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{{Use American English|date=September 2022}}
{{short description|1943 film by Zoltán Korda}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Sahara
| image = Sahara - 1943 - -poster.png
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| producer = [[Harry Joe Brown]]
| director = [[Zoltán Korda]]
| writer = James O'Hanlon (adaptation)
| screenplay = [[John Howard Lawson]] [[Zoltan Korda]]
| story = [[Philip MacDonald]] (as Philip Macdonald)
| based_on = {{based on|''[[The Thirteen]]'' 1936 Soviet film|[[Mikhail Romm]]}}
| starring = [[Humphrey Bogart]] [[Bruce Bennett]] [[J. Carrol Naish]] [[Lloyd Bridges]]
| music = [[Miklós Rózsa]]
| cinematography = [[Rudolph Maté]]
| editing = [[Charles Nelson (film editor)|Charles Nelson]]
| color_process = [[Black and white]]
| studio = Columbia Pictures
| distributor = [[Columbia Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|1943|11|11}}
| runtime = 98 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
| gross = $2.3 million<ref name="tom">Schatz 1999, p. 218.</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/variety153-1944-01#page/n51/mode/2up "Top Grossers of the Season", ''Variety'', 5 January 1944, p. 54]</ref>
}}

'''''Sahara''''' is a 1943 American [[action film|action]] [[war film]] directed by [[Zoltán Korda]] and starring [[Humphrey Bogart]] as an American tank commander in Libya who, along with a handful of Allied soldiers, tries to defend an isolated well with a limited supply of water from a German Afrika Korps battalion during the [[Western Desert Campaign]] of [[World War II]].

The story is based on the novel ''[[Patrol (novel)|Patrol]]'' by [[Philip MacDonald]],<ref name="NYTimes">[https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=990CE4DD1538E33BBC4A52DFB7678388659EDE THE SCREEN; ' Sahara,' an Exciting Picture of Desert War, With Humphrey Bogart as a Heroic Sergeant, Is New Feature at the Capitol], [[Bosley Crowther]], November 12, 1943, [[The New York Times]].</ref> and an incident depicted in the 1936 [[Cinema of the Soviet Union|Soviet]] film ''[[The Thirteen]]'' by [[Mikhail Romm]]. The adaptation is by [[John Howard Lawson]], who later was a member of the blacklisted [[Hollywood blacklist|Hollywood Ten]]. ''Sahara'' was remade by [[André de Toth]] as a [[Western film|Western]] called ''[[Last of the Comanches]]'' (1953), and three decades later by [[Brian Trenchard-Smith]] as the American-Australian television film ''[[Sahara (1995 film)|Sahara]]'' (1995).<ref>Miller, John H. [http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/88884/Sahara/articles.html "Sahara (1943)."] ''Turner Classic Movies (tcm.com)''. Retrieved: December 17, 2014.</ref>

Critics praised the film for its blend of action, suspense and poignancy. [[J. Carrol Naish]] earned an [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] nomination [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] for his role as an Italian prisoner; [[Rudolph Maté]] was nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography (Black-and-White)]]; and [[John Livadary]] was nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Sound|Best Sound]].<ref name="Oscars1944">[http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1944 "Nominees and Winners: The 16th Academy Awards (1944)."] ''oscars.org''. Retrieved: December 23, 2014.</ref>

==Plot==
In 1942, the crew of ''Lulubelle'', a [[United States Army]] [[M3 Lee]] tank attached to the British [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]] and commanded by [[Master Sergeant]] Joe Gunn, become separated from their unit during a general retreat from German forces after the [[Battle of Gazala#Fall of Tobruk|fall of Tobruk]]. Heading south across the [[Libyan Desert]] to rejoin the rest of their unit, Gunn and his crew, Doyle and "Waco", come across a bombed-out [[field hospital]], where they pick up British Army [[Royal Army Medical Corps|medical officer]] Captain Halliday, four [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] soldiers and [[Free France|Free French]] Corporal Leroux. Halliday, the only officer, cedes command to the more experienced Gunn.

Riding on the tank, the group soon comes upon a [[Sudan Defence Force]] Sergeant Major Tambul and his Italian prisoner, Giuseppe. Tambul volunteers to lead them to a well at Hassan Barani. Gunn insists that they leave the Italian behind, but, after driving a few hundred feet, Gunn relents and lets Giuseppe join them.

En route, [[Luftwaffe]] pilot Captain von Schletow strafes the tank, seriously wounding Clarkson, one of the British soldiers. The German fighter aircraft is shot down and von Schletow is captured. Arriving at Hassan Barani, the group finds the well is dry, and Clarkson succumbs to his wounds.

Tambul guides them to another desert well at Bir Acroma, but it provides only a trickle of water. While the group collect as much water as they can, German scouts arrive in a [[half-track]]. Gunn captures two of them and learns that a German mechanized battalion, desperate for water, is following close behind. Gunn persuades his men to make a stand to delay the Germans while Waco takes the half-track for reinforcements. Gunn releases the German soldiers to carry back an offer to their commander to swap food for water, giving the false impression there is plenty of water.

When the German battalion arrives, a battle of wills begins between Gunn and the German commander, Major von Falken. By now the well has run dry, but Gunn keeps up the pretense and changes his offer to swap water for guns to buy time. The Germans reject the terms and mount several frontal attacks, which take a toll on the defenders.

During one attack, von Schletow stabs Giuseppe when the Italian denounces fascism and refuses to help him escape. Before he dies, Giuseppe manages to warn Gunn. Tambul chases von Schletow down and kills him before he can tell the Germans the truth about the well, but Tambul is shot dead. After a second parley between Leroux and von Falken ends in another stalemate, von Falken has his men shoot Leroux in the back as the Frenchman returns to his own side. Gunn and his men return fire, killing von Falken.

The Germans begin what appears to be a final assault, but turns into a full-blown surrender. They drop their weapons and claw across the sand towards the well. To Gunn's shock, a German shell that exploded near the well has tapped into a source of water, filling the well. While the surviving Germans drink, Gunn and Bates, the only Allied survivors, disarm them. Later, as they march their prisoners east, Gunn and Bates are met by Allied troops guided by Waco. They receive news of the Allied victory at the [[First Battle of El Alamein]], turning back Rommel's [[Afrika Korps]].

==Cast==
* [[Humphrey Bogart]] as M/Sgt. Joe Gunn
* [[Bruce Bennett]] as Waco Hoyt
* [[J. Carrol Naish]] as Giuseppe
* [[Lloyd Bridges]] as Fred Clarkson
* [[Rex Ingram (actor)|Rex Ingram]] as Sgt. Major Tambul
* [[Richard Aherne]] as Capt. Jason Halliday (as Richard Nugent)
* [[Dan Duryea]] as Jimmy Doyle
* [[Carl Harbord]] as Marty Williams
* [[Patrick O'Moore]] as Osmond "Ozzie" Bates
* Louis Mercier as Jean Leroux, "Frenchie" (as Louis T. Mercier)
* Guy Kingsford as Peter Stegman
* [[Kurt Kreuger]] as Captain von Schletow (as Kurt Krueger)
* [[John Wengraf]] as Major Hans Von Falken

==Production==
The lead role was initially offered to Gary Cooper, Glenn Ford and Brian Donlevy before Bogart.<ref name="ReferenceA">Niemi, Robert. "One Hundred Great War Movies." ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-4408-3386-1}}</ref> According to Hedda Hopper, Donlevy's wife, Marjorie Lane, was expecting a baby and he did not want to be stuck on location.<ref>Hopper, Hedda. "Looking at Hollywood." ''Chicago Daily Tribune.'' January 19, 1943: 14</ref> (A daughter, Judy, was born on February 20.) ''Variety,'' however, reported that Donlevy was tired of making war films and Bogart was weary of gangster roles, so the actors swapped assignments; Donlevy stepped into [[Once Upon a Time (1944 film)|''My Friend Curley'']] (though he was replaced by [[Cary Grant]]) and Bogart took ''Somewhere in the Sahara'' (the film's working title).<ref>''Variety'' January 20, 1943 : 4.</ref>

Production began on January 29, 1943, and wrapped up on April 17. The cast and crew spent eleven weeks on location in the [[Imperial County, California|Imperial County]], California, portion of the [[Anza-Borrego Desert State Park]] near the [[Salton Sea]]. Their base was at the Planter's Hotel in [[Brawley, California]], about {{convert|50|mi|abbr=on}} east of the location.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Soldiers and equipment of the United States [[4th Armored Division (United States)|4th Armored Division]], then training at the [[Desert Training Center]], were used as [[extra (acting)|extras]].<ref name="Koyen">Koyen, Kenneth. [http://www.evesmag.com/bogart.htm "War in the Sahara, Bogart Style."] ''Eve's Magazine'', 2001. Retrieved: December 17, 2014.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The film's dedication is to the "[[XX Corps (United States)|IV Armored Corps]] of the [[Army Ground Forces]]", the training organization to which the 4th Armored Division was attached in early 1943. In addition to equipment, the division's reconnaissance unit, the 84th Reconnaissance Battalion (Armored), supplied 100 enlisted men as extras to portray German soldiers.<ref name="Koyen"/>|group=Note}} The soldiers were billeted in tents at the location.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The American tank, nicknamed "Lulubelle," was a 28-ton (25.4 t) medium tank with 30 and 50 caliber machine guns and a 75 millimeter cannon. The tank required 100 octane fuel. Because no German equipment was available for the production, U.S. equipment was substituted and dressed with German markings. The aircraft that attacks the tank was an early [[Allison V-1710|Allison]]-powered [[North American P-51 Mustang|P-51 Mustang]]. The German [[Sd.Kfz. 251|Sdkf-251]] half-track and [[MG-34]] machine guns were an American [[M2 half-track car|M2]] with a M49 ring mounted with a [[Vickers machine gun|Vickers medium machine gun]].

In 1992, [[Kurt Kreuger]] was quoted by the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' on the emotions inherent in making the film, in which he portrayed a stereotypical [[Nazi]]:
<blockquote>
I was running across the dunes when Tambul jumped on top of me and pressed my head into the sand to suffocate me. Only Zoltán forgot to yell cut, and Ingram was so emotionally caught up in the scene that he kept pressing my face harder and harder.

Finally, I went unconscious. Nobody knew this. Even the crew was transfixed, watching this dramatic 'killing.' If Zoltán hadn't finally said cut, as an afterthought, it would have been all over for me.<ref>Bernstein, Adam. [http://www.nysun.com/article/36500?page_no=2 "Kurt Kreuger, 89, actor portrayed Nazis (obituary)."] ''[[The Washington Post]]'', July 21, 2006. Retrieved: December 23, 2014.</ref>
</blockquote>

The production was beset by the usual difficulties on a desert location: sunburn, sandstorms, and heat. Korda had 2,000 tons of sand hauled onto the set to cover an area of hard-packed soil. Ripples and swirls in the sand were enhanced by painting the sand and then blowing it with a wind machine. Similarly, shadows were spray-painted on the hills to make them stand out.<ref name="ReferenceB">"Location Diary." ''Chicago Daily Tribune'' June 20, 1943: C3.</ref> Makeup artist Henry Pringle devised a technique to imitate facial perspiration by coating the actors' faces with vaseline and then spraying them with water.<ref>''Look.'' November 16, 1943.</ref> Bogart's third wife, [[Mayo Methot]], the only woman on location, reportedly brought him lunch every day from Brawley. Some of the cast went to nearby [[Mexicali]] for dinners.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> No women appear in the film.<ref name="ReferenceC">''Daily Boston Globe.'' November 5, 1943: 31.</ref>

==Historical background==
Bogart's character makes reference to events that occurred in May–June 1942. The British had received many American [[M3 Lee|M3 tanks]] (the tank seen in the film), and a small group of American advisors and crews trained them in the use of the equipment.

The British were routed at the [[Battle of Gazala]], an important battle of the [[Western Desert Campaign]], fought around the port of [[Tobruk]]. As shown in ''Sahara'', many of their tanks were damaged and had to be abandoned due to the 8th Army's retreat. General [[Erwin Rommel|Rommel]] pursued them into Egypt. The British were finally able to check Rommel's advance at the [[First Battle of El Alamein]]. The two Allied survivors learn of this victory at the end of the film.<ref>Barr 2005, p. 39.</ref>

==Reception==
Reviews of ''Sahara'' generally were positive, with ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' noting, "Script [adapted by James O'Hanlon from a story by Philip MacDonald] is packed with pithy dialog, lusty action and suspense, and logically and well-devised situations avoiding ultra-theatrics throughout. It's an all-male cast, but absence of romance is not missed in the rapid-fire unfolding of vivid melodrama."<ref>[https://variety.com/1942/film/reviews/sahara-1200414045/ "Review: Sahara".] ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', December 31, 1942.</ref>

Critic Nelson B. Bell, in ''The Washington Post'', called it "one of the best-balanced of the starker war pictures ... that by turns is tortured, compassionate, thrilling and always of engrossing interest."<ref>"'Sahara', at the Earle, Is Grim But Gripping Drama." ''The Washington Post.'' October 23, 1943; p.6</ref>

The ''Boston Globe'' called the film "brilliantly acted ... 'Sahara' doesn't spare the punches–they hit you in the face emotionally and it is literally impossible to sit unmoved through this vivid story. There isn't a smidgen of love interest in the picture and not a woman in the cast. This is war. There are deaths and tragedies—but there's a final ironic triumph, too. Sergt. Gunn holds the power of life or death over an Italian prisoner, and when J. Carroll Naish pleads for his life, the scene is one of the most poignant of the year's film moments."<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

[[Bosley Crowther]] in his review for ''[[The New York Times]]'' concentrated on the star-power of Bogart. "Those rugged, indomitable qualities which Humphrey Bogart has so masterfully displayed in most of his recent pictures—and even before, in his better gangster roles—have been doubled and concentrated in 'Sahara,' a Columbia film about warfare in the Libyan desert, which came to the Capitol yesterday. And a capital picture it is, too—as rugged as Mr. Bogart all the way and in a class with that memorable picture which it plainly resembles, ''[[The Lost Patrol (1934 film)|The Lost Patrol]]''."<ref>Crowther, Bosley. [https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=990CE4DD1538E33BBC4A52DFB7678388659EDE "Sahara (1943); The screen: ' Sahara,' an exciting picture of desert war, with Humphrey Bogart as a heroic sergeant, is new feature at the Capitol."] ''The New York Times'', November 12, 1943.</ref>

''New York Herald Tribune'' critic Otis L. Guernsey Jr. praised Bogart's understated style, calling it "exactly what is needed in war melodramas, which have too often been overstated to the point of ridicule. It has been used to best advantage in this instance. It is good to see a portrayal of an American soldier who looks on the war with a certain amount of distaste, but who faces both death and good fortune with persistent courage and realistic calm." Korda's direction was also called "excellent ... The action and pictorial footage is more important than the dialogue ..."<ref>Guernsey, Otis L, Jr. ''New York Herald Tribune'' November 12, 1943: 14.</ref>

''Sahara'' earned three [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] nominations: [[Academy Award for Best Sound|Best Sound]] ([[John Livadary]]), [[Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography (Black-and-White)]] ([[Rudolph Maté]]), and [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] by [[J. Carrol Naish]] for his role as an Italian prisoner.<ref name="Oscars1944"/>

==In other media==
In 1995 [[Jim Belushi]] starred in the Bogart role in a TV remake also titled [[Sahara (1995 film)|''Sahara'']].

The tank commanded by Sgt. Tree ([[Dan Aykroyd]]) in director [[Steven Spielberg]]'s World War II comedy film ''[[1941 (film)|1941]]'' is named "Lulubelle" as a homage to ''Sahara''.

==See also==
* [[List of American films of 1943]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Barr, Niell. ''Pendulum of War: The Three Battles of El Alamein''. Woodstock, New York: Overlook Press, 2005. {{ISBN|978-1-58567-738-2}}.
* Evans, Alun. ''Brassey's Guide to War Films''. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books, 2000. {{ISBN|1-57488-263-5}}.
* Schatz, Thomas. ''Boom and Bust: American Cinema in the 1940s''. Oakland, California: University of California Press, 1999. {{ISBN|978-0-52022-130-7}}.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Sahara (1943 American film)}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{AllMovie title}}
* {{TCMDb title}}
* {{AFI film}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{Mojo title}}
* [http://www.evesmag.com/bogart.htm "War in the Sahara, Bogart-style", from ''Eve's Magazine'']

{{Zoltan Korda}}

[[Category:1943 films]]
[[Category:1943 war films]]
[[Category:American war films]]
[[Category:American black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films about armoured warfare]]
[[Category:Films directed by Zoltán Korda]]
[[Category:Films set in Libya]]
[[Category:Films shot in California]]
[[Category:North African campaign films]]
[[Category:World War II films made in wartime]]
[[Category:Films scored by Miklós Rózsa]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Sidney Buchman]]
[[Category:Films based on Patrol]]
[[Category:Siege films]]
[[Category:1940s English-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in the Sahara]]

Sahara (1943 American film) - Revision history

Aryakin2021 at 00:25, 8 March 2026

Bot: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.