Sagala - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 02:02, 4 May 2022
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	[[File:Maurya Empire, c.250 BCE 2.png\|thumb\|Sagala in the [[Maurya Empire]] under [[Ashoka the Great]] (c. 250 B.C.)]]		[[File:Maurya Empire, c.250 BCE 2.png\|thumb\|Sagala in the [[Maurya Empire]] under [[Ashoka the Great]] (c. 250 B.C.)]]
	'''Sagala''', '''Sakala''' ({{lang-sa\|~~साकला~~}}), or '''Sangala''' ({{lang-grc\|Σάγγαλα}}) was a city in [[ancient India]],<ref name="Rapson1960">{{cite book \|last1=Rapson \|first1=Edward James \|title=Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to the First Century A. D. \|date=1960 \|publisher=Susil Gupta \|page=88 \|language=English\|quote=Sakala, the modern Sialkot in the Lahore Division of the Punjab, was the capital of the Madras who are known in the later Vedic period (Brihadaranyaka Upanishad).}}</ref><ref name="Kumar2000">{{cite book \|last1=Kumar \|first1=Rakesh \|title=Ancient India and World \|date=2000 \|publisher=Classical Publishing Company \|page=68 \|language=English}}</ref> which was the predecessor of the modern city of [[Sialkot]] that is located in what is now [[Pakistan]]'s northern [[Punjab (Pakistan)\|Punjab]] province.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=McEvilley\|first1=Thomas\|title=The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies\|date=2012\|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing\|isbn=9781581159332\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbjelOMYyN8C&q=sagala+sialkot&pg=PT568\|accessdate=2 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aabFPHxRPUC&q=sagala+location&pg=PA324\|title=The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India\|last=Cohen\|first=Getzel M.\|date=2013-06-02\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=9780520953567\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-w0DwAAQBAJ&q=sagala+sialkot+-kenya&pg=PA260\|title=Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Contact and Exchange between the Graeco-Roman World, Inner Asia and China\|last1=Kim\|first1=Hyun Jin\|last2=Vervaet\|first2=Frederik Juliaan\|last3=Adali\|first3=Selim Ferruh\|date=2017-10-05\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=9781107190412\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzdWAAAAYAAJ&q=sagala+sialkot+-kenya\|title=Proceedings, Indian History Congress\|last=Congress\|first=Indian History\|date=2007\|language=en}}</ref> The city was the capital of the [[Madra Kingdom]] and it was razed in 326 BC during the [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great]].<ref name="Prasad1977">{{cite book \|last1=Prasad \|first1=Prakash Charan \|title=Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India \|date=1977 \|publisher=Abhinav Publications \|isbn=9788170170532 \|language=English}}</ref> In the 2nd century BC, Sagala was made capital of the [[Indo-Greek]] kingdom by [[Menander I]]. Menander embraced Buddhism after extensive debating with a Buddhist monk, as recorded in the Buddhist text ''[[Milinda Panha]]''.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=McEvilley\|first1=Thomas\|title=The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies\|date=2012\|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing\|isbn=9781581159332\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbjelOMYyN8C&q=sagala+sialkot&pg=PT568\|accessdate=2 June 2017}}</ref> Sagala became a major centre for Buddhism under his reign, and prospered as a major trading centre.<ref name="Srivastava1968">{{cite book \|last1=Srivastava \|first1=Balram \|title=Trade and commerce in ancient India, from the earliest times to c. A.D. 300 \|date=1968 \|publisher=Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office \|page=67 \|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1=Khan\|first1=Ahmad Nabi\|title=Iqbal Manzil, Sialkot: An Introduction\|date=1977\|publisher=Department of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Pakistan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfAJAQAAIAAJ&q=sagala+sialkot\|accessdate=3 June 2017}}</ref>		'''Sagala''', '''Sakala''', '''Shakala''' ({{lang-sa\|शाकल}}), or '''Sangala''' ({{lang-grc\|Σάγγαλα}}) was a city in [[ancient India]],<ref name="Rapson1960">{{cite book \|last1=Rapson \|first1=Edward James \|title=Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to the First Century A. D. \|date=1960 \|publisher=Susil Gupta \|page=88 \|language=English\|quote=Sakala, the modern Sialkot in the Lahore Division of the Punjab, was the capital of the Madras who are known in the later Vedic period (Brihadaranyaka Upanishad).}}</ref><ref name="Kumar2000">{{cite book \|last1=Kumar \|first1=Rakesh \|title=Ancient India and World \|date=2000 \|publisher=Classical Publishing Company \|page=68 \|language=English}}</ref> which was the predecessor of the modern city of [[Sialkot]] that is located in what is now [[Pakistan]]'s northern [[Punjab (Pakistan)\|Punjab]] province.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=McEvilley\|first1=Thomas\|title=The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies\|date=2012\|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing\|isbn=9781581159332\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbjelOMYyN8C&q=sagala+sialkot&pg=PT568\|accessdate=2 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aabFPHxRPUC&q=sagala+location&pg=PA324\|title=The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India\|last=Cohen\|first=Getzel M.\|date=2013-06-02\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=9780520953567\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-w0DwAAQBAJ&q=sagala+sialkot+-kenya&pg=PA260\|title=Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Contact and Exchange between the Graeco-Roman World, Inner Asia and China\|last1=Kim\|first1=Hyun Jin\|last2=Vervaet\|first2=Frederik Juliaan\|last3=Adali\|first3=Selim Ferruh\|date=2017-10-05\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=9781107190412\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzdWAAAAYAAJ&q=sagala+sialkot+-kenya\|title=Proceedings, Indian History Congress\|last=Congress\|first=Indian History\|date=2007\|language=en}}</ref> The city was the capital of the [[Madra Kingdom]] and it was razed in 326 BC during the [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great]].<ref name="Prasad1977">{{cite book \|last1=Prasad \|first1=Prakash Charan \|title=Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India \|date=1977 \|publisher=Abhinav Publications \|isbn=9788170170532 \|language=English}}</ref> In the 2nd century BC, Sagala was made capital of the [[Indo-Greek]] kingdom by [[Menander I]]. Menander embraced Buddhism after extensive debating with a Buddhist monk, as recorded in the Buddhist text ''[[Milinda Panha]]''.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=McEvilley\|first1=Thomas\|title=The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies\|date=2012\|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing\|isbn=9781581159332\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbjelOMYyN8C&q=sagala+sialkot&pg=PT568\|accessdate=2 June 2017}}</ref> Sagala became a major centre for Buddhism under his reign, and prospered as a major trading centre.<ref name="Srivastava1968">{{cite book \|last1=Srivastava \|first1=Balram \|title=Trade and commerce in ancient India, from the earliest times to c. A.D. 300 \|date=1968 \|publisher=Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office \|page=67 \|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1=Khan\|first1=Ahmad Nabi\|title=Iqbal Manzil, Sialkot: An Introduction\|date=1977\|publisher=Department of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Pakistan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfAJAQAAIAAJ&q=sagala+sialkot\|accessdate=3 June 2017}}</ref>

	==Mahabharata==		==Mahabharata==
	Sagala is likely the city of '''Sakala''' ({{lang-sa\|~~साकला~~}}) mentioned in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', a Sanskrit epic of ancient India, as occupying a similar area as Greek accounts of Sagala.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ\|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ/page/n228 197]\|quote=sangala rebuilt.\|title=Ariana Antiqua: A Descriptive Account of the Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan\|last1=Wilson\|first1=Horace Hayman\|last2=Masson\|first2=Charles\|date=1841\|publisher=East India Company\|language=en}}</ref> The city may have been inhabited by the ''[[Saka]]'', or [[Scythians]], from [[Central Asia]] who had migrated into the Subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_lWAAAAMAAJ&q=saka\|title=Journal\|last=Society\|first=Panjab University Arabic and Persian\|date=1964\|language=en}}</ref> The region was noted in the ''Mahabharata'' for the "loose and Bacchanalian" women who lived in the woods there.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ\|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ/page/n227 196]\|quote=sangala rebuilt.\|title=Ariana Antiqua: A Descriptive Account of the Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan\|last1=Wilson\|first1=Horace Hayman\|last2=Masson\|first2=Charles\|date=1841\|publisher=East India Company}}</ref> The city was said to have been located in the ''Sakaladvipa'' region between the [[Chenab River\|Chenab]] and [[Ravi River\|Ravi]] rivers, now known as the [[Rechna Doab\|''Rechna'' Doab]].		[[File:Map of the Indo-Scythians.png\|thumb\|Sagala in the [[Indo-Scythians\|Indo-Scythian]] kingdom (150 BCE–400 CE)]]
			Sagala is likely the city of '''Sakala''' ({{lang-sa\|शाकल}}) mentioned in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', a Sanskrit epic of ancient India, as occupying a similar area as Greek accounts of Sagala.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ\|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ/page/n228 197]\|quote=sangala rebuilt.\|title=Ariana Antiqua: A Descriptive Account of the Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan\|last1=Wilson\|first1=Horace Hayman\|last2=Masson\|first2=Charles\|date=1841\|publisher=East India Company\|language=en}}</ref> The city may have been inhabited by the ''[[Saka]]'', or [[Scythians]], from [[Central Asia]] who had migrated into the Subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_lWAAAAMAAJ&q=saka\|title=Journal\|last=Society\|first=Panjab University Arabic and Persian\|date=1964\|language=en}}</ref> The region was noted in the ''Mahabharata'' for the "loose and Bacchanalian" women who lived in the woods there.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ\|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ/page/n227 196]\|quote=sangala rebuilt.\|title=Ariana Antiqua: A Descriptive Account of the Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan\|last1=Wilson\|first1=Horace Hayman\|last2=Masson\|first2=Charles\|date=1841\|publisher=East India Company}}</ref> The city was said to have been located in the ''Sakaladvipa'' region between the [[Chenab River\|Chenab]] and [[Ravi River\|Ravi]] rivers, now known as the [[Rechna Doab\|''Rechna'' Doab]].

	The city was located beside a river of the name of Apaga, and a clan of the [[Bahlika Kingdom\|Vahikas]] known by the name of the Jarttikas (Mbh 8:44). [[Nakula]], proceeding to Sakala, the city of the [[Madra Kingdom\|Madras]], made his uncle [[Shalya]] accept from affection the sway of the [[Pandavas]] (Mbh 2:31).		The city was located beside a river of the name of Apaga, and a clan of the [[Bahlika Kingdom\|Vahikas]] known by the name of the Jarttikas (Mbh 8:44). [[Nakula]], proceeding to Sakala, the city of the [[Madra Kingdom\|Madras]], made his uncle [[Shalya]] accept from affection the sway of the [[Pandavas]] (Mbh 2:31).
			This city is probably Modern day Sialkot which was also recorded as Sagala by greeks.

	== History ==		== History ==
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	=== [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great]] ===		=== [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great]] ===
	The city appears in the accounts of [[Alexander the Great\|Alexander the Great's]] campaign in ancient India. After crossing the [[River Chenab]], Alexander joined by [[King Porus\|Porus]] with elephants and 5,000 local troops, laid siege to Sagala, where the [[Cathaeans]] (related to Kāṭhī)<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Pande \|first1=G. C. \|last2=Pande \|first2=Govind Chandra \|title=Foundations of Indian Culture \|date=1990 \|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. \|isbn=978-81-208-0712-9 \|url=https://books.google.com~~.bd~~/books?id=VMf-isGALqQC&pg~~=PA41&lpg~~=PA41 \|language=en}}</ref> had entrenched themselves. The city was razed to the ground, and many of its inhabitants killed:		The city appears in the accounts of [[Alexander the Great\|Alexander the Great's]] campaign in ancient India. After crossing the [[River Chenab]], Alexander joined by [[King Porus\|Porus]] with elephants and 5,000 local troops, laid siege to Sagala, where the [[Cathaeans]] (related to Kāṭhī)<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Pande \|first1=G. C. \|last2=Pande \|first2=Govind Chandra \|title=Foundations of Indian Culture \|date=1990 \|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. \|isbn=978-81-208-0712-9 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMf-isGALqQC&pg=PA41 \|language=en}}</ref> had entrenched themselves. The city was razed to the ground, and many of its inhabitants killed:
	:"The Cathaeans... had a strong city near which they proposed to make their stand, named Sagala. (...) The next day Alexander rested his troops, and on the third advanced on Sangala, where the Cathaeans and their neighbours who had joined them were drawn up in front of the city. (...) At this point too, [[King Porus\|Porus]] arrived, bringing with him the rest of the elephants and some five thousand of his troops. (...) Alexander returned to Sangala, razed the city to the ground, and annexed its territory". [[Arrian]], [[Anabasis Alexandri\|Anabasis of Alexander]], V.22-24		:"The Cathaeans... had a strong city near which they proposed to make their stand, named Sagala. (...) The next day Alexander rested his troops, and on the third advanced on Sangala, where the Cathaeans and their neighbours who had joined them were drawn up in front of the city. (...) At this point too, [[King Porus\|Porus]] arrived, bringing with him the rest of the elephants and some five thousand of his troops. (...) Alexander returned to Sangala, razed the city to the ground, and annexed its territory". [[Arrian]], [[Anabasis Alexandri\|Anabasis of Alexander]], V.22-24
	Sagala was rebuilt and established as the easternmost outpost of Alexander's empire.		Sagala was rebuilt and established as the easternmost outpost of Alexander's empire.
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	[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]		[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
	[[Category:Former capital cities in India]]		[[Category:Former capital cities in India]]
			[[Category:Menander I]]

imported>Trickipaedia: /* Mahabharata */Page number fix

2021-08-15T18:53:54Z

Mahabharata: Page number fix

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{{for|the fictional African country|List of fictional African countries#S}}
{{short description|Ancient city in Pakistan }}
{{Location map
| Pakistan
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| float =
| border =
| caption = Location of Sagala in the [[Punjab region]] of what is now Pakistan
| alt =
| relief = yes
| AlternativeMap =
| overlay_image =
| label = Sagala
| label_size =
| position =
| background =
| mark =
| marksize =
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| lat_deg = 32.50
| lon_deg = 74.51
}}
[[File:Maurya Empire, c.250 BCE 2.png|thumb|Sagala in the [[Maurya Empire]] under [[Ashoka the Great]] (c. 250 B.C.)]]
'''Sagala''', '''Sakala''' ({{lang-sa|साकला}}), or '''Sangala''' ({{lang-grc|Σάγγαλα}}) was a city in [[ancient India]],<ref name="Rapson1960">{{cite book |last1=Rapson |first1=Edward James |title=Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to the First Century A. D. |date=1960 |publisher=Susil Gupta |page=88 |language=English|quote=Sakala, the modern Sialkot in the Lahore Division of the Punjab, was the capital of the Madras who are known in the later Vedic period (Brihadaranyaka Upanishad).}}</ref><ref name="Kumar2000">{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Rakesh |title=Ancient India and World |date=2000 |publisher=Classical Publishing Company |page=68 |language=English}}</ref> which was the predecessor of the modern city of [[Sialkot]] that is located in what is now [[Pakistan]]'s northern [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] province.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McEvilley|first1=Thomas|title=The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies|date=2012|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing|isbn=9781581159332|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbjelOMYyN8C&q=sagala+sialkot&pg=PT568|accessdate=2 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aabFPHxRPUC&q=sagala+location&pg=PA324|title=The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India|last=Cohen|first=Getzel M.|date=2013-06-02|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520953567|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-w0DwAAQBAJ&q=sagala+sialkot+-kenya&pg=PA260|title=Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Contact and Exchange between the Graeco-Roman World, Inner Asia and China|last1=Kim|first1=Hyun Jin|last2=Vervaet|first2=Frederik Juliaan|last3=Adali|first3=Selim Ferruh|date=2017-10-05|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107190412|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzdWAAAAYAAJ&q=sagala+sialkot+-kenya|title=Proceedings, Indian History Congress|last=Congress|first=Indian History|date=2007|language=en}}</ref> The city was the capital of the [[Madra Kingdom]] and it was razed in 326 BC during the [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great]].<ref name="Prasad1977">{{cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=Prakash Charan |title=Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India |date=1977 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170170532 |language=English}}</ref> In the 2nd century BC, Sagala was made capital of the [[Indo-Greek]] kingdom by [[Menander I]]. Menander embraced Buddhism after extensive debating with a Buddhist monk, as recorded in the Buddhist text ''[[Milinda Panha]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McEvilley|first1=Thomas|title=The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies|date=2012|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing|isbn=9781581159332|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbjelOMYyN8C&q=sagala+sialkot&pg=PT568|accessdate=2 June 2017}}</ref> Sagala became a major centre for Buddhism under his reign, and prospered as a major trading centre.<ref name="Srivastava1968">{{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Balram |title=Trade and commerce in ancient India, from the earliest times to c. A.D. 300 |date=1968 |publisher=Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office |page=67 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Ahmad Nabi|title=Iqbal Manzil, Sialkot: An Introduction|date=1977|publisher=Department of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfAJAQAAIAAJ&q=sagala+sialkot|accessdate=3 June 2017}}</ref>

==Mahabharata==
Sagala is likely the city of '''Sakala''' ({{lang-sa|साकला}}) mentioned in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', a Sanskrit epic of ancient India, as occupying a similar area as Greek accounts of Sagala.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ/page/n228 197]|quote=sangala rebuilt.|title=Ariana Antiqua: A Descriptive Account of the Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan|last1=Wilson|first1=Horace Hayman|last2=Masson|first2=Charles|date=1841|publisher=East India Company|language=en}}</ref> The city may have been inhabited by the ''[[Saka]]'', or [[Scythians]], from [[Central Asia]] who had migrated into the Subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_lWAAAAMAAJ&q=saka|title=Journal|last=Society|first=Panjab University Arabic and Persian|date=1964|language=en}}</ref> The region was noted in the ''Mahabharata'' for the "loose and Bacchanalian" women who lived in the woods there.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ/page/n227 196]|quote=sangala rebuilt.|title=Ariana Antiqua: A Descriptive Account of the Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan|last1=Wilson|first1=Horace Hayman|last2=Masson|first2=Charles|date=1841|publisher=East India Company}}</ref> The city was said to have been located in the ''Sakaladvipa'' region between the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] and [[Ravi River|Ravi]] rivers, now known as the [[Rechna Doab|''Rechna'' Doab]].

The city was located beside a river of the name of Apaga, and a clan of the [[Bahlika Kingdom|Vahikas]] known by the name of the Jarttikas (Mbh 8:44). [[Nakula]], proceeding to Sakala, the city of the [[Madra Kingdom|Madras]], made his uncle [[Shalya]] accept from affection the sway of the [[Pandavas]] (Mbh 2:31).

== History ==
[[Image:AlexanderIndiaMap.jpg|thumb|250px|Sagala was included in [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great|Alexander's campaign in ancient India]].]]

=== In the [[Mahabharata]] ===
The Mahabharata describes that, the third [[Pandava]], [[Arjuna]], defeats all the kings of Shakala in his Rajasuya conquest. One of the kings mentioned here is Prativindhya (not the son of [[Yudhishthira]] and [[Draupadi]]).

=== [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great]] ===
The city appears in the accounts of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander the Great's]] campaign in ancient India. After crossing the [[River Chenab]], Alexander joined by [[King Porus|Porus]] with elephants and 5,000 local troops, laid siege to Sagala, where the [[Cathaeans]] (related to Kāṭhī)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pande |first1=G. C. |last2=Pande |first2=Govind Chandra |title=Foundations of Indian Culture |date=1990 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0712-9 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=VMf-isGALqQC&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41 |language=en}}</ref> had entrenched themselves. The city was razed to the ground, and many of its inhabitants killed:
:"The Cathaeans... had a strong city near which they proposed to make their stand, named Sagala. (...) The next day Alexander rested his troops, and on the third advanced on Sangala, where the Cathaeans and their neighbours who had joined them were drawn up in front of the city. (...) At this point too, [[King Porus|Porus]] arrived, bringing with him the rest of the elephants and some five thousand of his troops. (...) Alexander returned to Sangala, razed the city to the ground, and annexed its territory". [[Arrian]], [[Anabasis Alexandri|Anabasis of Alexander]], V.22-24
Sagala was rebuilt and established as the easternmost outpost of Alexander's empire.

=== [[Shunga Empire]] ===
[[Image:SungaEmpireMap.jpg|right|thumb|Sagala as a part of the [[Shunga Empire]] c. 185 to 73 BC.]]
Following his overthrowing of the [[Mauryan Empire]], [[Pushyamitra Shunga]] established the [[Shunga Empire]] and expanded northwest as far as Sagala. According to the 2nd century [[Ashokavadana]], the king persecuted Buddhists:
:"Then King Pushyamitra equipped a fourfold army, and intending to destroy the Buddhist religion, he went to the Kukkutarama. (...) Pushyamitra therefore destroyed the [[sangharama]], killed the monks there, and departed.
:After some time, he arrived in Sakala, and proclaimed that he would give a hundred dinara reward to whoever brought him the head of a Buddhist monk" (''[[Shramana]]s'') [[Ashokavadana]], 133, trans. John Strong.

=== [[Yavana era]] ===
Sagala, renamed [[Euthydemia]] by the Greeks, was used as a capital by the Greco-Bactrian (alternatively Indo-Greek or Graeco-Indus) king [[Milinda|Menander]] during his reign between 160 and 135 BC.<ref name="Tarn">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&q=euthymedia+ptolemy&pg=PA89|title=The Greeks in Bactria and India|last=Tarn|first=William Woodthorpe|date=2010-06-24|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108009416|language=en}}</ref>

Though many Graeco-Bactrian, and even some Indo-Greek cities were designed along Greek architectural lines. In contrast to other imperialist governments elsewhere, literary accounts suggests the Greeks and the local population of cities like Sagala lived in relative harmony, with some of the local residents adopting the responsibilities of Greek citizenship - and more astonishingly, Greeks converting to Buddhism and adopting local traditions.

The best descriptions of Sagala however, come from the [[Milinda Panha]], a dialogue between king Menander and the [[Buddhist]] monk [[Nagasena]]. Historians like Sir Tarn believe this document was written around 100 years after Menander's rule, which is one of the best enduring testimonies of the productiveness and benevolence of his rule, which has made the more modern theory that he was regarded as a Chakravartin - King of the Wheel or literally Wheel-Turner in Sanskrit - generally accepted.

In the Milindapanha, the city is described in the following terms:

: There is in the country of the Yonakas a great centre of trade, a city that is called Sâgala, situated in a delightful country well watered and hilly, abounding in parks and gardens and groves and lakes and tanks, a paradise of rivers and mountains and woods. Wise architects have laid it out, and its people know of no oppression, since all their enemies and adversaries have been put down. Brave is its defence, with many and various strong towers and ramparts, with superb gates and entrance archways; and with the royal citadel in its midst, white walled and deeply moated. Well laid out are its streets, squares, cross roads, and market places. Well displayed are the innumerable sorts of costly merchandise with which its shops are filled. It is richly adorned with hundreds of alms-halls of various kinds; and splendid with hundreds of thousands of magnificent mansions, which rise aloft like the mountain peaks of the Himalayas. Its streets are filled with elephants, horses, carriages, and foot-passengers, frequented by groups of handsome men and beautiful women, and crowded by men of all sorts and conditions, Brahmans, nobles, artificers, and servants. They resound with cries of welcome to the teachers of every creed, and the city is the resort of the leading men of each of the differing sects. Shops are there for the sale of Benares muslin, of Kotumbara stuffs, and of other cloths of various kinds; and sweet odours are exhaled from the bazaars, where all sorts of flowers and perfumes are tastefully set out. Jewels are there in plenty, such as men's hearts desire, and guilds of traders in all sorts of finery display their goods in the bazaars that face all quarters of the sky. So full is the city of money, and of gold and silver ware, of copper and stone ware, that it is a very mine of dazzling treasures. And there is laid up there much store of property and corn and things of value in warehouses-foods and drinks of every sort, syrups and sweetmeats of every kind. In wealth it rivals Uttara-kuru, and in glory it is as Âlakamandâ, the city of the gods. (''The Questions of King Milinda'', translated by [[Thomas William Rhys Davids|T. W. Rhys Davids]], 1890)

==See also==
* [[List of ancient Indian cities]]
* [[Shambhala]]
* [[Sialkot]]
* [[Madra Kingdom]]
* [[Shangri-La]]

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==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bactrian and Indian Hellenistic colonies]]
[[Category:Sialkot]]
[[Category:Ancient history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Razed cities]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:Former capital cities in India]]