Sahib Singh Sokhey - Revision history

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	{{Infobox scientist		{{Infobox scientist
	\|name =Sir Sahib Singh Sokhey		\|name =Sir Sahib Singh Sokhey

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← Older revision		Revision as of 18:35, 24 September 2022
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	\|name =Sir Sahib Singh Sokhey		\|name =Sir Sahib Singh Sokhey
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	In 1923, he was awarded a Rockefeller Fellowship for post-graduate studies abroad. From 1923 to 1925, he studied [[clinical biochemistry]] under noted American biochemist [[Otto Folin]] at [[Harvard University]], subsequently studying in Toronto under Nobel laureate [[John Macleod (physiologist)\|John MacLeod]], a co-discoverer of [[insulin]].<ref name=INSA_memoir/> He was promoted to [[Major (United Kingdom)\|major]] on 26 January 1925,<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=33043\|page=2925\|date=1 May 1925}}</ref> and completed an MD from Edinburgh the same year, also conducting research on nutrition at Trinity College, Cambridge under the distinguished biochemist and future Nobel laureate [[Frederick Gowland Hopkins]].<ref name=INSA_memoir/>		In 1923, he was awarded a Rockefeller Fellowship for post-graduate studies abroad. From 1923 to 1925, he studied [[clinical biochemistry]] under noted American biochemist [[Otto Folin]] at [[Harvard University]], subsequently studying in Toronto under Nobel laureate [[John Macleod (physiologist)\|John MacLeod]], a co-discoverer of [[insulin]].<ref name=INSA_memoir/> He was promoted to [[Major (United Kingdom)\|major]] on 26 January 1925,<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=33043\|page=2925\|date=1 May 1925}}</ref> and completed an MD from Edinburgh the same year, also conducting research on nutrition at Trinity College, Cambridge under the distinguished biochemist and future Nobel laureate [[Frederick Gowland Hopkins]].<ref name=INSA_memoir/>

	Following his return to India in mid-1925, Major Sokhey was appointed an assistant director at the [[Haffkine Institute]] in Mumbai on 18 August of that year.<ref name=INSA_memoir/> His earliest research at the Institute involved the biochemistry of [[coeliac disease]], then known as "sprue." In connection with this research, Sokhey conducted clinical studies of the metabolisms of men and women in Mumbai, to compare their metabolisms with those of Europeans.<ref name=INSA_memoir/> In 1926, he established a Biochemistry Department at the ~~Institute~~, becoming its first Indian director in 1932.<ref name=INSA_memoir/> He was promoted to [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)\|lieutenant-colonel]] on 26 January 1933.<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=33924\|page=2043\|date=24 March 1933}}</ref> As Director, Colonel Sokhey expanded the scope of the ~~Institute~~, establishing an Entomology Department (1938), a Serum Department (1940) to manufacture vaccines, antitoxins and snake antivenin, a Chemotherapy Department (1940) to conduct research into sulfa and synthetic pharmaceuticals, a Pharmacology Department (1943) and a Nutrition Department (1944).<ref name=INSA_memoir/>		Following his return to India in mid-1925, Major Sokhey was appointed an assistant director at the [[Haffkine Institute]] in Mumbai on 18 August of that year.<ref name=INSA_memoir/> His earliest research at the Institute involved the biochemistry of [[coeliac disease]], then known as "sprue." In connection with this research, Sokhey conducted clinical studies of the metabolisms of men and women in Mumbai, to compare their metabolisms with those of Europeans.<ref name=INSA_memoir/> In 1926, he established a Biochemistry Department at the institute, becoming its first Indian director in 1932.<ref name=INSA_memoir/> He was promoted to [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)\|lieutenant-colonel]] on 26 January 1933.<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=33924\|page=2043\|date=24 March 1933}}</ref> As Director, Colonel Sokhey expanded the scope of the institute, establishing an Entomology Department (1938), a Serum Department (1940) to manufacture vaccines, antitoxins and snake antivenin, a Chemotherapy Department (1940) to conduct research into sulfa and synthetic pharmaceuticals, a Pharmacology Department (1943) and a Nutrition Department (1944).<ref name=INSA_memoir/>

	From 1932 through the Second World War, Sokhey primarily focused on expanding the ~~Institute~~'s vaccine production and development capacity and improving the quality of its various vaccines and antitoxins. Under Sokhey's supervision, the Institute initiated studies on antibiotic therapies for plague, beginning with [[sulfathiazole]] in 1939 and continuing with [[tetracycline]]s and related antibiotics during and after the Second World War.<ref name=INSA_memoir/> In 1943, due to wartime needs, the Indian Medical Service was merged with the Indian Medical Department and the Indian Hospital and Nursing Corps, becoming the [[Indian Army Medical Corps]]. Sokhey was promoted to [[Colonel (United Kingdom)\|colonel]] in the newly reorganised service branch on 15 December 1944 (seniority from 26 January 1936).<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=38179\|page=441\|date=16 January 1948}}</ref>		From 1932 through the Second World War, Sokhey primarily focused on expanding the institute's vaccine production and development capacity and improving the quality of its various vaccines and antitoxins. Under Sokhey's supervision, the Institute initiated studies on antibiotic therapies for plague, beginning with [[sulfathiazole]] in 1939 and continuing with [[tetracycline]]s and related antibiotics during and after the Second World War.<ref name=INSA_memoir/> In 1943, due to wartime needs, the Indian Medical Service was merged with the Indian Medical Department and the Indian Hospital and Nursing Corps, becoming the [[Indian Army Medical Corps]]. Sokhey was promoted to [[Colonel (United Kingdom)\|colonel]] in the newly reorganised service branch on 15 December 1944 (seniority from 26 January 1936).<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=38179\|page=441\|date=16 January 1948}}</ref>

	Towards the end of the war, Sokhey established pilot plants at the ~~Institute~~ to manufacture [[sulfathiazole]], [[paludrine]], [[chloroquine]] and [[penicillin]]. From 1944-1946, he served on the Pharmaceutical and Drug Committee of the government Planning Department. He also served on a committee tasked with establishing the [[National Chemical Laboratory]] and the [[National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)\|National Physical Laboratory]]. In 1946, he was among the key individuals involved in establishing a penicillin manufacturing plant, which later became [[Hindustan Antibiotics]]. On 14 August 1947, the day before Indian independence, Sokhey was promoted to the local rank of major-general in his role as director of the Haffkine Institute, subsequently retiring from the Indian Army.<ref>{{cite web\|title=The Gazette of India - Extraordinary\|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1947/E-2372-1947-0000-110380.pdf \|page=784 \|access-date=8 September 2021 \|publisher=Government of India }}</ref>		Towards the end of the war, Sokhey established pilot plants at the institute to manufacture [[sulfathiazole]], [[paludrine]], [[chloroquine]] and [[penicillin]]. From 1944 to 1946, he served on the Pharmaceutical and Drug Committee of the government Planning Department. He also served on a committee tasked with establishing the [[National Chemical Laboratory]] and the [[National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)\|National Physical Laboratory]]. In 1946, he was among the key individuals involved in establishing a penicillin manufacturing plant, which later became [[Hindustan Antibiotics]]. On 14 August 1947, the day before Indian independence, Sokhey was promoted to the local rank of major-general in his role as director of the Haffkine Institute, subsequently retiring from the Indian Army.<ref>{{cite web\|title=The Gazette of India - Extraordinary\|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1947/E-2372-1947-0000-110380.pdf \|page=784 \|access-date=8 September 2021 \|publisher=Government of India }}</ref>

	==World Health Organization and later life==		==World Health Organization and later life==
	In 1949, General Sokhey retired from the directorship of the Haffkine Institute after a 17-year tenure. During a visit to Bombay, [[Brock Chisholm]], the Director-General of the [[World Health Organization]], met Sokhey; impressed by his achievements, he offered Sokhey the post of Assistant Director General (Technical Services) in the WHO, with the responsibility for epidemiology, health statistics and biological standardisation. Sokhey served in this position in Geneva until 1952, when he completed his term and returned to India. In 1952, he was nominated to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of Parliament, retiring a few years later.<ref name=INSA_memoir/> In ~~1953-54~~, Sokhey obtained the assistance of Soviet officials to build a large public-sector pharmaceutical plant in India, today known as [[Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited]] (IDPL).<ref name=INSA_memoir/>		In 1949, General Sokhey retired from the directorship of the Haffkine Institute after a 17-year tenure. During a visit to Bombay, [[Brock Chisholm]], the Director-General of the [[World Health Organization]], met Sokhey; impressed by his achievements, he offered Sokhey the post of Assistant Director General (Technical Services) in the WHO, with the responsibility for epidemiology, health statistics and biological standardisation. Sokhey served in this position in Geneva until 1952, when he completed his term and returned to India. In 1952, he was nominated to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of Parliament, retiring a few years later.<ref name=INSA_memoir/> In 1953–54, Sokhey obtained the assistance of Soviet officials to build a large public-sector pharmaceutical plant in India, today known as [[Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited]] (IDPL).<ref name=INSA_memoir/>

	In his retirement, Sokhey chaired the All-India Peace Council and the Pharmaceutical and Drugs Committee of the CSIR. In 1962, he became a personal advisor to the Director-General of the CSIR, Syed Hussein Zahir, and was appointed an Emeritus Scientist in 1965. He died at his New Delhi residence on 24 October 1971, aged 83.<ref name=INSA_memoir/><ref name="BSE2E">{{cite book\|title=Great Soviet Encyclopedia.\|publisher=Sovetskaya Enciklopediya\|edition=2nd\|pages=vol. 24, p. 366\|year=1953\|location=Moscow\|language=ru\|no-pp=true}}</ref>		In his retirement, Sokhey chaired the All-India Peace Council and the Pharmaceutical and Drugs Committee of the CSIR. In 1962, he became a personal advisor to the Director-General of the CSIR, Syed Hussein Zahir, and was appointed an Emeritus Scientist in 1965. He died at his New Delhi residence on 24 October 1971, aged 83.<ref name=INSA_memoir/><ref name="BSE2E">{{cite book\|title=Great Soviet Encyclopedia.\|publisher=Sovetskaya Enciklopediya\|edition=2nd\|pages=vol. 24, p. 366\|year=1953\|location=Moscow\|language=ru\|no-pp=true}}</ref>
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	==Honours==		==Honours==
	Sokhey was a founding Fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (1935), and of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name=INSA_memoir/> For his achievements as director of the Haffkine Institute, especially in the area of vaccine production and development, Sokhey was knighted in the British [[1946 New Year Honours]] list, and was formally invested with his knighthood by the Viceroy, [[Lord Wavell]], at Viceroy's House (now [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]) in New Delhi on 9 March 1946.<ref name=INSA_memoir/><ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=37407\|page=4\|date=28 December 1945}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=37524\|page=1744\|date=5 April 1946}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Lenin Peace Prize]] by the Soviet government in 1947.<ref name=INSA_memoir/>		Sokhey was a founding Fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (1935), and of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name=INSA_memoir/> For his achievements as director of the Haffkine Institute, especially in the area of vaccine production and development, Sokhey was knighted in the British [[1946 New Year Honours]] list, and was formally invested with his knighthood by the Viceroy, [[Lord Wavell]], at Viceroy's House (now [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]) in New Delhi on 9 March 1946.<ref name=INSA_memoir/><ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=37407\|page=4\|date=28 December 1945}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=37524\|page=1744\|date=5 April 1946}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Lenin Peace Prize\|Stalin Prize]] by the Soviet government in 1947.<ref name=INSA_memoir/>

	==References==		==References==
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	[[Category:World Health Organization officials]]		[[Category:World Health Organization officials]]
	[[Category:Indian biochemists]]		[[Category:Indian biochemists]]
	[[Category:Indian ~~knights~~]]		[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
	[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]		[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
	[[Category:Indian Medical Service officers]]		[[Category:Indian Medical Service officers]]

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2021-11-24T17:22:59Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name =Sir Sahib Singh Sokhey
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1887|12|15|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British Raj]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1971|10|24|1887|12|15|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[New Delhi, India]]
|resting_place =
|residence = [[India]]
|citizenship = British Indian (1887-1947)<br>Indian (1947-1971)
|nationality = Indian
|field = [[Biochemistry]]
|work_institutions = [[Haffkine Institute]]
|alma_mater = [[University of Edinburgh]]
|doctoral_advisor = [[Otto Folin]]
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = Science, war work
|prizes = [[Knighthood]] (1946)<br/>[[Lenin Peace Prize]] (1953)
|module = {{Infobox military person |embed=yes
|branch = [[File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg|23px]] [[British Indian Army]]
|serviceyears = 1913–1947
|rank = [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]]
|unit = [[Indian Medical Service]]<br>[[Indian Army Medical Corps]]
|commands =
|battles = [[First World War]]
*[[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]
[[Second World War]]
|awards =
}}{{Infobox officeholder
|embed = yes
| office = Member of Parliament, [[Rajya Sabha]]
| termstart = 3 April 1952
| termend = 2 April 1956
}}
}}

[[Major-General (United Kingdom)|Major General]] '''Sir Sahib Singh Sokhey''' [[Indian National Science Academy|FNA]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences|FASc]] (15 December 1887 – 24 October 1971) was an Indian biochemist, a [[British Indian Army]] general and a [[military physician]] who was also a nominated member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the Upper House of the [[Indian Parliament]], from 3 April 1952 to 2 April 1956.<ref name=mem/>

==Early life and career==
Sahib Singh Sokhey was born in Amritsar, Punjab on 15 December 1887 to Sardar Jwala Singh Sokhey, a civil engineer who worked on various irrigation projects in the Punjab and in Burma, then part of British India. A brilliant student, he completed his initial studies at the Central Medical School and at [[Government College, Lahore]], taking an honours degree in physics and chemistry from the [[University of the Punjab]] in 1905.<ref name=INSA_memoir/> After a year at the Lahore Medical College (now [[King Edward Medical University]]), he went to the [[University of Edinburgh]] in 1907.<ref name=INSA_memoir>{{cite web|title=Biographical Memoirs of INSA Fellows: Sahib Singh Sokhey 1887-1971|url=http://insaindia.res.in/BM/BM4_7614.pdf |access-date=23 October 2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy }}</ref> At Edinburgh, he completed his [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] degree in 1911, followed by an MA in economics in 1912.<ref name=INSA_memoir/>

In 1913, Sokhey sat the [[Indian Medical Service]] (IMS) examinations, passing first.<ref name=INSA_memoir/> He was commissioned a [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] in the IMS on 26 July 1913.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28754|page=6419|date=9 September 1913}}</ref> During the [[First World War]], he served in France on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], and was promoted to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] on 26 July 1916 (antedated to 1 September 1915).<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29844|page=11745|date=1 December 1916}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30992|page=13007|date=5 November 1918}}</ref> After the war, he served in Mesopotamia until 1921, when he returned to India. He subsequently commanded the Indian Military Hospital at Kolkata for two years.<ref name=INSA_memoir/>

==Medical researcher==
In 1923, he was awarded a Rockefeller Fellowship for post-graduate studies abroad. From 1923 to 1925, he studied [[clinical biochemistry]] under noted American biochemist [[Otto Folin]] at [[Harvard University]], subsequently studying in Toronto under Nobel laureate [[John Macleod (physiologist)|John MacLeod]], a co-discoverer of [[insulin]].<ref name=INSA_memoir/> He was promoted to [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]] on 26 January 1925,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33043|page=2925|date=1 May 1925}}</ref> and completed an MD from Edinburgh the same year, also conducting research on nutrition at Trinity College, Cambridge under the distinguished biochemist and future Nobel laureate [[Frederick Gowland Hopkins]].<ref name=INSA_memoir/>

Following his return to India in mid-1925, Major Sokhey was appointed an assistant director at the [[Haffkine Institute]] in Mumbai on 18 August of that year.<ref name=INSA_memoir/> His earliest research at the Institute involved the biochemistry of [[coeliac disease]], then known as "sprue." In connection with this research, Sokhey conducted clinical studies of the metabolisms of men and women in Mumbai, to compare their metabolisms with those of Europeans.<ref name=INSA_memoir/> In 1926, he established a Biochemistry Department at the Institute, becoming its first Indian director in 1932.<ref name=INSA_memoir/> He was promoted to [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant-colonel]] on 26 January 1933.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33924|page=2043|date=24 March 1933}}</ref> As Director, Colonel Sokhey expanded the scope of the Institute, establishing an Entomology Department (1938), a Serum Department (1940) to manufacture vaccines, antitoxins and snake antivenin, a Chemotherapy Department (1940) to conduct research into sulfa and synthetic pharmaceuticals, a Pharmacology Department (1943) and a Nutrition Department (1944).<ref name=INSA_memoir/>

From 1932 through the Second World War, Sokhey primarily focused on expanding the Institute's vaccine production and development capacity and improving the quality of its various vaccines and antitoxins. Under Sokhey's supervision, the Institute initiated studies on antibiotic therapies for plague, beginning with [[sulfathiazole]] in 1939 and continuing with [[tetracycline]]s and related antibiotics during and after the Second World War.<ref name=INSA_memoir/> In 1943, due to wartime needs, the Indian Medical Service was merged with the Indian Medical Department and the Indian Hospital and Nursing Corps, becoming the [[Indian Army Medical Corps]]. Sokhey was promoted to [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|colonel]] in the newly reorganised service branch on 15 December 1944 (seniority from 26 January 1936).<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=38179|page=441|date=16 January 1948}}</ref>

Towards the end of the war, Sokhey established pilot plants at the Institute to manufacture [[sulfathiazole]], [[paludrine]], [[chloroquine]] and [[penicillin]]. From 1944-1946, he served on the Pharmaceutical and Drug Committee of the government Planning Department. He also served on a committee tasked with establishing the [[National Chemical Laboratory]] and the [[National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)|National Physical Laboratory]]. In 1946, he was among the key individuals involved in establishing a penicillin manufacturing plant, which later became [[Hindustan Antibiotics]]. On 14 August 1947, the day before Indian independence, Sokhey was promoted to the local rank of major-general in his role as director of the Haffkine Institute, subsequently retiring from the Indian Army.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Gazette of India - Extraordinary|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1947/E-2372-1947-0000-110380.pdf |page=784 |access-date=8 September 2021 |publisher=Government of India }}</ref>

==World Health Organization and later life==
In 1949, General Sokhey retired from the directorship of the Haffkine Institute after a 17-year tenure. During a visit to Bombay, [[Brock Chisholm]], the Director-General of the [[World Health Organization]], met Sokhey; impressed by his achievements, he offered Sokhey the post of Assistant Director General (Technical Services) in the WHO, with the responsibility for epidemiology, health statistics and biological standardisation. Sokhey served in this position in Geneva until 1952, when he completed his term and returned to India. In 1952, he was nominated to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of Parliament, retiring a few years later.<ref name=INSA_memoir/> In 1953-54, Sokhey obtained the assistance of Soviet officials to build a large public-sector pharmaceutical plant in India, today known as [[Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited]] (IDPL).<ref name=INSA_memoir/>

In his retirement, Sokhey chaired the All-India Peace Council and the Pharmaceutical and Drugs Committee of the CSIR. In 1962, he became a personal advisor to the Director-General of the CSIR, Syed Hussein Zahir, and was appointed an Emeritus Scientist in 1965. He died at his New Delhi residence on 24 October 1971, aged 83.<ref name=INSA_memoir/><ref name="BSE2E">{{cite book|title=Great Soviet Encyclopedia.|publisher=Sovetskaya Enciklopediya|edition=2nd|pages=vol. 24, p. 366|year=1953|location=Moscow|language=ru|no-pp=true}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sokhey was married to Leila Roy (1899-1947), a famous ''kathak'' dancer known as "[[Madame Menaka]]." Lady Sokhey spent much of her career travelling across India and Europe with her dance troupe. Her death in 1947 left Sokhey a lonely widower. The couple had no children, and Sokhey never remarried.<ref name=INSA_memoir/><ref name=mem>{{cite web|title=Rajya Sabha members - Bibliographic Sketches|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/s.pdf |page=42 |access-date=6 January 2012 |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi }}</ref>

Sokhey was a voracious reader, with a good understanding of classical Indian art. A close friend of Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], he was a convinced leftist with a deep admiration for Communism and the Soviet Union.<ref name=INSA_memoir/>

==Honours==
Sokhey was a founding Fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (1935), and of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name=INSA_memoir/> For his achievements as director of the Haffkine Institute, especially in the area of vaccine production and development, Sokhey was knighted in the British [[1946 New Year Honours]] list, and was formally invested with his knighthood by the Viceroy, [[Lord Wavell]], at Viceroy's House (now [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]) in New Delhi on 9 March 1946.<ref name=INSA_memoir/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37407|page=4|date=28 December 1945}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37524|page=1744|date=5 April 1946}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Lenin Peace Prize]] by the Soviet government in 1947.<ref name=INSA_memoir/>

==References==
<references/>

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sokhey, Sahib Singh}}
[[Category:Lenin Peace Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:World Health Organization officials]]
[[Category:Indian biochemists]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Indian Medical Service officers]]
[[Category:British Indian Army generals]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]