imported>Sennecaster: /* Religion */ copyvio https://wou.edu/wp/exhibits/files/2015/07/hinduism.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjhtdXf-OvxAhVjwzgGHbeFCEsQFjABegQIBBAG&usg=AOvVaw0RVimP5Cz3sJGaXRcRg6HW

2021-08-24T23:59:59Z

Religion: copyvio https://wou.edu/wp/exhibits/files/2015/07/hinduism.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjhtdXf-OvxAhVjwzgGHbeFCEsQFjABegQIBBAG&usg=AOvVaw0RVimP5Cz3sJGaXRcRg6HW

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{{Short description|Color that is a tone of golden yellow}}
{{About|the colour||Saffron (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Bhagwa|the village|Bhagwa, Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{redirect|Saffron yellow|the RAL color|Saffron yellow (RAL)}}
{{infobox colour
| title=Saffron
| hex=F4C430
| r=244|g=196|b= 48
| c= 4|m= 23|y= 81|k=5
| h=45|s=80|v=96
|source=Maerz and Paul<ref>The colour displayed in the colour box above matches the colour called ''saffron'' in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Colour'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill; the colour ''saffron'' is displayed on page 43 Plate 10, Colour Sample K8.</ref>
|isccname=Vivid yellow}}{{infobox colour
| title=Rajah
| hex=FBAB60
| r=251|g=174|b= 96
| c= 0|m= 32|y= 62|k= 2
| h=29|s=62|v=98|source=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.forret.com/tools/color.asp?RGB=%23FBAB60 |title=Color conversion (RGB / CMYK / HSV / YUV / ...) |website=Web.forret.com |access-date=2016-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.resene.co.nz/swatches/preview.php?chart=Resene%20BS5252%20range%20%282008%29&brand=Resene&name=Rajah |title=View the Resene Colour Swatch Library & Resene Find-A-Colour on Style New Zealand Inspiration |website=Nzexplorer.co.nz |access-date=2016-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915204318/http://nzexplorer.co.nz/colour_swatch_library/search.php?type=letter&letter=r |archive-date=2017-09-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|isccname=Moderate orange}}

'''Saffron''' is a [[shades of yellow|shade of yellow]] or [[shades of orange|orange]], the colour of the tip of the [[saffron crocus]] thread, from which the spice [[saffron]] is derived.<ref>Oxford Living Dictionaries On-Line. Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language (1962)</ref> The [[hue]] of the spice saffron is primarily due to the [[carotenoid]] chemical [[crocin]].

== Etymology ==
[[File:Iran saffron threads.jpg|left|thumb|Saffron threads from Iran]]
The word ''saffron'' ultimately derives (via Arabic) from the [[Middle Iranian]] ''[[:wikt:جعفری|ja'far-]]''. The name was used for the [[saffron|saffron spice]] in [[Middle English]] from c. 1200. As a colour name, it dates to the late 14th century.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Colour'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 203; Colour Sample of Saffron: Page 43 Plate 10 Colour Sample K8</ref>

== Variations ==
{{infobox colour
| title=Deep saffron
<br><small>(Kesari)</small>
| spelling=colour
| hex=FF9933
| r=255|g=153|b= 51
| c= 0|m= 50|y= 90|k=0
| h=34|s=80|v=87
|source=[[:File:Flag of India.svg|Vexillological:]]
|isccname=Strong orange}}

'''Deep saffron''' approximates the colour of '''India saffron''' (also known as '''''bhagwa''''' or '''''kesari''''').<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Indian Flag|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/myindia_frame.php?id=4|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211124657/http://india.gov.in/myindia/myindia_frame.php?id=4|archive-date=December 11, 2011|access-date=December 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Standards|url=http://www.bis.org.in/sf/pow/txd.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911040808/http://www.bis.org.in/sf/pow/txd.pdf|archive-date=11 September 2008|access-date=2 November 2011|work=Bureau of Indian Standards|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]], this colour is called ''kay-ser-ia''. The word derives its name from ''kesar'', a spice crop from [[Kashmir]].

== In nature ==
[[File:Saffron Crop.JPG|left|thumb|[[Stigma (botany)|Stigmas]] (i.e., flower threads) from [[Crocus sativus|saffron crocus]] are plucked, piled, and dried.]]
'''Plants'''
* [[Byzantine meadow saffron]] (''Colchicum × byzantinum'') is a hybrid flowering plant.
* [[Cape saffron]] (''Cassine peragua'') is a flowering tree with saffron-coloured bark.
* [[Cobra saffron]] (''Mesua ferrea'') is a tree found in southern Asia.
* [[Meadow saffron]] (''Colchicum autumnale'') is a flowering plant found in Europe.
* [[Mediterranean meadow saffron]] (''Colchicum cupanii'') is a flowering plant found in central [[Mediterranean basin]].
* [[Saffron buckwheat]] (''Eriogonum crocatum'') is a species of wild buckwheat endemic to the [[Conejo Valley]].
* [[Saffron|Saffron spice]] is derived from the flowers of the plant named [[saffron crocus]] (''Crocus sativus'').
* [[Saffron plum]] (''Sideroxylon celastrinum'') is a flowering plant found in North, Central, and South America.
* [[Saffron thistle]] (''Carthamus lanatus'') is a [[thistle]] native to the Mediterranean basin.
* [[Spring meadow saffron]] (''Colchicum bulbocodium'') is a flowering [[Alpine plant|alpine]] plant found in Europe.
* [[Steven's meadow saffron]] (''Colchicum stevenii'') is a flowering plant found in the [[eastern Mediterranean]].

'''Birds'''
[[File:Saffron finch (Sicalis flaveola) male.JPG|thumb|A male saffron finch (''Sicalis flaveola'')]]
* The [[saffron-billed sparrow]] (''Arremon flavirostris'') is a bird found in South America.
* The [[saffron-breasted prinia]] (''Prinia hypoxantha'') is a [[passerine bird]] found in eastern South Africa and Swaziland.
* The [[saffron-crested tyrant-manakin]] (''Neopelma chrysocephalum'') is a bird found in the [[Guianas]], southern [[Venezuela]], and the northwestern [[Amazon basin]].
* The [[saffron-crowned tanager]] (''Tangara xanthocephala'') is a bird found in the [[montane forests]] of South America.
* The [[saffron-headed parrot]] (''Pyrilia pyrilia'') is a [[parrot]] found in the [[montane forests]] of South America.
* The [[saffron finch]] (''Sicalis flaveola'') is a [[tanager]] from South America, and is common in both open and semi-open areas in lowlands outside the Amazon basin.
* The [[saffron siskin]] (''Spinus siemiradzkii'') is a [[finch]] found in [[Ecuador]] and [[Peru]].
* The [[saffron toucanet]] (''Pteroglossus bailloni'') is a [[toucan]] from South American's [[Atlantic Forest]].

'''Aquatic animals '''
[[File:Saffron shiner.jpg|thumb|A male saffron shiner (''Notropis rubricroceus'')]]
* The [[saffron cod]] (''Eleginus gracilis'') is a commercially harvested fish in the North [[Pacific]].
* The [[saffron-coloured clam]] (''Tridacna crocea'') is a bivalve found in the Indo-Pacific region.
* The [[saffron shiner]] (''Notropis rubricroceus'') is a fish found in [[Tennessee River]] drainage.

'''Amphibians'''
* The [[saffron-bellied frog]] (''Chaperina fusca'') is a frog found in the [[Malay Peninsula]], Borneo, and the Philippines.

'''Insects'''
[[File:Lactarius deliciosus 1 (1).jpg|thumb|A saffron milkcap (''Lactarius deliciosus'')]]
* The [[saffron-winged meadowhawk]] (''Sympetrum costiferum'') is a [[dragonfly]] found in North America.
* The [[saffron beetle]] (''Calosoma schayeri'') is a beetle found in Australia.
* The [[saffron sapphire]] (''Iolaus pallene'') is a butterfly found in Africa.
* The [[saffron skipper]] (''Poanes aaroni'') is a [[skipper (butterfly)|skipper]] found in North America.

'''Fungi'''
* [[False saffron milkcap]] (''Lactarius deterrimus'') is a fungus found in Europe and Asia.
* [[Saffron milk cap]] (''Lactarius deliciosus'') is a edible fungus found in Europe.
* [[Saffron ringless amanita]] (''Amanita crocea'') is a [[Amantia]] found in Europe.

'''Viruses'''
*The [[Saffron Scourge]] is another name for [[yellow fever]].<ref name="Carrigan2015">{{cite book|author=Jo Ann Carrigan|title=The Saffron Scourge: A History of Yellow Fever in Louisiana, 1796-1905|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V71vjwEACAAJ|date=15 December 2015|publisher=University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press|isbn=978-1-935754-48-0}}</ref>

== Religion ==
[[File:भगवा ध्वज.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bhagwa]] colour flag, used by [[Hindus]].]]
[[File:Punjab flag.svg|thumb|upright|Flag of the Sikh religion- the Sikh - [[Nishan Sahib]].]]
[[File:Phra Ajan Jerapunyo-Abbot of Watkungtaphao..jpg|thumb|[[Theravada]] [[Buddhist monasticism|monk]] in Thailand]]
[[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] associate saffron with the pious renunciation of material life.<ref name="SenWagner2013">{{cite book|author1=Ragini Sen|author2=Wolfgang Wagner|author3=Caroline Howarth|title=Secularism and Religion in Multi-faith Societies: The Case of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IvC3BAAAQBAJ|date=30 September 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-319-01922-2|pages=37–38}}</ref><ref name="Froerer2019">{{cite book|author=Peggy Froerer|title=Religious Division and Social Conflict: The Emergence of Hindu Nationalism in Rural India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QegrDwAAQBAJ|date=23 July 2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-37812-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wou.edu/wp/exhibits/files/2015/07/hinduism.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjhtdXf-OvxAhVjwzgGHbeFCEsQFjABegQIBBAG&usg=AOvVaw0RVimP5Cz3sJGaXRcRg6HW|title=Colour Symbolism in Hinduism|date=18 July 2021}}</ref>

[[Buddhist monk]]s in the [[Theravada Buddhism|Theravada]] tradition typically wear saffron robes (although occasionally [[maroon]] — the color normally worn by [[Vajrayana Buddhism|Vajrayana Buddhist]] monks — is worn). The tone of saffron typically worn by Theravada Buddhist monks is the lighter tone of saffron shown above.

Saffron holds symbolic meaning in [[Sikhism]], representing spirit and sacrifice.<ref name="Takhar2016" /> Originally a shade of yellow called ''[[Basant (festival)|basanti]]'', the [[Glossary of vexillology|field]] of the modern [[Nishan Sahib]] is saffron.<ref name="Takhar2016">{{cite book|author=Opinderjit Kaur Takhar|title=Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UaeoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT88|date=5 December 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-90010-2|page=88}}</ref><ref name="Bhalla2002">{{cite book|author=Kartar Singh Bhalla|title=Let's Know Sikhism: A Religion of Harmony, Brotherhood and Tolerance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UVBTUj8MC4YC&pg=PA40|year=2002|publisher=Star Publications|isbn=978-81-7650-055-5|page=40}}</ref> [[Turbans]] worn by Sikhs most often blue or white,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sikhnet.com/pages/tyingturbans|title=Learn How to Tie Different Sikh Turbans|date=21 May 2008}}</ref> but saffron is common.<ref name="Takhar2016" /><ref name="Singh2019">{{cite book|author=Pashaura Singh|title=A Dictionary of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-tQBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT78|date=18 April 2019|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-250843-0|page=78}}</ref>

==Political uses==
[[File:Flag of India.png|alt=Flag of India|thumb|The [[Flag of India]] (since 1947) is saffron, white and green]]
[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|thumb|upright|[[Bhagwa Dhwaj]], used as the flag of the [[Maratha Empire]].]]

In [[political colours|politics]], it was used [[Indian independence movement]], and it was chosen as one of the three colours of the [[Indian national flag]] after independence in 1947, and is used by [[Hinduism|Hindus]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Krishna|first=Subhash|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ubxDwAAQBAJ&q=kesari+colour+hindus&pg=PT335|title=Salvation by Lord Shri Krishna|date=2020-07-19|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64587-108-8|language=en}}</ref> India saffron, representing courage and sacrifice, was chosen for one of the three bands of the [[National Flag of India]], along with [[white]] (peace and truth) and what is now called [[Variations of green#India green|''India green'']] (faith and chivalry).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Flag of India|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|year=2009|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1355310/flag-of-India|access-date=2 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/my-india-my-pride/indian-tricolor.php|title = My India My Pride - Indian Tricolor - Know India: National Portal of India}}</ref> The Flag of India is officially described in the [[Flag code of India|Flag Code of India]] as follows:<blockquote>The colour of the top panel shall be India saffron (Kesari) and that of the bottom panel shall be India green. The middle panel shall be white, bearing at its centre the design of [[Ashoka Chakra]] in navy blue colour with 24 equally spaced spokes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mha.gov.in/pdfs/flagcodeofindia.pdf |title=Flag Code of India |website=Mha.gov.in |access-date=2016-02-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123232004/http://mha.gov.in/pdfs/flagcodeofindia.pdf |archive-date=2013-01-23 }}</ref></blockquote>[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], who later became India's first [[Vice President of India|Vice President]] and second [[President of India|President]], described the significance of the Indian National Flag as follows:

{{cquote|[[Bhagwa Dhwaj|''Bhagwa'']] or the saffron colour denotes renunciation or disinterestedness. Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work. The white in the centre is light, the path of truth to guide our conduct. The green shows our relation to (the) soil, our relation to the plant life here, on which all other life depends. The "Ashoka Chakra" in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of [[dharma]]. Truth or ''[[satya]]'', ''dharma'' or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag. Again, the wheel denotes motion. There is death in stagnation. There is life in movement. India should no more resist change, it must move and go forward. The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change.<ref>{{cite web | title= Flag Code of India | publisher= Ministry of Home Affairs (India) | url= http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/flagcodeofindia.pdf | access-date= 2 November 2011 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130121163043/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/flagcodeofindia.pdf | archive-date= 21 January 2013 }}</ref>
}}

The use of saffron in the national flag and as political symbolism is has been opposed.<ref name="SenWagner2013" /> One line of opposition asserts that the color is sacred and should not be politicized.<ref name="SenWagner2013" /> Another source of opposition comes from Islamists who claim the color is forbidden in Islam and strongly prohibited to be worn by the males.<ref name="SenWagner2013" /><ref>Imaam Ahmad and Ibn Maajah, 3591</ref>

Saffron turbans are associated with the [[Khalistan movement]] in the [[Punjab region]] of [[Pakistan]] and India.<ref name="Takhar2016" />

Because Therevada Buddhist monks were at the forefront of the [[2007 Burmese anti-government protests]], the uprising has been referred to as the [[Saffron Revolution]] by some in the international media.<ref>{{cite news|title=Burmese Days|website=Timesonline.co.uk|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/burmese-days-fs2znw8cgcx|access-date=2016-02-27}} {{subscription required|date=February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |quote=Which meant that to the public the Monks and their religion played an important role throughout the protests. Along with the monks were nuns, students and activists who were protesting during the revolution. |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article2516773.ece |title=Nuns join monks in Burma's Saffron Revolution |work=The Times |location=London |date=24 September 2007 |first=Richard |last=Lloyd Parry | access-date= 10 April 2009 }}</ref>

Today in India, saffron is the official color of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], India's largest center-right<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Malik|first1=Yogendra K.|last2=Singh|first2=V. B.|date=1992|title=Bharatiya Janata Party: An Alternative to the Congress (I)?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645149|journal=Asian Survey|volume=32|issue=4|pages=318–336|doi=10.2307/2645149|jstor=2645149|issn=0004-4687}}</ref> party, and the [[List of largest political parties|largest political party by registered member count in the world.]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarat deputy CM welcomes all Congress MLAs to join Saffron party|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/india/news/gujarat-deputy-cm-welcomes-all-congress-mlas-to-join-saffron-party/articleshow/74665724.cms|access-date=2021-05-20|website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=DelhiAugust 29|first1=India Today Web Desk New|last2=August 30|first2=2019UPDATED|last3=Ist|first3=2019 00:17|title=BJP inducts 7 crore new members, creates membership drive record|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-inducts-7-crore-new-members-creates-membership-drive-record-1593164-2019-08-29|access-date=2021-05-20|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

==Clothing==
Saffron-coloured cloth had a history of use among the [[Gaelic Ireland|Gaelic-Irish]]. A saffron [[kilt]] is worn by the pipers of certain [[Irish regiment]]s in the [[British Army]], and the saffron léine in the defence forces of the [[Republic of Ireland]]. The latter garment is also worn by some [[Irish people|Irish]] and Irish-American men as an item of national costume (though most wear [[kilt]]s, believing them to be Irish). Its colour varies from a true saffron orange to a range of dull mustard and yellowish-brown hues.

The [[Antrim GAA]] teams are nicknamed "The Saffrons" because of the saffron-coloured kilt which they play in. The [[Old Irish]] word for saffron, ''cróc'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.focloir.ie/en/dictionary/ei/saffron|title=saffron - Translation to Irish Gaelic with audio pronunciation of translations for saffron by New English-Irish Dictionary|website=www.focloir.ie|access-date=Jan 5, 2021}}</ref> derives directly from the Latin [[Crocus sativus]]. In Ireland between the 14th and 17th centuries, men wore ''léine'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.focloir.ie/en/dictionary/ei/shirt|title=shirt - Translation to Irish Gaelic with audio pronunciation of translations for shirt by New English-Irish Dictionary|website=www.focloir.ie|access-date=Jan 5, 2021}}</ref> a saffron-coloured loose shirt that reached down to mid-thigh or the knee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.reconstructinghistory.com/articles/irish-articles/an-leine-crioch-the-irish-leine-in-the-16th-century.html|title=An Leine Crioch — The Irish Leine in the 16th century – Reconstructing History|date=Mar 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312100633/http://www.reconstructinghistory.com/articles/irish-articles/an-leine-crioch-the-irish-leine-in-the-16th-century.html|access-date=Jan 5, 2021|archive-date=2016-03-12}}</ref> (see [[Irish clothing]]).

==Literature==
The colour saffron is associated with the goddess of [[dawn]] ([[Eos]] in Greek mythology and [[Aurora (mythology)|Aurora]] in Roman mythology) in [[classics|classical]] literature:[[File:Lord Frederic Leighton - Cymon and Iphigenia - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Cymon and [[Iphigeneia]] c. 1884 by [[Frederic Leighton, 1st Baron Leighton|Frederic Leighton]] - saffron suffuses the canvas at [[sunrise]]]]
[[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'':<ref>{{cite web|author=Next Page|title=The Iliad - Free Online Book|url=http://publicliterature.org/books/iliad/xaa.php|access-date=2016-02-27|website=Publicliterature.org}}</ref><blockquote>Now when Dawn in robe of saffron was hastening from the streams of [[Oceanus|Okeanos]], to bring light to mortals and immortals, [[Thetis]] reached the ships with the [[armor]] that the god had given her. (19.1)</blockquote>[[Virgil]]'s ''[[Aeneid]]'':<ref>{{cite book|date=1995-03-01|title=The Aeneid by Virgil - Free Ebook|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/228|access-date=2016-02-27|website=Gutenberg.org}}</ref><blockquote>Aurora now had left her saffron bed,

And beams of early light the heav'ns o'erspread,

When, from a tow'r, the queen, with wakeful eyes,

Saw day point upward from the [[rose (colour)|rosy]] skies.</blockquote>

==Other media==

* The [[lyrics]] of [[Donovan]]'s 1966 song, "[[Mellow Yellow]]" repeat the line, "I'm just mad about Saffron".<ref>{{cite web|last=Donavan|title=Mellow Yellow|url=http://www.seeklyrics.com/lyrics/Donovan/Mellow-Yellow.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423052404/http://www.seeklyrics.com/lyrics/Donovan/Mellow-Yellow.html|archive-date=April 23, 2008|access-date=May 20, 2008}}</ref>
*In the ''[[Pokémon]]'' franchise, in the region of Kanto there is a city named Saffron City.
*''[[The Gates]]'' is a [[site-specific art|site-specific]] [[installation art|art installation]] by [[Christo and Jeanne-Claude]]. The artists installed 7,503 metal "gates" along 23 miles (37 km) of pathways in [[Central Park]] in [[New York City]]. From each gate hung a flag-shaped piece of deep saffron-coloured [[nylon]] fabric. The exhibit ran from February 12, 2005 through February 27, 2005.

==See also==
*[[Saffron]], spice of the saffron crocus
*[[History of saffron]]
*[[RAL 1017 Saffron yellow]]
*[[List of colours]]
*[[Saffron Type System]], an [[Spatial anti-aliasing|anti-aliased]] text-rendering engine

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Clear}}
{{Shades of yellow|Saffron}}
{{Shades of orange|Saffron}}

[[Category:Shades of yellow]]
[[Category:Shades of orange]]

Saffron (color) - Revision history

Adiyogirudraksha: quick fix

imported>Sennecaster: /* Religion */ copyvio https://wou.edu/wp/exhibits/files/2015/07/hinduism.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjhtdXf-OvxAhVjwzgGHbeFCEsQFjABegQIBBAG&usg=AOvVaw0RVimP5Cz3sJGaXRcRg6HW