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References

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	'''Saffronisation''' or '''~~Saffronization~~''' refers to right-wing policies that implement a Hindu nationalist agenda onto school textbooks.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Editorial: Unfit to rule \|newspaper=Frontline \|volume=15 \|number=25 \|date=5 December 1998 \|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1525/15250090.htm \|accessdate=8 November 2014}}</ref> Critics have used this [[political neologism]]<ref name="Raghavan">{{Cite news\|author=Raghavan, B. S.\|title=Saffronisation\|date=12 September 2001\|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]\|url=http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/09/12/stories/041255of.htm\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514123440/http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/09/12/stories/041255of.htm\|archivedate=14 May 2007\|url-status=live}}</ref> to refer to the policies of [[Hindutva\|Hindu nationalist]] governments in India that attempted to glorify Hindu contributions to Indian history while undermining other contributions.		'''''Saffronisation''''' or '''''saffronization''''' refers to right-wing policies that implement a Hindu nationalist agenda onto school textbooks.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Editorial: Unfit to rule \|newspaper=Frontline \|volume=15 \|number=25 \|date=5 December 1998 \|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1525/15250090.htm \|accessdate=8 November 2014}}</ref> Critics have used this [[political neologism]]<ref name="Raghavan">{{Cite news\|author=Raghavan, B. S.\|title=Saffronisation\|date=12 September 2001\|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]\|url=http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/09/12/stories/041255of.htm\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514123440/http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/09/12/stories/041255of.htm\|archivedate=14 May 2007\|url-status=live}}</ref> to refer to the policies of [[Hindutva\|Hindu nationalist]] governments in India that attempted to glorify Hindu contributions to Indian history while undermining other contributions.

	==Etymology==		==Etymology==
	The word comes from the association of [[saffron colour]] with Hinduism.		The word comes from the association of [[saffron colour]] with [[Hinduism]].

	== Context of history textbook production in India ==		== Context of history textbook production in India ==
	Under [[British Raj\|British rule in India]], India's history was largely defined by British historians. A dominant narrative among British writers in colonial-era textbooks was colonial rule as an improving, structuring force. Emphasis was placed on the role of British rule in "civilizing" India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|date=2009\|title=The History Debate and School Textbooks in India\|journal=History Workshop Journal\|volume=67\|pages=87–98\|doi=10.1093/hwj/dbn054\|jstor=40646211\|s2cid=72502128}}</ref>		Under [[British Raj\|British rule in India]], India's history was largely defined by British historians. A dominant narrative among British writers in colonial-era textbooks was colonial rule as an improving, structuring force. Emphasis was placed on the role of British rule in "civilizing" India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|date=2009\|title=The History Debate and School Textbooks in India\|journal=History Workshop Journal\|volume=67\|pages=87–98\|doi=10.1093/hwj/dbn054\|jstor=40646211\|s2cid=72502128}}</ref>
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	==See also==		==See also==

	* [[Agra religious conversions 2014]]
	* [[Communalism (South Asia)]]		* [[Communalism (South Asia)]]
	* [[Yoga as exercise#Physical or Hindu]]
	* [[List of Hindu nationalist parties]]
	* ''[[The Saffron Swastika]]''
	* [[Saffron terror]]		* [[Saffron terror]]
	* [[Conversion of non-Hindu places of worship into temples]]

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist\|2}}		{{reflist}}

	==Sources==		==Sources==

imported>Joshua Jonathan: Reverted 2 edits by 103.116.24.33 (talk): Personal opinion

2021-08-30T11:04:55Z

Reverted 2 edits by 103.116.24.33 (talk): Personal opinion

New page

{{short description|Policies to impose Hindu nationalist view of history}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}

'''Saffronisation''' or '''Saffronization''' refers to right-wing policies that implement a Hindu nationalist agenda onto school textbooks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Editorial: Unfit to rule |newspaper=Frontline |volume=15 |number=25 |date=5 December 1998 |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1525/15250090.htm |accessdate=8 November 2014}}</ref> Critics have used this [[political neologism]]<ref name="Raghavan">{{Cite news|author=Raghavan, B. S.|title=Saffronisation|date=12 September 2001|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/09/12/stories/041255of.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514123440/http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/09/12/stories/041255of.htm|archivedate=14 May 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> to refer to the policies of [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] governments in India that attempted to glorify Hindu contributions to Indian history while undermining other contributions.

==Etymology==
The word comes from the association of [[saffron colour]] with Hinduism.
== Context of history textbook production in India ==
Under [[British Raj|British rule in India]], India's history was largely defined by British historians. A dominant narrative among British writers in colonial-era textbooks was colonial rule as an improving, structuring force. Emphasis was placed on the role of British rule in "civilizing" India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Thapar|first=Romila|date=2009|title=The History Debate and School Textbooks in India|journal=History Workshop Journal|volume=67|pages=87–98|doi=10.1093/hwj/dbn054|jstor=40646211|s2cid=72502128}}</ref>

When India became [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independent in 1947]], there was a push among the newly-autonomous Indian Parliament to produce textbooks which emphasized the harm of colonial rule, and showed the independent nation before British rule.<ref name=":1" /> Parliament established the National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT) in 1961 to fulfill the government's goal that all Indian citizens receive a unified Indian history education.

NCERT employed several prominent historians and historiographers to create a common syllabus of events to be covered in Indian history, with a focus on removing colonial narratives from history textbooks in India. The NCERT also aimed in its syllabus to approach Indian history from a secular perspective, angering many right-wing Hindu nationalists.<ref name=":2" />

==Textbook saffronisation in early 21st century==
The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) has said that several Indian history textbooks had overt Marxist or Eurocentric political overtones.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Bhattacharya|first=Neeladri|date=2009|title=Teaching History in Schools: The Politics of Textbooks in India|journal=History Workshop Journal|volume=67|issue=67|pages=99–110|doi=10.1093/hwj/dbn050|jstor=40646212|s2cid=154421051}}</ref> The BJP has had trouble changing the textbooks, because many states in which the BJP is not in power have blocked saffronisation efforts. The BJP, citing a rigid anti-Hindu agenda, restructured NCERT and the Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR) to make textbooks conform to the BJP's Hindu nationalist platform.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bénéï|first=Veronique|title=Manufacturing Citizenship: education and nationalism in Europe, South Asia, and China|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=0-415-36488-4|location=New York, NY|pages=156–159}}</ref> In states where the BJP had control of local government, textbooks were changed extensively to favor a Hindu nationalist narrative.<ref name=":0" /> These changes included the omission of caste-based exclusion and violence throughout Indian history, and the exclusion or minimization of contributions to Indian society made by Muslims.<ref name="Raghavan" />

After a rival political party, the [[Indian National Congress]], came into power, efforts were undertaken in 2004 to reverse the saffronisation of textbooks previously made by BJP.<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite news|last=Ramesh |first=Randeep | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/jun/26/india.schoolsworldwide |title=Another rewrite for India's history books |work=The Guardian |date=25 June 2004 |access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref>

When the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reviewed the issue of saffronisation of Indian text books in late 2014, it noted that right-wing efforts to change how textbooks recount history faced "some difficulty as it lacks credible historians to back its claims."<ref>{{cite news|last=Raza |first=Danish | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/saffronising-textbooks-where-myth-and-dogma-replace-history/story-CauM4dmmsPGrjZ3APAvNxO.html |title=Saffronising textbooks : Where myth and dogma replace history |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 December 2014 |access-date=9 March 2016}}</ref> The [[India#Medieval India|medieval period]] in India is one such hotly-contested epoch among historians. Since there can be no true consensus about that era due to divided and deeply entrenched political motivations, history for that period is highly subjective and particularly vulnerable to the influence of the textbook writer's sympathies and outlook. "The choice of the textbook writer is more decisive than anything else," it was noted in a report in ''The Hindu''.<ref name="Amrik Singh">{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Amrik|date=25 August 2001|title=Saffronisation and textbooks|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/08/25/stories/05252524.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 March 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Critics have said that the changes to the textbooks have portrayed the medieval period as "a dark age of Islamic colonial rule which snuffed out the glories of the Hindu and Buddhist empires that preceded it".<ref name="The Guardian" /> Another trap in the politicisation of history relates to contention over the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="Amrik Singh" />

By mid-2015, ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]], which is in charge of publishing textbooks, had participated in a meeting convened by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]], and during that meeting, the issue of changing textbooks was discussed. An official from the ICHR complained that the theme of nationalism did not receive proper treatment in textbooks, setting the stage for possible textbook revisions.<ref name=":0">{{cite news | last=Akshaya |first=Mukul | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Saffronization-fears-over-history-textbooks-rewrite-plans/articleshow/47792475.cms |title=Saffronization fears over history textbooks rewrite plans |work=The Times of India|date=24 June 2015 |access-date=9 March 2016}}</ref>

The state government of Rajasthan reportedly spent Rs 37 crore to reprint 36 textbooks used for classes 1 to 8 for the 2016–2017 academic session that will be based on an agenda that would promote Indian culture by including historical figures, such as [[Suraj Mal|Maharaja Surajmal]], Hem Chandra, and [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. The text books that had been approved up to the 2012–13 academic session were rendered obsolete under the rewriting of history, and those books were auctioned off. In total, 5,66 crore new text books were ordered printed for an agenda that critics described was intent on supporting the saffronisation of textbooks. Rajasthan (primary and secondary) education minister Vasudev Devnani denied the charge of saffronisation, but educationists described his decision as the "Hinduisation of education" that occurs when right-wing forces come to power.<ref>{{cite news|last=Goswami |first=Rakesh | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/saffron-agenda-raje-scraps-cong-textbooks-spends-rs-37-cr-on-new-ones/story-U3JaMmx52f4YsuUfb3wlNK.html |title=Saffronisation ? Raje scraps Cong textbooks, spends Rs 37 cr on new ones |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 January 2016 |access-date=9 March 2016}}</ref>

The state government of [[Karnataka]] has reportedly ordered new textbooks for the 2017–18 academic session in an effort that academicians and critics have described as a "blatant attempt to saffronise textbooks".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/revised-textbooks-from-201718-academic-year/article7300069.ece |title=Revised textbooks from 2017–18 academic year|work=The Hindu |date=10 June 2015 |access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Agra religious conversions 2014]]
* [[Communalism (South Asia)]]
* [[Yoga as exercise#Physical or Hindu]]
* [[List of Hindu nationalist parties]]
* ''[[The Saffron Swastika]]''
* [[Saffron terror]]
* [[Conversion of non-Hindu places of worship into temples]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
*{{Cite book|author=Bénéï, Véronique|year= 2005|title=Manufacturing Citizenship: education and nationalism in Europe, South Asia and China |publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-36488-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCUNB8koN-8C|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0415364884&id=XCUNB8koN-8C&pg=PA156&lpg=PA156&ots=GqO-sD_2tp&dq=Saffronization&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&sig=vMTwP0gLYa29-5WNCyMPyqaMGNw 156–159]}}
*{{Cite web|author=Ninan, Ann|title=India: Righting or rewriting Hindu history |publisher=[[Inter Press Service]]|date=February 2000|url=http://www.sacw.net/India_History/ann022000.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516130251/http://www.sacw.net/India_History/ann022000.html|archive-date=16 May 2006|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite web|title=The Politics of Education in India|author=Upadhyay, Ray|publisher=[[South Asia Analysis Group]]|date=21 August 2001|url=http://www.saag.org/papers3/paper299.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217091426/http://www.saag.org/papers3/paper299.html|archive-date=17 December 2005|url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite journal|author1=Bhatt, Chetan |author2=Mukta, Parita |name-list-style=amp |year=2000|title=Hindutva in the West: mapping the antinomies of diaspora nationalism|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies|volume=23|number=3|pages=407–441|doi=10.1080/014198700328935|s2cid=143287533 }}
*{{Cite journal |author=Biswas, Titas |year=2020|title=Pedagogical Curricula and Educational Media: The Malignancy of Saffronised Otherisation in India |journal=Zoon Politikon |issue=11/2020 |pages=146–199|doi= |url=https://www.ejournals.eu/Zoon-Politikon/2020/11-2020/art/16307/}}
{{Cultural assimilation}}{{Hindu Nationalism}}
[[Category:Far-right politics in India]]
[[Category:Political neologisms]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]
[[Category:Hindutva]]
[[Category:Propaganda in India]]
[[Category:Textbook controversies]]
[[Category:Education in India]]
[[Category:Historiography of India]]

Saffronisation - Revision history

->*Treker: /* References */

imported>Joshua Jonathan: Reverted 2 edits by 103.116.24.33 (talk): Personal opinion

->Treker: / References */