version of the Sahih al-Bukhari today. All modern printed version are derived from this version. [[Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi]] quoted al-Firabri in ''History of Baghdad'': "About seventy thousand people heard ''Sahih Bukhari'' with me." al-Firabri is not the only transmitter of Sahih al-Bukhari. Many others narrated the book, including Ibrahim ibn Ma'qal (d. 907), Hammad ibn Shakir (d. 923), Mansur Burduzi (d. 931) and Husain Mahamili (d. 941).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Hussain |date=2020-07-17 |title=Why Imam al-Firabri: The student of Imam al-Bukhari and transmitter of his Sahih was trustworthy (thiqa) |url=https://www.darultahqiq.com/why-imam-al-firabri-the-student-of-imam-al-bukhari-and-transmitter-of-his-sahih-was-trustworthy-thiqa/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Darul Tahqiq |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Manuscripts & Transmission ===
The Orientalist Manjana said in Cambridge in 1936 that the oldest manuscript he had come across up to that point was written in 984 CE/370 AH, according to the narration of al-Mirwazi from al-Farbari<ref>See Tareekh at-Turaath by Fu’aad Sizkeen (1/228).</ref> The oldest full manuscript which was printed by ISAM is from 1155/550 AH.<ref>EL-CÂMİ‘U’S-SAHÎHU’L-MÜSNEDÜ’L-MUHTASAR MİN HADÎSİ RASÛLİLLÂH SALLALLÂHU ALEYHİ VE SELLEM SAHÎH-İ BUHÂRÎ – Tıpkıbasım, İSAM, İstanbul 2018</ref> As is the norm in [[hadith studies]] Bukhari would have recited his Sahih to a large number of his students who would not only listen to it, but memorise it word for word from him and copy it in its entirety. Students would then check their own copies against Bukhari’s personal copy and would only receive permission to transmit and teach once Bukhari himself was happy with their ability to do so. This way, the [[isnad|isnad (chain of narration)]] would be traceable and also have multiple routes back to the teacher.

== Derived works ==
The orientalist Manjana said in Cambridge in 1936 that the oldest manuscript he had come across up to that point was written in 984 (370 AH), according to the narration of al-Mirwazi from al-Firabri.<ref>Tareekh at-Turaath by Fu’aad Sizkeen (1/228).</ref> The oldest full manuscript is a version on the narration of Abu Dharr al-Heravi (d. 1043) written in [[Maghrebi script]], present in the [[List of libraries in Istanbul|Süleymaniye Library]] in [[Istanbul]] is from 1155 (550 AH).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facsimile of the oldest Sahih al-Bukhari |url=http://www.isam.org.tr/index.cfm?fuseaction=objects2.detail_content&cid=1449 |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Centre for Islamic Studies |language=tr}}</ref>

=== Commentaries ===
[[File:Fathul Bari bisyarhi Shahih al-Bukhari Imam Khairul Annas.JPG|thumb|''[[Fath al-Bari]]'' by [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]]]]
The number of detailed commentaries on the Sahih are numbered around 400,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahadithnotes.com/archives/1493#_ftn1|title=An Overview of Ten Manuscripts of Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī|url-status=dead|website=ahadithnotes.com|access-date=2019-02-28|archive-date=2020-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806230601/https://ahadithnotes.com/archives/1493#_ftn1}}</ref> including ''[[Fayd al-Bari ala Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' by [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]], ''[[Lami al-Darari ala Jami al-Bukhari]]'' by [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], ''Tafsir al-Gharib ma fi al-Sahihayn'' by [[al-Humaydī]] (d. 1095), [[Ibn Kathir]]'s (d. 1373) ''Sharh'', ''[[Fath al-Bari]]'' by [[Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani]] (d. 852 AH),<ref name="Brill">{{cite book |last1=Gibb |first1=H.A.R. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |last2=Kramers |first2=J.H. |last3=Levi-Provencal |first3=E. |last4=Schacht |first4=J. |date=1986 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9004081143 |edition=New |volume=I (A-B) |location=Leiden, Netherlands |page=1297 |orig-year=1st. pub. 1960}}</ref> ''Al-Tawshih'' by [[al-Suyuti]] (d. 1505), ''Irshad al-Sari'' by [[al-Qastallani]] (d. 1517),<ref name="Brill" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=B. |last2=Menage |first2=V.L. |last3=Pellat |first3=Ch. |last4=Schacht |first4=J. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |volume=IV (Iran-Kha) |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, Netherlands |date=1997 |orig-year=1st. pub. 1978 |isbn=9004078193 |page=736|edition=New }}</ref> ''Umdat al-Qari by [[Badr al-Din al-Ayni]]'',<ref name="Brill" /> and ''Al-Tanqih'' by [[al-Zarkashi]] (d. 1392), ''[[Kashf al-Bari Amma fi Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' by [[Saleemullah Khan]]. Modern commentaries are also written by [[Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri]], [[Kausar Yazdani]], [[Muhammad Taqi Usmani]],''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/DarsENizamiDoraEHadees8thYear/InamUlBariUrduSharhAlSahihUlBukhariVol1#page/n0/mode/2up|title=Dars E Nizami Dora E Hadees 8th Year|website=archive.org}}</ref>'' and [[Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi|Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhalawi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Anak Pendang Sekeluarga: Kanzul Mutawari Dan Sumbangan Maulana Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhalawi rah|url = http://wirapendang.blogspot.my/2014/04/kanzul-mutawari-dan-sumbangan-maulana.html|website = wirapendang.blogspot.my|date = April 2014|access-date = 2015-10-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222102243/http://wirapendang.blogspot.my/2014/04/kanzul-mutawari-dan-sumbangan-maulana.html|archive-date = 2015-12-22|url-status = live}}</ref>

Few scholars have commented on Bukhari's reasons behind naming the chapters in his Sahih, known as ''tarjumat al-bab''.''<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/AlAbwabWatTarajimLiSahihulBukhari|title=Al Abwab Wat Tarajim Li Sahihul Bukhari|last=www. besturdubooks.wordpress.com|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>'' [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]] is noted to be one of them. [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]] had mentioned 14 reasons, later modified by [[Mahmud al-Hasan]] to make it 15''.'' Kandhlawi is noted to have found as many as 70, even writing a book on the topic, ''[[Al-Abwab wa al-Tarajim li Sahih al-Bukhari]]''.''<ref name=":0" /><ref name="auto" />''

=== Translations ===
[[File:Sahih Al-Bukhari in English.png|thumb|9-volume ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' in English]]
''Sahih al-Bukhari'' was originally translated into English by [[Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali]] and [[Muhammad Muhsin Khan]], titled ''The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih al-Bukhari: Arabic-English'' (1971),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bukhārī |first1=Muḥammad ibn Ismāʻīl |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38433341 |title=Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī : the translation of the meanings of Sahih al-Bukhari : Arabic-English |last2=بخارس، محمد بن اسماعيل. |date=1997 |publisher=Darussalam Pub. & Distr |others=Muhammad Muhsin Khan, خان، محمد محسن. |isbn=9960-717-31-3 |location=Riyadh-Saudi Arabia |oclc=38433341}}</ref> derived from the Arabic text of ''[[Fath Al-Bari]]'', published by the [[Egypt]]ian Maktabat wa-Maṭbaʻat Muṣṭafá al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī in 1959.<ref>{{Cite book |last=al-ʻAsqalānī |first=Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī Ibn Ḥajar |title=Fatḥ al-bārī bi-sharḥ al-Bukhārī |publisher=Maktabat wa-Maṭbaʻat Muṣṭafá al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī |year=1959 |location=[[Cairo]] |oclc=7902764 |author-link=Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani}}</ref> It is published by Al Saadawi Publications and Darussalam Publications and is included in the [[University of Southern California|USC]]-[[Muslim Students' Association|MSA]] Compendium of Muslim Texts.<ref name="usc">{{cite web |title=Translation of Sahih Bukhari |url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001062255/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/ |archive-date=2012-10-01 |access-date=2010-09-26 |publisher=Usc.edu}}</ref> Large numbers of ''hadith'' narrations included in Hilali and Khan's work have been translated by [[Muhammad Ali (writer)|Muhammad Ali]] and [[Thomas Cleary]]. The book is also available in numerous languages including [[Urdu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Bahasa Melayu|Malay]], and [[Hindi]], among others.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sahih Bukhari - Multiple languages |url=http://www.australianislamiclibrary.org/sahih-bukhari.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030170231/http://www.australianislamiclibrary.org/sahih-bukhari.html |archive-date=2014-10-30 |access-date=2014-10-31 |website=Australian Islamic Library}}</ref>

In 2019, the Arabic Virtual Translation Center in [[New York City|New York]] translated and published the first complete English translation of ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' titled ''Encyclopedia of Sahih Al-Bukhari'', including explanatory notes, a glossary of every term, and biographies of all narrators in the ''isnad''.<ref name=":2" />

== Reception ==
Sunni Muslims regard ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' as one of the two most important books among the [[Kutub al-Sittah]] alongside the ''[[Sahih Muslim]]'', written by al-Bukhari's student [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj]]. The two books are known as the '''Sahihayn'' (The Two ''Sahihs'')'.<ref name="International Islamic University Malaysia – Garden of Knowledge and Virtue" /><ref name="Sunnah.com">{{cite web |title=Sahih Muslim - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/muslim |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628124730/https://sunnah.com/muslim |archive-date=2018-06-28 |access-date=2021-12-27 |website=Sunnah.com |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Koenig |first=Harold G. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/880374211 |title=Health and well-being in Islamic societies : background, research, and applications |date=2014 |others=Saad Al Shohaib |isbn=978-3-319-05873-3 |location=Cham [Switzerland] |oclc=880374211}}</ref> [[Al-Nawawi]] wrote about Sahih al-Bukhari, "The scholars, may God have mercy on them, have agreed that the most authentic book after the dear Quran are the two Sahihs of Bukhari and [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj|Muslim]]."<ref>{{Cite book |last=al-Nawawi |first=Abu Zakariyya Yahya ibn Sharaf |title=Al Minhaj, Sharh Sahih Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj |publisher=Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-Arabi |year=1972 |edition=2nd |location=[[Beirut]] |pages=14 |language=ar |author-link=Al-Nawawi}}</ref> [[Siddiq Hasan Khan]] (d. 1890) wrote, "All of the [[Salaf]] and ''Khalaf'' assert that the most authentic book after the book of Allah is Sahih al-Bukhari and then Sahih Muslim."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Siddiq |title=Al Hittah fi Dhikr al-Sihah al-Sittah |publisher=Dar al-Jeel |pages=225 |language=ar |author-link=Siddiq Hasan Khan}}</ref>

In the ''[[Introduction to the Science of Hadith]]'', [[Ibn al-Salah]] wrote: "The first to author a ''Sahih'' was [[Bukhari, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl al-Juʿfī|Bukhari]] [...], followed by [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj|Abū al-Ḥusayn Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj an-Naysābūrī al-Qushayrī]], who was his student, sharing many of the same teachers. These two books are the most authentic books after the [[Quran]]. As for the statement of [[Al-Shafi‘i]], who said, "I do not know of a book containing knowledge more correct than [[Malik ibn Anas|Malik]]'s book [<nowiki/>[[Muwatta Imam Malik]]]," [...] he said this before the books of Bukhari and Muslim. The book of Bukhari is the more authentic of the two and more useful."<ref name=":3" /> Ibn al-Salah also quoted Bukhari as having said, "I have not included in the book [Sahih al-Bukhari] other than what is authentic and I did not include other authentic hadith for the sake of brevity."<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |title=Introduction to the Science of Hadith |title-link=Introduction to the Science of Hadith |publisher=Dar al-Ma’aarif |edition=Dar al-Ma’aarif |pages=160–169}}</ref> In addition, [[al-Dhahabi]] quoted Bukhari as having said, "I have memorized one hundred thousand authentic hadith and two hundred thousand which are less than authentic."<ref>[[Tadhkirat al-huffaz]], vol. 2 pgs. 104-5, ''al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah'' edition.</ref>

===Criticism===
Criticism has also been directed at apparent contradictions within Bukhari regarding the [[ahruf]] of the Quran. Some narrations state the Quran was revealed only in the dialect of [[Muhammad]]'s tribe, the [[Quraysh]], while others state it was revealed in seven ahruf.<ref>Melchert 2008, p. 83.</ref><ref>"Virtues of the Qur'an. Book 61, Number 507". Sahih al-Bukhari</ref><ref>Shamoun, Sam. "The Seven Ahruf and Multiple Qiraat – A Quranic Perspective". Answering Islam.</ref> Certain [[prophetic medicine]] and remedies espoused in Bukhari, such as [[Cupping therapy|cupping]], have been noted for being unscientific.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/asianmedicalsyst00lesl |title=Asian Medical Systems: A Comparative Study |date=1976 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520035119 |editor1-last=Leslie |editor1-first=Charles Miller |editor1-link=Charles Miller Leslie |edition=reprint |pages=[https://archive.org/details/asianmedicalsyst00lesl/page/57 57–8] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Sunni scholar [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]], on the basis of contrary archaeological evidence, criticised the hadith<ref>{{cite web|title=Sahih al-Bukhari 6227|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari/79/1|access-date=1 April 2017|quote=Narrated Abu Huraira: The Prophet said, "Allah created Adam in His picture, sixty cubits (about 30 meters) in height. When He created him, He said (to him), "Go and greet that group of angels sitting there, and listen what they will say in reply to you, for that will be your greeting and the greeting of your offspring." Adam (went and) said, 'As-Salamu alaikum (Peace be upon you).' They replied, 'AsSalamu-'Alaika wa Rahmatullah (Peace and Allah's Mercy be on you) So they increased 'Wa Rahmatullah' The Prophet added 'So whoever will enter Paradise, will be of the shape and picture of Adam Since then the creation of Adam's (offspring) (i.e. stature of human beings is being diminished continuously) to the present time."|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402080906/https://sunnah.com/bukhari/79/1|archive-date=2 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> which claimed that Adam's height was 60 cubits and [[human height]] has been decreasing ever since.<ref>{{cite book|title=Islam and the Modern Age, Volume 29|date=1998|publisher=Islam and the Modern Age Society|page=39|quote=The hadith, reported by al-Bukhari, to the effect that Adam’s height was sixty cubits, has been criticised by Ibn Hajar on the basis of archaeological measurements of the homesteads of some ancient peoples, which show that their inhabitants were not of an abnormal height.}}</ref>

Other hadiths contradict historical facts: e.g. hadith number 1221 implies [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb]] died in [[Shaam|Shām]] when he actually died in Medina; hadith number 3800 claims all the Sahaba who witnessed the [[Battle of Badr]] died before the end of the [[Siege of Uthman|murder of Uthman]]; hadith number 5560 says Muhammad died at 60 years old, instead of the actual 63 years old;<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Sahih Al-Bukhari |date=2021 |publisher=Arabic Virtual Translation Center |location=Section 17: Critique of Sahih Al-Bukhari |isbn=978-0-359-67265-3}}</ref> there are also serious contradictions between hadiths regarding the timing of [[Qadr Night]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Sahih Al-Bukhari |date=2021 |publisher=Arabic Virtual Translation Center |location=Section 10: Conflict resolution|isbn=978-0-359-67265-3}}</ref>

In the 2003 book ''The Idea of Women in Fundamentalist Islam'', Lamia Shehadeh used [[gender theory]] to critique an ''[[ahaad]]'' hadith about women's leadership.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Lamia Rustum Shehadeh |url=https://archive.org/details/ideawomenfundame00sheh |title=The Idea of Women in Fundamentalist Islam |date=2003 |publisher=University Press of Florida |isbn=9780813031354 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ideawomenfundame00sheh/page/n243 229] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sahih al-Bukhari 7099 |url=http://sunnah.com/bukhari/92/50 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110111633/http://sunnah.com/bukhari/92/50 |archive-date=10 November 2016 |access-date=12 November 2016 |quote=Narrated Abu Bakr: During the [[Battle of the Camel|battle of Al-Jamal]], Allah benefited me with a Word (I heard from the Prophet). When the Prophet heard the news that the people of the Persia had made the daughter of [[Khosrow II|Khosrau]] their Queen (ruler), he said, "Never will succeed such a nation as makes a woman their ruler."}}</ref> Another hadith reported by [[Abu Hurairah]] was criticized by [[Fatema Mernissi]] for being reported out of context and without any further clarification in the Sahih. The clarification is given in a hadith reported by [[Aisha]] in [[al-Zarkashi]]'s (1344–1392) hadith collection. According to [[Charles Kurzman]], this case raises the question of whether other narrations in Bukhari have been reported incompletely or lack proper context.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Charles Kurzman |title=Liberal Islam: A Source Book |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195116229 |editor1-last=Kurzman |editor1-first=Charles |page=123 |author-link1=Charles Kurzman}}</ref> In 2017, Rachid Aylal, a [[Quranist]], published a book criticizing the Sahih, titled ''Sahih Al-Bukhari: The End of a Legend''. It was banned in Morocco for disturbing spiritual security, due to pressure from [[Islamism|Islamists]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2018 |title=Morocco Bans a Book Critical of Al-Bukhari as it Threatens ''Spiritual Security'' |url=https://raseef22.com/article/1071856-morocco-bans-book-critical-al-bukhari-threatens-spiritual-security |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411102329/https://raseef22.com/article/1071856-morocco-bans-book-critical-al-bukhari-threatens-spiritual-security |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=رضا يوسف احمودى: بين "القرآنيين" و"البخاريين" حوار أم جدل؟ - رأي اليوم |url=https://www.raialyoum.com/index.php/%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%89-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707104037/https://www.raialyoum.com/index.php/%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%89-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7/ |archive-date=2020-07-07 |access-date=2020-07-06}}</ref>

On August 29, 2022 [[Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation]] has included Sahih al-Bukhari into the [[Federal List of Extremist Materials|federal list of extremist materials]] (except containing [[surah]]s, [[ayah]]s and quotes from the Quran) after the Supreme Court of [[Tatarstan]] supported the Laishevo District Court's decision to recognize the Sahih as extremist with its appellate ruling of July 5, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|lang=en|url=https://eng.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/61187/|title=Ban of "Sahih al-Bukhari" angers Kadyrov|website=eng.kavkaz-uzel.eu|date=2022-09-01|access-date=2023-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|lang=ru|url=https://minjust.gov.ru/ru/extremist-materials/?q=Сахих|title=search "Sahih" - Federal List of Extremist Materials :: Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation|website=minjust.gov.ru|date=2022-08-29|access-date=2023-01-17}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]], author of ''Sahih al-Bukhari''
* ''[[Sahih Muslim]]'', another Sahih collection of ''hadith'' narrations and the other of the 'Sahihayn'
* [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj]], author of ''Sahih Muslim'' and student of Muhammad al-Bukhari
* [[Kutub al-Sittah]], six most highly-regarded collections of ''hadith'' in Sunni Islam, one of which is ''Sahih al-Bukhari''
* ''[[Fath al-Bari]]'', most highly-regarded commentary on ''Sahih al-Bukhari''
* [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]], 15th-century hadith scholar and author of ''Fath al-Bari''

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{notelist}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* ''[https://archive.org/details/TheTranslationOfTheMeaningsOfSahihAl-Bukhari-Arabic-English9Volumes/ The Translation and the Meanings of Sahîh Al-Bukhâri: Arabic-English]'', trans. by Muhammad Muhsin Khan, ndw edn, 9 vols (Riyadh: Darussalam, 1997); also digitised in [http://sunnah.com/bukhari html]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170605220416/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/ Sahih Bukhari] – Translation by Muhammad Muhsin Khan from [[Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement]] ([[USC-MSA]])
* [http://www.aaiil.org/text/books/mali/manualhadith/manualhadith.shtml A Manual of Hadith] by [[Muhammad Ali (writer)|Muhammad Ali]], [http://www.targheeb.com/phocadownload/Hadeeth/hadithgc%5B1%5D.pdf pdf] – a selected compendium of Sahih al-Bukhari with commentary

{{Sunni hadith literature}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sunni literature]]
[[Category:Hadith]]
[[Category:Hadith studies]]
[[Category:Hadith collections]]
[[Category:Sunni hadith collections]]
[[Category:9th-century Arabic books]]

Sahih al-Bukhari - Revision history

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