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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sahar
| other_name = Sahār
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Sahar block map.png
| map_caption = Map of Sahar block
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.24877|N|84.62535|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="Geonames">{{Cite web|url=https://www.geonames.org/1257813/sahar.html|title=Geonames.org. ''Sahār''|accessdate=2 April 2020}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhojpur District, Bihar|Bhojpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 120.74
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5674<ref name="Census 2011"></ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 802208<ref name="Geonames"></ref>
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sahār''' is a village and [[community development block]] in [[Bhojpur district, Bihar|Bhojpur district]] of [[Bihar]], India. The sub-district contains 51 inhabited villages, including that of Sahar itself, with a total district population of 110,276 as of 2011. The village of Sahar has a population of 5,674, in 931 households.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Bihar District Census Handbook – Bhojpur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=27–35, 42, 46–47, 51–55, 59–61, 63, 71–84, 90, 92, 94, 185–186, 708–731, 752 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/BiharA.html |website=Census 2011 India|accessdate=1 April 2020}}</ref> Sahar was a major center of conflict during the wider [[Naxalite]] insurgency in Bhojpur in the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s.<ref name="Agrarian Movements"></ref><ref name="Peasant Revolt"></ref>

== Geography ==
The sub-district of Sahar lies in the southeastern part of Bhojpur, on the [[Arrah]] plains. It is bordered by the sub-districts of [[Tarari]] to the west, [[Charpokhari]] to the northwest, and [[Agiaon]] to the northeast. On the southern and eastern sides of the district, the [[Son River]] forms the border with [[Arwal district]]. The village of Sahar itself lies on the north bank of the Son.<ref name="Census 2011"></ref>

=== Climate ===
Sahar has a [[Köppen climate classification]] of Cwa, indicating a [[Köppen climate classification#Cwa: Dry-winter humid subtropical climate|dry-winter humid subtropical climate]]. The average rainfall in Sahar is {{convert|983|mm|2|abbr=on}} per year.<ref name="Climate data">{{cite web |title=Sahar Climate |url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/bihar/sahar-174630/ |website=Climate-Data.org |accessdate=2 April 2020}}</ref> January is the coldest month of the year. In mid-March, increased wind and occasional [[dust storms]] mark the beginning of summer, and temperatures rise, reaching their peak in May. In late June, the [[monsoon]] rains arrive, marking the end of summer and the beginning of the rainy season, which lasts through September. Although temperatures fall during these months, the accompanying rise in [[humidity]] often makes the heat feel more unpleasant than the raw temperature would otherwise suggest. By mid-October, after the end of the rainy season, a cool and pleasant winter begins, and temperatures continue to drop until the end of the calendar year.<ref name="Census 2011"></ref>

{{Weather box|location = Sahar
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y

|Jan high C = 23.8
|Feb high C = 27
|Mar high C = 33.5
|Apr high C = 37.2
|May high C = 40.7
|Jun high C = 38
|Jul high C = 33.4
|Aug high C = 32.2
|Sep high C = 32.3
|Oct high C = 32
|Nov high C = 28.9
|Dec high C = 25.2

|Jan low C = 11.1
|Feb low C = 13.7
|Mar low C = 18.7
|Apr low C = 23.8
|May low C = 27.1
|Jun low C = 27.7
|Jul low C = 26.5
|Aug low C = 26.3
|Sep low C = 25.8
|Oct low C = 22.4
|Nov low C = 15.5
|Dec low C = 11.6

|Jan precipitation mm = 19
|Feb precipitation mm = 5
|Mar precipitation mm = 7
|Apr precipitation mm = 3
|May precipitation mm = 11
|Jun precipitation mm = 104
|Jul precipitation mm = 286
|Aug precipitation mm = 287
|Sep precipitation mm = 207
|Oct precipitation mm = 48
|Nov precipitation mm = 5
|Dec precipitation mm = 1
|year precipitation mm= 983

|source = {{url|climate-data.org}}
|date=2 April 2020}}

== History ==

In the 1960s, as part of the broader [[Green Revolution]] the [[Intensive Area Development Project]] targeted Bhojpur district, and particularly the [[Son Canal]], for agricultural development. Sahar, called "the model block of Bhojpur" by [[Kalyan Mukherjee]] and [[Rajendra Singh Yadav]], benefited greatly from this development.<ref name="Agrarian Movements"></ref> Peasants came to own [[tractors]], and [[literacy rates]] markedly increased. A saying of Sahar peasants at the time illustrates the improvement in standard of living at the time: ''"Sahar [[Haryana]] ban gaya hai. Yaha koi admi bhook se naha marta."'' (In English, "Sahar has become [[Haryana]]. No one dies of hunger here.")<ref name="Peasant Revolt"></ref>

However, continuing [[caste in India|caste]]-based tensions continued, causing significant unrest among lower-caste members. Corrupt upper-caste [[Bhumihar]] landlords would coerce lower-caste women who worked their lands into having sex with them; they also paid insufficient wages to their workers. These grievances led many peasants to gravitate towards [[socialism]] and particularly [[Naxalism]].<ref name="Agrarian Movements"></ref>

Although the grievances of the rural lower castes in Bhojpur were longstanding, the direct catalyst of the [[Bhojpur insurgency]] came during the [[1967 Indian general election]], when the [[Socialist Party (India)|Socialist]] politician [[Jagdish Mahto]] was attacked by upper-caste landlords in the village of [[Ekwari]], in Sahar block.<ref name="Peasant Revolt"></ref> In the following years, Sahar block became a hotbed of conflict.<ref name="Peasant Revolt"></ref><ref name="Agrarian Movements"></ref> In 1970, the government of Bihar reported 26 murders and 9 [[dacoity|dacoities]] that had been committed by Naxalites in the state, and in response strengthened the powers of the police department to deal with the Naxalites. However, the [[Naxalbari uprising]] in 1967 had drawn public attention away from the unrest in Bhojpur, so the district in particular was mostly ignored until 1973.<ref name="Agrarian Movements"></ref>

On 6 May 1973, a violent clash broke out between police and local peasants at the village of [[Chauri]], in Sahar block. An armed police posse arrived during the morning to arrest people suspected of stealing grain from a visiting trader. After encountering resistance from groups of farm workers, who declared that they would not allow any searches or arrests on their property, the police opened fire. Four villagers were killed, and nineteen of the policemen were injured. 36 people were arrested.<ref name="Agrarian Movements"></ref>

The Chauri incident drew media attention to the Naxalite movement in Bhojpur for the first time.<ref name="Peasant Revolt">{{cite journal | title=Peasant Revolt in Bhojpur | author=Kalyan Mukherjee | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | volume= 14 | issue=36 | pages=1536–1538|jstor = 4367921|year = 1979}}</ref><ref name="Agrarian Movements"></ref>

1975 was the bloodiest year of the Bhojpur insurgency. In Sahar, there were violent encounters at the villages of Dullamchak on 14 April, Bahuara on 2 July, and Bahubandh on 28 November. In 1977, landlords in the Sahar village of Gurpa killed several [[Harijans]], accusing them of being Naxalites.<ref name="Agrarian Movements"></ref>

In late 1977 and early 1978, members of the Bhojpur chapter of the [[Sangharsh Vahini]] visited three villages (Dullamchak, Bansidehri, and Bargaon) in Sahar block. They later published a report on their findings, and included a list of proposed reforms for the district's peasants:. The items included distribution of ''gairmazarua'' (common) land among landless peasants, distribution of surplus land according to the [[Ceilings Act]], peaceful resolution of wage disputes, establishment of local industries to supplement incomes for agricultural labourers, lifting of restrictions preventing Harijans from entering temples, and the removal of [[thanas]] and police camps from the villages.<ref name="Agrarian Movements"></ref>

Also in 1978, [[Karpoori Thakur]], then [[Chief Minister of Bihar]], assembled a four-man committee to investigate the Naxalite movement in Sahar. Results were published in August of that year. The report noted a recalcitrant mood in the surveyed villages of Karbasin and Korandehri and concluded that the movement consisted of lower-caste members retaliating against upper-caste ones for years of exploitation and injustice.<ref name="Agrarian Movements">{{cite book |last1=Das |first1=Arvind N. |title=Agrarian Movements in India: Studies on 20th Century Bihar |date=1982 |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. |location=London |pages=119–146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHt0DwAAQBAJ&dq |accessdate=2 April 2020}}</ref>

In November and December 1978, there were attacks on members of the [[Ahir]] community who were seen as collaborators with [[Bhumihar]] and [[Rajput]] landlords in the village of [[Newada]], in Sahar block. Indian intelligence personnel viewed this as an important indicator of the class-based nature of the unrest in Bhojpur at the time.<ref name="Peasant Revolt"></ref>

== Demographics ==
=== Sub-district ===
In 2001, the population of Sahar block was 99,585; this increased to 110,276 in 2011, an increase of 10.7%. This percent increase was the lowest among sub-districts in Bhojpur district during this period. In both Census years, Sahar was classified as an entirely rural sub-district, with no urban centers. The largest village was [[Ekwari]], with a population of 11,561.<ref name="Census 2011"></ref>

The [[sex ratio]] of Sahar block in 2011 was 966 females to every 1000 males. This was the most even ratio among all sub-districts in Bhojpur (the average ratio was 907). Among the 0–6 age group, the sex ratio was slightly higher, at 971 females for every 1000 males; this ratio was also the highest among Bhojpur's sub-districts, where the average was 918.<ref name="Census 2011"></ref>

In 2011, 22,826 people, or 20.7% of the sub-district's population, belonged to [[scheduled castes]] in Sahar block. This was slightly higher than the average of 15.59% in all of Bhojpur district. There were only 75 members of [[scheduled tribes]] in the block, or 0.07% of the population, which was slightly lower than the 0.51% in all of Bhojpur district.<ref name="Census 2011"></ref>

In 2011, the total [[literacy rate]] of Sahar block was 67.09%, which was slightly below the Bhojpur district average of 69.16%. In the block, 79.77% of men and 53.95% of women could read and write. The gender gap in literacy was 25.82%, which was about average for the district as a whole.<ref name="Census 2011"></ref>

The primary means of employment for Sahar block's workers in 2011 was agriculture, with over 80% of the population engaged in some form of agricultural work. 29.03% of workers were cultivators who owned or leased their own land, and 52.39% were agricultural labourers who worked someone else's land for wages. Both percentages were somewhat higher than the averages for all of Bhojpur district (23% and 44%, respectively). Household industry workers constituted 3.32% of Sahar block's workforce, and all other workers made up the remaining 15.26%.<ref name="Census 2011"></ref>

86.0% of the total land area in Sahar block was under cultivation in 2011. Of the land under cultivation, 93.53% was [[Irrigation in India|irrigated]], which was the highest percentage in Bhojpur district.<ref name="Census 2011"></ref>

Of the 51 inhabited villages in Sahar sub-district in 2011, all had access to clean [[drinking water]], and 47 had schools. 14 had medical facilities, 17 had [[post offices]], 9 had telephone access, 18 had transport communications (bus, rail, or navigable waterways), 8 had banks, 21 had [[Indian vernacular architecture#Pukka|pucca roads]], and 3 had [[National Grid (India)|electrical power]]. Only one village, that of Sahar, had an [[agricultural credit society]]. Sahar block had the lowest proportion of villages with telephone service (17.65%) among sub-districts of Bhojpur (where the average was 54.76%). The proportion of villages with pucca roads, 41.18%, was also the lowest in Bhojpur, where the average was 70.61%. The proportion of villages with electricity was 5.88% in Sahar block, which was the second-lowest among sub-districts in Bhojpur, where the average was 42.13%; only [[Agiaon]] had a lower proportion of villages with electricity. Additionally, only two villages (Ekwari and Fatehpur) had Internet access in Sahar block in 2011.<ref name="Census 2011"></ref>

=== Village of Sahar ===
The village of Sahar covered an area of 355 [[hectares]] and had a population of 5,674 in 2011. It had one each of a [[pre-primary school]], primary school, middle school, secondary school, and [[senior secondary school]], but did not have any form of [[post-secondary school]]. There was one [[community healthcare centre]] in the village, and two practitioners of traditional medicine. The village had access to [[tap water]], but did not have [[public toilets]]. There was a post office. The village had bus service and use of [[automobiles]] and [[tractors]], as well as a river ferry service, but no railway station. The town had pucca roads, which were not connected to [[National highways in India|national highways]], although they were connected to [[State highways in India|state highways]]. Sahar had a bank with an [[Automated teller machine|ATM]], as well as the only agricultural credit society in the sub-district. There was a mandi, or regular market open daily, as well as a weekly [[haat]] market. The village had newspaper distribution but it did not have a [[public library]] or any sort of electricity.<ref name="Census 2011"></ref>

== Villages ==
The sub-district of Sahar contains 51 inhabited villages and 5 uninhabited ones, for a total of 56 villages:<ref name="Census 2011"></ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! Village name
! Total land area (hectares)
! Population (in 2011)
|-
| Abgilla || 277 || 2,845
|-
| Amruhan || 378 || 3,227
|-
| Andhari || 252 || 3,140
|-
| Andhari Mahazi || 242 || 0
|-
| Anuwa || 200 || 1,884
|-
| Athpa || 155 || 1,112
|-
| Bagaunti || 117 || 916
|-
| Bahuara || 144 || 1,605
|-
| Bajrean || 253 || 2,160
|-
| Bansi Dehri || 175 || 1,472
|-
| [[Baruhi]] || 753 || 7,021
|-
| Bhopatpur || 17 || 52
|-
| Bishunpura || 83 || 450
|-
| Chak Chaudhari || 402 || 2,309
|-
| [[Chauri, Bihar|Chauri]] || 314 || 2,228
|-
| [[Chhaterpura|Chhatarpura]] || 85 || 1,524
|-
| Dehri || 226 || 2,452
|-
| Dhanchhuhan || 434 || 3,885
|-
| Dharampur || 185 || 1,013
|-
| Dhauri || 61 || 1,724
|-
| Dhauri Chak || 162 || 0
|-
| [[Ekwari]] || 1,275 || 11,561
|-
| Fatehpur || 511 || 1,859
|-
| Gulzarpur || 411 || 3,806
|-
| Harpur || 32 || 714
|-
| Hatimganj || 58 || 717
|-
| Inurkhi || 218 || 2,492
|-
| Jagdish Chak || 34 || 0
|-
| Janaidih || 25 || 468
|-
| Janpuria || 176 || 1,287
|-
| Jot Gobind || 25 || 0
|-
| Kanpahari || 98 || 572
|-
| Karbasin || 284 || 1,977
|-
| [[Kaul Dehri]] || 312 || 5,470
|-
| Khaira || 244 || 1,827
|-
| Kharaon Buzurg || 325 || 2,613
|-
| Kharaon Chaturbhuj || 562 || 2,521
|-
| Koni || 90 || 597
|-
| Koriar || 104 || 783
|-
| Kunrwa || 77 || 463
|-
| Kusiar || 256 || 3,007
|-
| Lodipur || 230 || 784
|-
| Mahabirganj || 51 || 457
|-
| Mathurapur || 208 || 1,328
|-
| [[Newada]] || 158 || 2,005
|-
| Nima || 76 || 569
|-
| Ojhaulia || 96 || 1,030
|-
| Patarpura || 86 || 1,000
|-
| Patrihan || 84 || 1,570
|-
| [[Perhap]] || 520 || 5,285
|-
| Peur || 203 || 2,080
|-
| Peur Chak || 189 || 0
|-
| Purhara || 214 || 1,801
|-
| '''Sahar''' (capital) || 355 || 5,674
|-
| Sakhuana || 34 || 888
|-
| Shiw Chak || 81 || 2,105
|-
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://mapcarta.com/N245731103 Map of the village of Sahar]

[[Category:Villages in Bhojpur district, India]]

Sahar, Bihar - Revision history

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